Roman Empire phantsi uConstantine (iBakala 5). Ulawulo uConstantine uBukhosi baseRoma

ulawulo Man phezu bukhosi waya umlawuli omtsha kunzima kakhulu, emva kokuba umzabalazo elide nobukrakra kunye iinjengele ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesi-4. Ixesha wolawulo uConstantine uBukhosi baseRoma. Wakwazi ukuba aququzelele igunya labo ukuze ngokuqinileyo wabaleka ukuze ngamandla kangangokuba abanye abalawuli, zombini ababelawula ngaphambi kunye nabalandeli, akazange aye nayiphi uthelekiso kunye naye.

ezintsha

Yintoni uhlobo urhulumente wenziwe uBukhosi baseRoma phantsi uConstantine? neNgonyama Absolute. Wayefuna ukuba namandla ngokupheleleyo, yaye ngenxa yale njongo kufuneka ukuba utshintshe sezingqondweni kwaye, ngokubhekiselele mihla, cinga umfanekiso omtsha. Kanye kuneyokuqala, umseki Tetrarchy nesimbo kunye lweli nokuvela gunya, uDiocletian, umlawuli omtsha yaqhubeka kwaye linokunyuswa kakhulu ulwalathiso ekhethiweyo yi ezihlangwini zakhe, ukususela lo mgama imigaqo wokulawula loMhlekazi banda ngakumbi.

Phantsi izinto ezintsha ulawulo komlawuli iisimboli ngamandla ukuze zingqinelane nezi nguqulelo. Le isango nga umona kuphela. Iphulo elitsha kukuba wathabatha phezu ukumelwa ngemihlaba wasempuma, isiGrike yaye zamaKristu kwangoko. Ukuphikisana evela kule, Constantine akazange akanandaba. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba siqhelane kuyondelelaniswe evumelanayo laba bethwele amacandelo izithethe zabo, ke ngoko, ngokubanzi, ukuba athe anxulunyaniswa urhulumente omtsha eyasungulwa uConstantine.

ungcono yangaphandle

Ezi ezintsha kunye nempumelelo ezinxulumene nazo, ababanga nako kuchaphazela iimpawu zangaphandle soMhlekazi abafuna ukugxininisa ubuhle balo. UConstantine akazange unqwenela ukunxiba ingubo ongumRoma, wafuna ingubo Beje. Ndandifuna ukutshintsha yaye ngubo: weentonga abalawuli lijoni elula kaThixo, salawo isikrweqe zodidi. Xa waya phulo, ihonjiswe isikrweqe zegolide nesigcina enkulu. Kamva, ingqalelo kunyaka-amabini wobukumkani bakhe, waqala ukuba kuvela yoluntu isithsaba, leyo ndizuze eRoma ixabiso elililo yomfuziselo lo gunya.

ahlula ze

ekuphakanyisweni yangaphandle ichazwa kwakusakhiwa eqingqiweyo enkulu, imibhalo nemifanekiso zemali. Apha kukho kuthungelwano kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, kufutshane kumfanekiso ababelawula ngaphambi ngobude, Augustus kunye Aleksandra Velikogo, kwakunye imbonakalo imifanekiso umqhele phezu kwentloko yakhe. amabango yangaphandle zobukhulu kwihlabathi ubukhosi kubonakala iisimboli amaninzi kanaphakade, apho uConstantine ngokwakhe ifakiwe. "Umlawuli weli hlabathi," yaye ngaloo ndlela ezukisiwe njengoko uphumeleleyo zonke iintlanga.

Roman Empire phantsi uConstantine yakhuthaza uloyiso phezu amaSarmatia kunye ngamaGoth, Franks kunye Alamanni. Kwakhona kusekelwe ezingqondweni umgangatho jikelele le ophumeleleyo. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, isihloko uConstantine ( "yoyiswe") sekuba "Winner" - oku kuvakala nzima. Kwakhona luphawulwa azikhabe i element okanye attribute kwesihloko kaThixo, ngenxa yokuba uye wahlanganisa zonke iinkonzo.

Ukunqulwa komlawuli

Roman Empire phantsi uConstantine waba enze ukhetho: nokuba ukuqhubeka iimbono zemveli kwifom lorhulumente okanye akunjalo? Ngapha koko, kwaba kwi ntswela yaye ingahimbiselani nembono lamaKristu. UThixo uyayazi into yabiza umlawuli ukwenza ukusilela. Ivumela ukwakha itempile imbeko Flavian ubukhosi, oko kukuthi, enyanisweni, njengentlonipho yokumbulela. Kodwa phantsi kwelungiselelo elithi isakhiwo akufuneki konakaliswe into ethile nkolelo mthetho kunye nabangendawo. Kananjalo aluthinteli intlangano ezibukweni rhoqo kumabala emidlalo kunye ngamakrele.

ubulungisa

Roman Empire phantsi uConstantine waqalisa ukuthobela imithetho emitsha. Ukubekwa uConstantine kusemandleni eliboniswa uphazamiseko kwi umthetho nobulungisa. Isigqibo, leyo kuthwalelwa phandle ngo-318, wanika lwemithetho ombuso esemgangathweni zomthetho, eyaba nesithethe ngasentla. Amalungiselelo iphambili ye-mthetho, iintsingiselo kunye nezimbo zange iyunifomu. Bona ehlalisana ngenkohlakalo obukhulu minyinyiva engalindelekanga kunye neendlela yoluntu ngokumalunga iingqiqo yemveli yomthetho.

amanyathelo kakhulu nxamnye bangquzulane nomthetho hlukile uBukhosi baseRoma phantsi uConstantine. IBanga 5 - ngoko esikolweni ukufunda eli sihloko. Izohlwayo kuyafuneka sapho lwaluquka ukuthunga iinyoka ebhegini, emva koko oko betekisi elwandle okanye likhona. Kodwa eqatha enjalo kuphela malunga abaqweqwedisi abantwana kunye nezilwanyana, patricide kunye namasela. Kwakhona ubethwe luvalo abulawe. Ngokomthetho, ukukrexeza, ukuthandana kunye umtshato kunye nokungalingani ngokwalo (oko kukuthi, phakathi okhululekileyo nolikhoboka) sono silingenwe kukufa.

Kodwa kwenye umthetho wawusithi abo bagwetyelwe emigodini okanye iimfazwe arhuqa, kufuneka ufumane ibala phezu kobuso, njengoko sidalwe ngokomfanekiso ubuso bezulu kufuneka ziphangwe. Ukususela thotho efanayo imithetho wangena yonke imihla uyakwazi ukubona kwelanga.

WaseRoma phantsi loMlawuli uConstantine waqhubeka karhulumente ikhoboka, iziko lobukhoboka kuhlala ingaguqukanga. Kodwa sele ufakelwe izilungiso, phakathi kwezinye izinto, uConstantine wabiza ukuba unyango ngokulinganisela amakhoboka, anciphise lokuvelelwa kwabo. Kwakhona ke amakhoboka ukuba wadala usapho, ayikwazanga kwahlulwa ngenkani ukuthengisa. ukhuselo loluntu kuye kwaphucula enkosi imithetho nokulindwa, ukwandisa amalungelo abagcini babantwana. amanyathelo athathiweyo ngakwicala abantwana, leyo kutyaliwe.

WaseRoma phantsi uConstantine

Chaza umsebenzi wakhe linokuchazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• amanyathelo ngenkani ukukhusela urhulumente ukusuka ungenelelo rhoqo bakhona yaba imfuneko ukugcina umkhosi omkhulu phezu imida. Abantu bakhona amaGrike namaRoma ngokuba izizwe zabo ulwimi kunye nesimilo bona abamazi okanye ukuqonda, ucinga ukuba krwada kwaye ongafundanga. Ingakumbi ukufumana amaphondo esentshona ubukhosi, apho begxeka izizwe zaseJamani. iinjengele amaRoma kwakufuneka enamandla ukulwela etroneni.
• Ukuphuma colones emhlabeni. Columns siphila ngakumbi, kuba ngoku ukunika kuphela umnini isivuno somhlaba, kodwa ukuba ahlawule irhafu kubuncwane asebukhosini. Ngoko ke, baqalisa ziye kuwo onke amacala. Lo mlawuli wakhupha umthetho apho wawayalela coloni ashiye ilizwe, apho bathunyelwa. abantwana babo ukuba kongezeleka ilizwe efanayo azenza abazali babo.
• Kwakhona wadala iimeko uphuhliso ukholo lwamaKristu, uBukhosi baseRoma phantsi uConstantine (inkqubo yesikolo yeBakala 5 inika ulwazi ngayo). Xa imithetho Constantine, baba ngamaKristu ngaphezulu. Amakholwa isixeko ngasinye bakhetha ngumbingeleli. Bahlanganisana ndawonye ababingeleli wokuhlawula, intloko engundoqo yengingqi amaKristu, yayibizwa ubhishophu (umveleli). Lo msebenzi sokugqibela ukweyisela abasemagunyeni eRoma ezingezizo amaKristu yingozi yaye bethandaza kunye nabakhonzi zabo. Ekugqibeleni, uConstantine waqonda ukuba musa ukubiza abantu inyathelo nxamnye itrone yakhe Empire wakhe. Ngoko ke wakhupha umyalelo wokuba amaKristu ukuba athandaze esidlangalaleni nokwakha neetempile.

Ikomkhulu entsha

Eyona nto ubalisa ibali (Grade 5)? Roman Empire phantsi uConstantine waba zahlulo ezimbini. I koMlawuli akazange nje eRoma, waza ke wahlala kweminye imizi. Washukumisa ikomkhulu ukusuka eRoma ukuya kwisixeko yesiGrike Byzantium, leyo yayimi phezu kweenxweme Bosphorus Strait. Kukho iindlela bawela ezimbini, amanzi kunye nomhlaba. Ikomkhulu intsha aguqulwe emehlweni akhe, kwakhiwa amabhotwe kunye nezindlu, imibhobho yamanzi kunye iibhate, zemiboniso, isekisi, kwakunye iicawa zamaKristu. City iziyolo zinokuhonjiswa - ukusuka bukhosi zasiwa eqingqiweyo ezintle nemihlathi. Kwathi ngomnyaka 330, ngexesha ikomkhulu loBukhosi baseRoma wafudukela eConstantinople.