Pope John XXIII: iziphumo lomsebenzi

I Pope - ukuma iphezulu ehlabathini yamaKatolika, nguye intloko ebonakalayo yeCawa, inkolelo olwaneleyo ngezifundo kunye eziphefumlelweyo. Ngenxa izinga eliphezulu abangooBhishophu engcwele kwaye ngaxeshanye yintloko nokumkani Vatican State, bonke abo enxibe le isihloko phezulu, kungenziwa ngokuba abantu ezibalaseleyo ngokwenene. Kodwa phakathi oosolusapho bebandla abantu ingakumbi ezibalaseleyo, leyo imbali ndowukhumbula ngonaphakade.

Ezi ayintsokothanga kubangelwa UPopu John XXIII. ukhetho lakhe kwetrone akubulali, ababhali-mbali unelona kwimbali Catholic Church kwixesha phambi yeSibini Vatican Council, ibizwe nguYohane XXIII, kwaye ithuba emva.
nkqubo olumkileyo elilinganisiweyo kuye negalelo ukuvuselela uMphathi inkolelo yoluntu amandla ephakamileyo, kwi ukulunga nobulungisa. Yile ukholo bokwenyaniso phantse wangcwatywa phantsi iimfundiso zonqulo engaphele ndawo, imithetho abafileyo ubulungisa kunye neemfundiso lixesha.

Biography santa phambi konyulo yakhe kwakuphethe

Pope John XXIII, ehlabathini Andzhelo Dzhuzeppe Roncalli, lowo uzayo evela ihlwempu, intsapho yamahlwempu enkulu. Wazalwa kumantla Italy kwiphondo entle Bergamo ngo-1881.

Sele kwiminyaka yokuqala yokufunda kwisikolo samabanga yephondo umlimi oselula alungiselela ukungena sobufundisi. Ngoncedo lwe umfundisi wasekuhlaleni, inkwenkwe bafunda Latin. Yena ngempumelelo iziqu sobufundisi Bergamo ngowe-1900, yaye kwiminyaka emine kamva, yaye Theological Faculty of the Pontifical Seminary eRoma. Ngowe-1904 wamiswa umbingeleli waza waba unobhala kubhishophu D. Radin Tedeschi. Kwakhona wafundisa imbali yonqulo sobufundisi efanayo Bergamo.

Ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi wakhonza emkhosini nje unyango ngokulungeleleneyo esibhedlele, ngoko umfundisi yasemkhosini. Ngowe-1921, Andzhelo Dzhuzeppe Roncalli wayelilungu liBandla Elingcwele ukholo.

Pope John XXIII: umsebenzi ozakuzo, Nunciature, ukuthula

Roncalli impumelelo njengokuba Isigidimi kapopu (nuncio) Kwakhona bafanelwe ingqalelo ekhethekileyo. unyamezelwano High, ingqondo kunye erudition esikhulu bamnceda ukunxibelelana ngempumelelo kunye nabantu bezinye ezahlukeneyo, iinkolelo zonqulo nezithethe. Waqiqa ngelithi abantu ukuba bathethe ulwimi iimfundiso, amacebiso elungileyo kunye inyala, nolwimi nokuhlonelana, ukumamela izimvo ezahlukeneyo, ukuvuma ubukho iinyaniso ezininzi egameni ukulunga kunye noxolo.

Ngexesha ibhishopu ukususela 1925 ukuya 1953, waba nuncio e Sofia, Ankara, eAthene kunye Paris. razvertelas zakhe zozakuzo umsebenzi kule minyaka enzima, leyo bephelekwa ngezenzo zomkhosi, neziphithiphithi, utshintsho karhulumente, njl wabanceda ngoxolo ukusombulula iingxabano kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo - .. Ukusuka imitshato ngemvaba ukuze ngamayelenqe kwezopolitiko.

Kwaye ngo 1953, Roncalli wakhethwa yaseVenice, Cardinal.

John XXIII: ekuqaleni kwenkonzo

unyulo Pope ngowe-1958 abazange lula yaye ehamba kunye nengxaki yolawulo Roman lalikhathazwe. Umzabalazo isithuba kwamadoda ephakamileyo oluqhutywa ikakhulu phakathi nkampu zimbini: i Iikhadinali-babebambelele kunye "progressives." Ngamnye umgqatswa wayo, kodwa akukho mntu ongayi kunikwa inani elaneleyo leevoti.

Ekugqibeleni, wajikelezisa-11 ziye lwakhethwa Pope Roncalli, "ihashe emnyama" phakathi Iikhadinali izicelo. Waba upopu omdala kunyulwa ngelo xesha (wayeneminyaka engama-77 ubudala.) Roncalli ukhethe igama kapopu John XXIII. Othandwayo kanye phakathi abazali igama yaba uhlobo "sisiqalekiso". Ngaphambi koko, 550 iminyaka akukho pontiffs wakhetha zonqulo igama uYohane njengoko kwesigele uYohane XXIII Balthazar Cossa - Antipope - ngoko ngokuba yena. Kodwa Roncalli wagxininisa ukuba enyula lo gama imbeko St. Ioanna Predtechi kunye uMpostile Ioanna Bogoslova , kwaye inkumbulo kayise. Walondoloza nolwalamano olusondeleyo nabazali babo, abazalwana noodade kuzo zonke izigaba umsebenzi yobufundisi. Ubhishophu wathi John XXIII (Antipope) wayengenguye Pope okusemthethweni, njengoko "imigaqo" ngexesha kwahlukahlukana Western, obengumoni ongendawo, yaye akukho ilungelo ukunxiba eli gama elingcwele.

Unyulo uPope John XXIII yaba uhlobo njengenyathelo ngesinyanzelo, xa namnye contenders eziphambili ayiphumelelanga ukuzuza iivoti ezaneleyo phakathi Iikhadinali. John XXIII Baden waba "papa yexeshana", obekumele ukuba alawule de yamaKatolika iCawa akazange agqibe ikhondo yokugqibela yembono (amasiko okanye progressive). Mhlawumbi ezinye indima isigqibo Iikhadinali wadlala kunye nento yokuba bolawulo kukaYohane ayikwazanga kuthabatha ixesha elide, kuba wayesele engama-77 ubudala. Kodwa ke eneneni, le "daddy liyadlula" waba inani ehlelo kwihlabathi lamaKristu, ngoyena lokuthath ngexesha lakhe. Ebudeni bexesha elifutshane pontificate yakhe, wakwazi ukuqalisa ezininzi Ukutshintsha kwezinto.

amaphulo Pope Church

Njengogqirha wamajoni, ngoko nuncio, uJohn XXIII wabona, waziva nabanamava ezininzi iinyaniso eziphikisanayo, sadibana iingxaki yingozi zentlalo, ukunxibelelana nabantu iinkolelo ezahlukileyo, ndibone iqashiso yokufa, impixano, intshabalalo. Yena umntu uyayiqonda indlela ubuntu kangakanani Kukho into enzima yemfazwe kunye minyaka yasemva kwemfazwe of eyonakalisayo: indlala, izifo, ubuhlwempu. Kwaye yena wayesazi ukuba uvelwano, uthando, unqulo nyaniso uqondakale, ezifana ukulunga, ubulungisa kunye nokholo a ngcono - oku oko abantu balindele kulo ibandla, kungekhona izimiso rhoqo, iimfundiso, unqulo phambi oosolusapho.

Utata umntu akuyo kakhulu, waya Vatican ngaphandle enesihlwele esinzima, akazange asebenzise isikhundla sakhe ukukhuthaza intsapho okanye abahlobo kwi izangqa kwezopolitiko nakunqulo. Akazange ukwala ukudibana kunye iinkosi okanye abasebenzi kunye nesiselo esitratweni. Kodwa nangona eyinqaba enjalo, wayethembekile umthetho kaThixo.

Waqonda ukuba inyaniso imiyalelo kaThixo angasindisa abantu kuphela xa usebenza amaKristu ngolwimi lwabo, ephulaphula uluvo nesidima zabanye, xixima vapfumeri-kulobye.

Wabubhangisa genuflection, lo ukwanga emveli lo msesane, yayalela lokususa Lexicon amazwi komhlana udidi "glubokochtimy umlomo" nothi "Steps monk".

UTata wavula ihlabathi ibandla. Ukuba, kuyo yonke iminyaka yobudala kunye kwisiqingatha sokuqala kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ubuKatolika edityaniswa authoritarianism, emva wobukumkani bakhe, le meko iye izakususwa kwindawo kwabafileyo. Icawe waqhubeka ukuphumelela umva lezopolitiko, umsebenzi ezingundoqo kweyabo kodwa igunya abefundisi yayeka ukuba inviolable.

Ukongeza ingxoxo inter-zonqulo kufutshane, uYohane XXIII - World Dad - liqalise nkqubo omtsha ukuze kulungiswe abameli zonke iinkonzo non-lamaKristu. , Emvakalisa siseko yentlonipho amaxabiso umoya wabo, amasiko nezithethe, izithethe, zengqondo zentlalo.

Ekuqaleni ihlawulwe utyelelo eYerusalem, wathandaza uxolo kumaYuda iminyaka emininzi lentshutshiso, ubundlobongela, ukuchasa-kwamaJuda. urhulumente omtsha emthembisa wavuma ukuba izityholo aloo maYuda, ukuba ukufa kukaYesu Kristu ubungqina boko, kwaye inkokheli omtsha yamaKatolika zange ahambe nabo.

Pope John XXIII ubhengeze ukuba bonke abantu bafanele bamanyane ihlabathi, ukholo entle intlonipho ilungileyo efanayo, umnqweno ukusindisa ubomi babantu, kunokuba ukunyaniseka izinqumo. Nguye mhlawumbi okokuqala zonke iintloko eVatican bavuma ukuba ayibalulekanga kunjalo, yintoni ulwimi lwenziwa inkonzo yecawa, ibandla kuma okanye uhlale. Padre oko ngexesha elifanelekileyo wasondela ingqalelo yokuba ibandla, endaweni elixolelanisa naye abantu babe ngcono kwaye ngakumbi gingxi, ngaphezulu kuphazamisa zabo sabela, ogxininisa imfuno ukulandela uluhlu ngqo izithethe zonqulo bangafani ihlelo nganye: ilungelo ukuba babhaptizwe, Masithobe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye aziphathe ngayo yecawa.

Wathi: "Xa izithethe yecawa ibandla ilawula umoya esidala lokuvunda, kufuneka ukuvula i window ngokubanzi kancinane."

I-Second Vatican Council

Pope John XXIII ngokupheleleyo wabangela linethemba i Iikhadinali kunye lalikhathazwe kulawulo lwakhe ophansi cala, zingaphelanga iintsuku ezingama-90 emva kokuba umsebenzi kwakuphethe, upapa wavakalisa injongo yakhe Ukuqhuba ibhunga ngeemvaba. Indlela abasabela Kwehla Iikhadinali evuma. Bathi ukuba kude 1963 kuya kuba nzima kakhulu ukuba ulungiselele kwaye abize kwiBhunga, kwi Pope wathi ocoliweyo, ke ulungiselele ku-1962.

Kwanangaphambi kokuba yecawa Giovanni wafumanisa ukuba unomhlaza, kodwa wala ukusebenza yingozi kuba efuna ukuhlala ukubona umhla ngqo xa kuvulwa isibheno Cathedral abantu abanyanisekileyo ecela uxolo, inceba nemfesane.

Injongo yale sonto ukuqhelana iBandla kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, ukwenza abahlobo, ingxoxo yababini, mhlawumbi amanyanise neSebe ngamaKristu. Xa Cathedral babemenyiwe nabo abameli Orthodox evela eGrisi, eRashiya, Poland, iYerusalem.

Isiphumo of Vatican II, leyo yaphela emva kokufa uPope John XXIII, waye ngokwamkelwa komgaqo-siseko omtsha lwamadlelo "Luvuyo Ithemba", apho iindlela ezintsha kwimfundo zonqulo ziye ziqwalaselwe, inkululeko inkolelo kunye nesimo sengqondo iicawa non-lamaKristu.

Iziphumo novavanyo

Yinyaniso ukusebenza kakuhle Pontifex Maximus akwazi ukuqikelela abalandeli bakhe kuphela kwiminyaka embalwa kamva. Kodwa bonke ngubani na oya kukuhlanganisa ukuba azihlanganisele ezinye iziphumo wobukumkani bakhe, inene elinde ukuba umxube emangalisayo iimvakalelo ukuba kukho into yayisecicini loyolo kunye wothuka. Ngapha koko, iziphumo kwimisebenzi Pope ukuba zinkulu.

Mhlawumbi bathi waqhubeka ukuphembelela ihlabathi yamaKatolika iminyaka emininzi emva kokufa kwakhe. Phezu yokufunda yokugula kwakhe terminal, uPopu John XXIII covertly ulungiselela ezihlangwini zakhe ezibalaseleyo Giovanni Battista Montini, owaba Pope entsha emva kokuba uYohane akugqiba Cathedral yesibini yaye waqhubeka izinto ezinkulu ezilungileyo zenkosi yakhe.

Aziwayo ezopolitiko zaseYurophu, kuquka uSamuweli Huntington, naye wagxininisa indima webandla ekuphuhliseni uluntu kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Ingakumbi on yintoni umsebenzi edlalwa kule nkqubo UPopu John XXIII, iziphumo zemisebenzi yalo abangooBhishophu omkhulu nabo kubonakala ekuphuhliseni ulawulo lwentando yesininzi ehlabathini lonke.

Sv yam "umsebenzi" elifutshane etroneni yamaKatolika Pope ekhutshwe 8 amaxwebhu ezikhethekileyo kweqiwa (encyclicals). Kubo, wathi wavakalisa imbono entsha yamaKatolika Church malunga nendima umfundisi kule mihla kuluntu, ngumama, uxolo, inkqubela. November 11, 1961 wacel encyclicals "Ubulumko ngonaphakade Divine ', nto leyo wavakalisa entle uluvo thina ecumenism - umanyano ideology vsehristianskogo. Koko wabakhuthaza ukuba Orthodox yamaGrike Catholic "abazalwana" zamaKristu.

Pope Giovanni XXIII ubudlelwane kwiSocialism

Nkqu John XXIII ngokuba "Pope Woxolo" okanye "Red Pope" ngenxa yesimo sengqondo sakhe ukumelana nayo amazwe yali kunye nomnqweno kuphunyezwe luhlobo "socialism yonqulo". Wagxininisa ukuba kuxhamle abantu bonke kufuneka zisekelwe amalungelo, imiyolelo kunye neemfanelo zomntu ngamnye, kodwa ilawulwa nemigangatho yokuziphatha neecawa. Shepherd wachaza ukuba isiseko ngesisombululo iingxaki oluntu kufuneka zisekelwe kwimigaqo uncedo macala nobuntu. Kananjalo wathetha egameni inkululeko yokuzikhethela lwekhondo, kuba amathuba self-lokuphumeza alinganayo kubo abantu onke amazwe.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izinto kunye wamaKomanisi izimvo ngoko kusoloko utshayelwe bucala Katolika ngabawexuki. Pope John XXIII wabonisa ubulumko nanto, ukuxhasa unxulumano lobuchule kunye Cuba, eSoviet Union, njengoko umbusi woqobo eVatican karhulumente. Kwangaxeshanye, yena wabethelela ukuba nayiphi na kwenzeka ntoni ukwamkela uNkulunkulu akekho, yaye kukho kuphela umKatolika oyinyaniso kunye 'umkhonzi kaThixo ". Kodwa kwangaxeshanye ngokuphathelele iimbono yesizwe bonke abemi belimiweyo. Kwaye lijolise kwindima bembeko komnye nomnye kunye nokunyamezelana ukuthintelwa kongquzulwano neemfazwe.

Kwintetho yakhe umbhiyozo, uJohn XXIII wabiza okulungileyo kakhulu kwaye ixabisekileyo emhlabeni yehlabathi. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe iVatican Uyekile ukwenza yileyo, yomelezwe, othembekileyo izithethe lombutho kwabafileyo, waza wajika yaba liziko yobufundisi eyanelisayo, benamandla sverhneytraliteta nomoya.

Aprili 11, 1963, uPhapha ekhutshwe encyclicals "Uxolo Emhlabeni", esijoliswe Social Affairs, wabiza imfuneko ingxoxo phakathi wobusoshiyali nongxowankulu, swi kwinto yokuba akukho ukuphikisana zabantu kangangokuba akakwazi ingasombululwa, ukuba senza egameni uxolo nobulungisa.

Abachasi abangooBhishophu nkqubo John XXIII

Bekucingelwa ukuba abachasi kaYohane XXIII Baden kwaye akayi kuba nako izigwili, ngenxa yokuba ngokokhetho yakhe, iNgqonyela kapopu sijongisise ngengqondo ephaphileyo ubudala bakhe kunye nemeko yobume bempilo yakhe. Yongeza kule cala zayo zezopolitiko ukunyamezelana ikho. Yena lowo wabonwa nje Ingxelo enjalo padre abakhulileyo emaphandleni ntsapho yayingamahlwempu, indoda endala lukhuni, ukhetho ezilungileyo-natured. Kodwa ke Iikhadinali lo mkhwa lowo phantsi kakhulu nokuqina kokholo kunye ihlombe nokudalwa izenzo ezilungileyo.

Initiative, lo eyayichaza uPopu zaye kakuhle ezifunyenwe yi yamaKatolika Church of the "ihlabathi wesithathu", kodwa eRoma Vatican Iikhadinali ayamkela ezininzi iinguqu, makayixhome ngokuzolileyo, kahle.

Okunye kwelo ziko ecaweni bekusoloko 'uvalwe zingaguquka. " Kwaye enye UPopu John XXIII laqalisa ukupheliswa ibandla ezininzi namawonga ezifana 'bazifinyeza "igunya yabefundisi yamaKatolika. Uninzi uqhankqalazo oluvakalisa abalungiseleli leVatican, i-Ofisi oyiNgcwele.

Ukufa upopu, lo Ukumiselwa, Ukumiselwa

NgoJuni 3, 1963 wafa, uPopu John XXIII. umzimba Pope kaThixo yabaqholiweyo ngoko nangoko kwi-Catholic University of Sacred Heart of uYesu Gennaro minnow baza bamngcwabela grottoes of Basilica St. uPetros.

Namhlanje, iintsalela Padre agcinwe kwi crystal lokungcwaba kwindlu yonqulo of Cathedral St. uPetros eRoma. Ngo-2000, uPopu John Paul II iye ibekwe engaphambili ezukileyo ukuya beatified, yaye ngowe-2014 bobabini kuwo abangcwele. The Catholic Church imbeko kwisikhumbuzo nguPopu Giovanni XXIII, iholide esihombo sakhe, ngomhla we-11 Oktobha.

A film uPope John XXIII

In enkosi ngokwaneleyo edume Papa Giovanni XXIII, ngegalelo lakhe kuphuhliso yokholo, uxolo kunye inceba bonke abantu, ukuba uphulaphule icebiso lakhe, wathabatha amanyathelo ezimbalwa ukuze self-uphuhliso kunye okukhulu. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba omkhulu iindlela ukubulela abangooBhishophu ngeenkonzo zakhe kubizwa ngokuba film "UYohane XXIII. Pope woxolo." Iintetho film 2002 Dzhuzeppe Ronkalli, kuquka ebuntwaneni bakhe e Bergamo, isikolo, umsebenzi icawa kunye nomsebenzi etroneni loopopu. Oku uwabonisa owalathisa umboniso Italian emangalisayo Dzhordzhio Kapitani midlalo ibonakalisa sawo makabelane, ukuzinikela kwakhe iminqweno zobutsha, inkululeko, ukunyamezelana macala kunye nengqondo.