Magna Carta

Siseko British icandelo eliqaqambileyo kakhulu zahluke. Ihlala yokuba akukho uxwebhu babeya umthetho esisiseko ngenxa United Kingdom. uluntu Democratic British kudala behlala ngaphandle siseko, bonke ngenxa yokuba ngo-1215 i-Magna Carta yamkelwa kweli lizwe. Xa sithelekisa kwinqanaba apho uphuhliso yonxulumano loluntu kule minyaka amanye amazwe, apho kuya kubakho idemokhrasi waseNgilani (kubulelwe Charter) ebangela ukuba nentlonelo.

Ukusukela ekusekweni kwayo, kuMagna Carta zahlala onke amaxesha, bemiqondiso kunye kwindawo engundoqo ye ongabhalwanga kodwa wabulawa kakuhle yi-siseko yaseBritani. Igama elithi "Charter" ukuba ngokoqobo liguqulelwe kwisiGrike njengoko "uxwebhu ngesandla." Amaninzi lisetyenziswa ngokufuziselayo, oko kukuthi, njengokuba igama elithi "amalungelo" kunye "amalungelo".

Njani kwenzeka ukuba eNgilani wazalwa olu xwebhu ezimangalisayo satshintsha ubomi babantu kangangamakhulu eminyaka yaye impilo engcono abemi balo?

Magna Carta yayifundwa zaza zasayinwa ngomhla we-15 Juni 1215 kule iThames entilini, kufutshane nedolophu Runnymede. Ngelo xesha, obulawulwa Korol Ioann eNgilani, yaye wayedume ulawulo olungafanelekanga. Kweli lizwe ngenxa connivance yayo waba nalwazelelelo kunye ukunyoba. Magna Carta wadalwa njengenyathelo kuyimfuneko ukuba kuliwe nomthetho okhoyo, wakhula ngakumbi qho ngonyaka kwaye ngakumbi kweli lizwe.

Le meko yaba nzima kangangokuba, umzekelo, kumkani, ukuba ilizwe ngaphandle ukuxoxwa kulo ingumbuso okanye ukwazisa iRhafu ngokwakho, zaphezulu. Watshayelela izityholo ezigqithisileyo kunye irhafu phantsi azisebenzisele, kunye Injongo yawo - ziqu Treasury. amatyala enkundla ayekwa baza baphumelela lowo imali engakumbi. Eneneni wanika igosa isinyobo igosa yoluntu. Inkqubo yenkundla elele elukhukweni enedumbe. Ukongeza, Korol Ioann England lasungula imfazwe neyilahleko neFransi, ngokwenjenjalo bonakalise ilizwe.

Ukulwa naye ebusweni inkcaso le zizigwili neBandla, leyo ecaleni ezi ngxushungxushu awanyange imfesane. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwakungu sokunikeza, ngenxa yokuba ukumkani ngqiqweni kangaka wakhokelela ulawulo lwakhe, nkqu i Pope ubudlelwane oniwe.

Magna Carta ngowe-1215 kwaba kanye uxwebhu leyo ukuba babuyele kweli lizwe ukuze. Ke kubhaliwe Latin kunye yakhe, 63 zembali zanikezelwa. Olu xwebhu elinye igama - ". Inqaku baronial" Korol Ioann Kwanyanzeleka ukuba uvume imiqathango zizigwili eneenkani, kwaye Magna Carta ka-1215 idaliweyo. Ilungiselelwe i ebaluleke kakhulu - ukuthibaza amandla wokumkani ngokudala elinezinto zizigwili 25 zebhunga okhethekileyo. Ngokutsho kolu xwebhu emva kokuba isicelo kumalungu ebhodi bavunyelwa ukuba 'lukungqinge ukumkani ngandlela zonke "(kwiSiqendu 61 Charter).

iinguqu ezibalulekileyo ezenzeka emva koko, yaye ubudlelwane phakathi kokumkani nebandla, ngokunjalo phakathi zizigwili kunye nabantu simahla. King yanika inkululeko zeCawa, wamnika amalungelo yakhe ekhethekileyo qinisekisa ingqibelelo. Wathembisa ukuba iirhafu kunye nemirhumo ziya kuqokelelwa libhunga jikelele zobukumkani.

Inqaku 13 amalungelo aqinisekiswe London kunye nezinye izixeko, kwaye inqaku kule nombolo 36 wabakhuthaza elibonakalayo kuphuhliso ngempumelelo lorhwebo kunye nemisebenzi yezandla. Magna Carta ngowe-1215 negalelo ukuqiniswa nokuzinziswa i-United Kingdom. Akukho kangako yaba inqaku 41 no 42. Baye wasinika inkululeko yokungena nokuphuma labarhwebi amazwe nabeengingqi. Ukongeza, Magna ngesamente neenkosi ilungelo elikhulu feudal lokuba impahla.

Eyona ebalulekileyo inqaku 39, njengokuba kunjalo kuwo enabizelwa usisiqinisekiso impahla, ngokunjalo ukhuseleko lobuqu wonke ummi. Kwachazwa ukuba umntu free angabanjwa, entolongweni okanye anqunyulwe ipropati kuphela semthethweni ngezigqibo kwabagwebi. ISiqendu 45 linyanzelekile ukuba yokunyula ezikuyo abagwebi abafanelekayo, kodwa akandifanele kwamagosa. Magna yaqinisekisa ukuba inikeza inkululeko nasekuphangeni olungenazo enkundla (Inqaku le-40). Isiphumo indalo yayo yaba ekuqaleni ukupheliswa ukuxhomekeka feudal, kunye nezibonelelo zalo zaba sisiseko sophuhliso ngakumbi kwilizwe enkulu lwentando yesininzi.