"Inkululeko, uMzalwana, ukulingana!" - isiqubulo sesizwe saseRiphablikhi yaseFransi

IRiphabhlikhi yaseFransi enye yeyona ntetho yokuqala eYurophu eyayiqhelisa uhlobo oluthile lomgaqo-rhu lumente kwaye ngaloo ndlela lanikezela ukuguqulwa okukhulu kwintlalo yoluntu kubantu bamazwe amaninzi.

Iimfuno zokuQoqosho zoMbutho weFrench

Ukuvela kweRiphabliki yaseFransi kwaholela ekuguquleni, okwakususela kwi-1789 ukuya kwi-1794 iminyaka. Izizathu zokuguqulwa kweenguquko zingabonwa njengengxaki enkulu yentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho, eyabetha iFransi ngelo xesha. Ilizwe lilawulwa ngumbuso obalaseleyo, kwaye ayinakuyicombulula zonke iingxaki, ukukhusela kuphela iminqweno yamalungelo athile kuluntu. Imbali yombuso waseFransi uye wahlala yimbali yolawulo lwasebukhosini, kodwa ngo-1789 kwacaca ukuba ayikwazi ukuqhubeka njengaye. Inkulu enkulu ye-aristocracy yayilawula ilizwe, kwakukho inani elininzi labemizi belizwe abaxhomekeke kwizoqoqosho. Okwangoku, ukuphuhliswa kwemveliso yezoshishino kwaqala, abasebenzi babefuneka kwiifom. Inkululeko, ukulingana, ubudlelwane phakathi kwesiFrentshi kwaqondwa njengethuba lomntu oqhelekileyo ukuba asebenze kuphela kwidolophana, kodwa nakwizixeko.

Ukongezelela, abalimi baqhubeka bechithwa, ngelixa ikosi kunye nesigqeba sakhe sichitha i-treasury ngokuzonwabisa kwabo. Le nyaniso yabangela ukunganeliseki okukhulu phakathi kwabantu.

Iimfuneko zoMoya zoPhuculo lwesiFrentshi

I-Revolution yesiFrentshi yayilungiselelwe yimibhalo yeCawa lokuKhanya kweXeshumi elinesibhozo. Ezi zifilosofi njengeVoltaire neLa Rochefoucauld zenza ngokushumayela kweempawu ezibalaseleyo yengqondo yomntu . Bekholelwa ukuba ingqiqo enkulu yenguqu yentlalo yintetho, ubuzalwana, ukulingana. Bonke abantu kufuneka babe namalungelo alinganayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bakuphi kunye nokuba yintoni isimo sabo semali. Ukuphepha ukuxhaphazwa kwendawo enye yabantu ngabanye, ukupheliswa kweesfowuni - ezi ziimigaqo-siseko ezikhuthazwa ngabakhanyisi baseFransi.

Imikhosi yokuqhubela phambili

Inguqulelo yesiFrentshi yalungiselelwa yimikhosi emithathu. Iyokuqala kwezi zinto zingabonwa ngabantu baseFransi, ababenzima kakhulu ukuhlawula imisebenzi yemisebenzi, okwesibini kubemi besixeko - abenzi bezandla, abasebenzi, ngokubanzi, abantu abasebenza. Igunya lesithathu linokuthi libhekwe njengongumbumbano, elinamashishini oshishino kunye nezoshishino. Bonke babumbene isiqubulo saseFransi: "Inkululeko, ubuzalwana, ukulingana."

Yonke le mandla yahlanganiswa kwinto yokuba ukumkani kufuneka asuswe emandleni aze anike abantu umgaqo-siseko apho amalungelo abantu kunye nabemi abaza kuboniswa khona. Kodwa kukho ukungavumelani. Ngaloo ndlela, abameli be-bourgeoisie bakholelwa ukuba inkululeko, ubuzalwana, ukulingana kulungile kuze kube ngumzuzwana othile, kwaye ke unokuqala ukugxininisa inkunzi kunye nobutyebi ngakwesandla esinye.

Ikhosi ye-revolution. Mazwe jikelele

UKumkani Louis XVI wanquma ukuba, ngokubhekiselele kwimeko enzima yemali kunye nezoqoqosho kwilizwe, kubalulekile ukuhlanganisa ii-General States, kwaye walela uMphathiswa ukuba eze kwiNecker. NgoMeyi 5, 1789 baqokelelwa, baholwa nguMphathiswa iMigbeau. Wayekholelwa ukuba izivakalisi zeNguqulelo yesiFrentshi zinokubangela ukwesabisa abaninzi abantu, ngoko kufuneka sihambe kunye nokusebenzisana kokumkani, abefundisi kunye nabantu. Kodwa ke oko kwenzeka ukuba ukumkani akafuni ukwenza amalungiselelo kwaye enze izilungiso. Ngaphezu koko, wazama ukusasaza i- Jikelele yamazwe, okwakusakuba yiNational Assembly. Isiqubulo saseFransi "Inkululeko, ukulingana, ubuzalwana" yayingafanelanga wonke umntu.

Ukususela ekubeni uMphathiswa uMigbeau wenqabe ukutshabalalisa intlanganiso, kwakhiwa amaqela angaphandle angaphandle eParis, equkethe amaJamani kunye namaSweden. UMphathiswa uNecker waxoshwa, kwaye oku bekuyiyona nto ibangela ukuba kuqaleke ukuvuswa kwabantu abaninzi. "Inkululeko, ubuzalwana, ukulingana!" - yamemeza amaParis, afuna ukuwachitha ukumkani onamandla onke.

Ukubanjwa kweBastille

NgoJulayi 14, 1789 ithathwa njengomhla ovelele kwimbali yeFransi. Ngaloo mini, ama-Parisian angama-8 anqumla intolongo, leyo yiBastille, kunye nabo babekho abanye ababini baseRussia.

I-bastille yayibonwa njengentolongo yabaphathi, kodwa ke, ngexesha likaLouis XVI, igoli eliqhelekileyo lenziwe yile nto. Ubunqwenelekayo beemeko zokunyamezela, apha amabanjwa anethuba lokusebenza nokufunda. Eyona nto, iBastille yayingenalutho - ngexesha lokubanjwa kwayo yayinabanjwa abasixhenxe kuphela.

Ukubanjwa kweBastille kwabonakala kwihlabathi lonke njengoluyisa inkululeko kunye nobulungisa. Abaninzi babekholelwa ukuba inkululeko, ubuzalwana, ukulingana emva kokutshatyalaliswa kweli ntolongo yagqitywa.

Ukuphumelela kweRiphablikhi

Ngelo xesha, umasipala waseParis wagqitywa, kwaye isixeko sasilawulwa yi-Commune, eyakholelwa ukuba yayingaphantsi kweNdibano yesiZwe kuphela. Ngaphantsi koxinzelelo lwabantu abathandwayo ngo-Agasti, abameli befundisi nabahloniphekileyo banikezela ilungelo labo. Ngomhla ka-Agasti 26, isiBhengezo esidumileyo samaLungelo eMntwini kunye neNkcubeko yabonakala. Inkululeko, ubuzalwana, ukulingana kuye kwaba yizihloko zayo eziphambili. Intando yokuzikhethela yomntu wonke, ilungelo lakhe lokuzikhethela, laziwa. Iirhafu ezininzi zachithwa, kwaye abalimi babetha ngokukhululeka. Bayikhansela icawa yeshumi kunye neentlawulo zerhafu ezinyanzelekileyo kwiintloko zamakhosi.

UKumkani uLouis XVI waba ngumphathi wabasemagunyeni abatsha, kwaye umntakwabo kunye nabanye ababameli baseFransi bahamba. NgoJuni 20, ngo-1791, iintsapho zasebukhosini zazama ukubalekela ngaphandle kwinqwelo, kodwa zahluleka, kwaye zabuyiselwa.

Ukuchithwa kobukhosi kunye nokulawula kweRiphablikhi

Ngo-Agasti 1792 kukho ukhetho kwiNdibano yesiZwe, imeko yayingenasiphelo. NgoSeptemba 20, intlanganiso yakhe yokuqala yenzeke, kwaye umyalelo wokuqala wawunqumla ubukumkani.

Kungekudala, uKumkani uLouis wabulawa, kwaye imfazwe phakathi kweFransi namanye amazwe aqala. "Inkululeko, ukulingana, ubuzalwana" - i-counter kunye nale mibhalo ifuna ukubona abahlali kwamanye amazwe. NgoFebruwari 1, iFransi yaqala imfazwe neBritani. UMphathiswa weNgesi u-Pitt William oMncinci waqalisa ukukhutshwa kwezoqoqosho kwiFransi, kwaye oku kwachaphazela imeko yelizwe. EFransi, kwavela indlala kunye nokuvukela ukulwa nokulwa kwemikhosi. Emva koko uYakoins noGirondins, amaqela amabini kwiNdibano, baqala ukuxabana. Omnye wabaguquleli abahamba phambili, uDanton wadala iKomiti yoLuntu lwaMsindisi, okwenza iminyaka emininzi ithathelwe ingqalelo kwimicimbi yezoqoqosho nezopolitiko.

Ukuguqulwa koLuntu

Ngo-1792, iNgqungquthela yaqalisa inguqu enkulu yokubuyisela umhlaba ngokubanzi kubantu abahlali. Abahlali bafumana amanye amalungelo. Bayaqonda ukuba isiqubulo esikhulu saseRiphabhlikhi yaseFransi yinkxaso yabasebenzi besixeko kunye nabasebenzi bezolimo. Yonke imisebenzi yokuqhelana nayo yachithwa, iindawo zokuzimela zahlula zibe ziqhelwana ezincinci zathengiswa, ukuze zithengwa ngangezinye ezidlulileyo. Olu lungiso ludibanisa ngokuqinisekileyo abalimi kunye ne-revolution, kwaye abazange baphuphe ukubuyisela ubukumkani.

Ukubuyiselwa komhlaba kuye kwaba yinto esomeleleyo kwimbali yesiFrentshi, kwaye isahlulo esitsha solawulo saseFransi sahlala ixesha elide, ngelixa i -power central vertical power is unstable.

Utshintsho oluqhubekayo kwisakhiwo seFransi

Ngo-1794 ilizwe lalawulwa nguRobespierre kunye neKomiti yoLuntu loLondolozo. URobespierre wabulala uEber nabanye abaguquleli. NgoJulayi 27, urhulumente waseRobespierre wahlanjululwa, waza wathunyelwa kwi-guillotine.

Le ndibano yahlakazeka ngo-1795, kwaye ubukhosi bamabukhosi babuqala iindlela zokubuyela ezweni lakubo. Inkululeko, ukulingana, ubudlelwane baseFrentshi baqondwa ngabo njengethuba lokubuyisela amanye amandla abo angaphambili.

Oktobha 28, 1795, iRiphablikhi entsha yaseFransi yaqala ukuhlala kwayo. Kulo ntloko kwakuyiNcwadi. Ngeli xesha, iFransi yenze imfazwe enobudlova eYurophu, kwaye i-Directory yazama zonke iindlela zokufumana iindlela zokuqhubela imfazwe.

Ekupheleni kwe-1795, u-Count Barras wakhangela umphathi osemva uNapoleon Bonaparte ukukhusela ukuvukela eParis. UBonaparte wayekholelwa ukuba "inkululeko, ukulingana, ubuzalwana" yintetho yesihluma sesiFrentshi, esimele sixolelwe. Umntakwabo, uLucien Bonaparte, wayengumongameli onobuqili nobude obunceda uNapoleon ukubamba amandla.

Ngo-Oktobha 16, uNapoleon kunye nemikhosi yakhe beza eParis, kwaye apho babeziva ukuba beyimpawu zeNguqulelo yesiFrentshi. Ngoko ke, wabingelela ngokuvuya. Ngaphantsi kolawulo lukaBonaparte, uLawulo olwenziwe ngeenxa zonke eFransi uluhlu lweethalamethi luthi luxhase ulawulo lolawulo kulo. Ummandla welizwe uye waba mkhulu, kwaye entloko yayo inkokeli entsha inamandla, uNapoleon Bonaparte, ibonakale.

Intsingiselo yeNgqungquthela yaseFransi kukuba ekugqibeleni yagqithisa inkqubo ye- feudal kwaye yanceda ukufika kwe-capitalist. Kwakuyixhala eliqineleyo lenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, kwaye ngoncedo lwayo, utshintsho olukhulu kwizentlalo zelizwe zaphunyezwa.