Izishumi - isishumi ... eRashiya yamandulo

Isishumi yenza umlinganiselo komhlaba ingxenye ukuba parallelogram imilo yoxande kunye lunee macala omabini;

• 80 no-30 eemitha - "mathathu";
• 60 no-40 eemitha - "sorokovke".

Waye wanikwa igama "breech izishumi" kwaye wenza enkulu Russian umlinganiselo komhlaba.

Ukutolikwa kombono

Izishumi - iyunithi Russian zemilinganiselo kumaxesha amandulo, ngokunxulumene kummandla mhlaba, nto kufaniswa ukuba ziifatom 2.400 square (malunga 1.09 hectares) kwaye iye yasetyenziswa eRashiya phambi kokuba ukuqaliswa kwenkqubo ekhethekileyo metric.

Kubalulekile kwakhona ukuba ukuchaza ibinzana elithi "uwufumene" - umlinganiselo Russian zobude, nto leyo kumiselwa ubungakanani umndilili emzimbeni womntu. Umzekelo, encinane iinyawo zibe sixhenxe - esixhantini komnye umgangatho, yaye elibhalwe ngokumileyo - ngaphakathi yomlenze lasekhohlo unyawo ukuya phezulu iminwe esandleni sakhe sokunene wamvusa.

Facts imbali ngokuphathelele kulo mba

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XV kwindawo umhlaba kulinganiswa ngokubanzi kwiikota ezimbini. umhlaba isishumi emelwe imilo zejiyometri njenge sikwere zinamacala alinganayo 1/10 of iikhilomitha (2500 macala onke. iiyadi). Ukungqinelana imiyalelo umlimandlela eyaqala kunyaka-1753, ubukhulu layo lifike ukuba ziifatom 2.400 isikwere (1.0925 hectares).

Le typology ye umlinganiselo omdala Russian komhlaba

Ngexesha XVIII kade - kwiinkulungwane okuqala XX. yayisebenza isishumi, indawo apho iye zimelwe iintlobo ezifana:

1. Bias - ziifatom 80 ukuya ku-40 (3,200 izikwere).
2. iiyadi 60 ukuya kuma-60 (3600 izikwere) - Round.
3. Amakhulu - ziifatom 100 ukuya ku-100 (10,000 izikwere).
4. Melon - iiyadi 80 ukuya ku-10 (800 izikwere), kunye nabanye.

Ngoko, emva kokuba Oktobha Revolution, ngenxa inguqu kwinkqubo metric, ngokutsho ummiselo SNK le RSFSR, yomhla we-14 Septemba 1918, isishumi nyathelo umda ekusebenziseni, kunye kaSeptemba 1, 1927 wavalwa ngokupheleleyo.

Kunye naye kwixesha elidlulileyo, kunye namanye ngexesha units:

• intshi (0.045 m);
• iyadi (0.71 m);
• versta (1.06 km);
• iinyawo ezintandathu (2.13 m).

Kubalulekile ukuba bakhumbuze ukuba isishumi ilizwe ngokulinganayo ngokwemigaqo kwiiyunithi yethu 1.09 hectares.

Enye inkalo ukusetyenziswa kombono

Izishumi e Russia Ancient - kukwayinto entle uhlobo kwirhafu ukuze kuxhamle ngabefundisi, urhulumente okanye wenkolo. Ukuqokelelwa yakhe amasebe oobhishophu kwakukho nkqu igosa elikhethekileyo - desyatilnik.

Ngelo xesha, esishumini - kukwayinto entle mabandla amancinci-ertyisi kwi yosisi, ebekuthethwe iphathwe magosa ezikhankanywe ngasentla, yaye emva koko - xa iintloko zababingeleli. Ukongezelela kubo, kwezi izithili emva Hundred Izahluko isonto kukho desyatskie ababingeleli ukwenza eminye imisebenzi yegosa ikhankanywe ngasentla. Bona onyuliweyo eMoscow ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVIII.

Imvelaphi kota uphononongwayo,

Kubalulekile ukuba bakhumbuze ukuba izishumi Russia yamandulo - sisipho ukuba uhlawula nyambalala rusichi kwi Ixesha Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe. Inkqubo yolawulo ngaloo mihla olwanikwa kwizikhundla ezifana iiforimani, khulu, kwiwaka, Prince. Kwaye kule fomu sele ikhona kangangamakhulu eminyaka. Njengokuba kuyacaca, kule nkqubo kukho ingcambu zwi - okhangela. Lo mzuzu non-ejikelezayo.

Eli gama lithetha-ofisi yoluntu, oko kukuthi, khetha omnye yomviwa ezilishumi eziqhelekileyo kunye namanye, umzekelo, abalimi. Le ndoda wayexakekile sentlalo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo imiba phakathi koluntu yaye emela imicimbi yayo phakathi elalini, amakhulu, njalo yena wancedwa yi Ezinye amalungu oluntu - .. Abalimi.

Le nkxaso-mthetho umlinganiswa ngokwasemzimbeni - ukusebenza ixesha elingakumbi iiforimani efama, kunye uhlobo eziphathekayo - ukudluliswa inxalenye yesivuno sakhe. Ngaloo izishumi 1 kwaba-10% okanye ixesha ukusebenza, okanye izityalo ukuvunwa. It wakhuthaza ntwala ebizwa ngokuba yiyo, nto leyo ndangena ilungu ngalinye zoluntu, ngaphandle iiforimani, unobangela eqhelekileyo.

uhlobo Izinto kwesishumi

Isenokuba iziqhamo neenkozo, kunye nemifuno, kunye newayini, yaye, emva koko, izilwanyana ezathi kuthathwa imveliso yelizwe. Andizange ingqalelo umnikelo zange benze indima mali njengoko kumiselwe emthethweni kaMoses, ukuba isebenza kuwo wonke umhlaba wona wahlulelwe uNdikhoyo. Le mali isetyenziswa kuphela ukuthenga kuloo mzi soze wayidlala elingana obambeleyo.

Izishumi - kwaba irhafu ngohlobo kwezilwanyana kunye nezipho emhlabeni. Akukho ndawo ngoko kuchaziwe kwi izibhalo, ukuze babe amanqaku okanye iitshekhi ebhankini ukuze sibekwe phezu itreyi zebandla veki zonke, njengoko kunjalo kumaziko ecaweni mihla ngexesha namabhunga afanelekileyo.

Izishumi: Yimalini

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba iitekisi yezibhalo Israyeli wayala ukunikela isishumi iminyaka esixhenxe. Kuye zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezintathu. Ngokutsho OT, esishumini wokuqala wadlulisela ababingeleli nabaLevi ka-10 - 100% ye zizo zonke imisebenzi emhlabeni kwimijikelo emithandathu yokuqala.

Okwesibini - kwiNgxowa ngeeholide yaye-10 - 90% ye inxenye eseleyo emva kokukhutshelwa isishumi abaLevi. Itya phambi koYehova. Le isishumi abazahlulayo kuphela kunyaka wokuqala, wesibini, yesine yesihlanu. Okwesithathu - yanikwa amahlwempu ka-10 - 90%. uhlobo babona irhafu elinye kuphela kunyaka wesithathu kwaye wesithandathu. Akukho kweentlobo bayo ayizukunyamezelwa ngomhla wesixhenxe kunyaka (isabatha).

Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo: "Izishumi - Yimalini" - aspect yanamhlanje kunzima nkqu abalindi ibandla.

Imbali kwesishumi kwi ubuKristu

Okokuqala seva ngalo mba evela kwiTestamente eNdala. Kwakugcwele ilizwi kwimeko yokuba zonke izipho zomhlaba zeNkosi, kunye nokugcinwa inxalenye zincinane oko kuthathwa njengesenzo weba kuThixo. Akukho kholwa nokuba batyelela ingcamango kukuba unganikisi ngezishumi.

Ngo-OT eziqaphelekayo khona itempile okanye ibandla, ngenxa apho Neu, uAbheli kunye neminye wenza umnikelo ethembekile desyatinas ngqo phandle. It wavumela ukuba ufuna umntu ngamnye ukuba ukwakha isibingelelo lobuqu, apho kwenzeka ukuzisa umnikelo kuThixo.

Noko ke, emva kwexesha elithile uYehova unyule abantu kunye nabantu ezithile zonqulo kunye nokuqokelelwa izishumi neenkqubo. Yonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, bathabathe bazise ukuba ngexesha neyokudinga kaMoses izihlandlo ezithathu ngonyaka.

Ngoko ke, lo isishumi - uhlobo loncedo ibandla, kwaba ukugcina imisebenzi yayo kunye nenkonzo, nto leyo wakhuthaza ababingeleli kwemivuzo kunye nabancedisi babo, eshumayela zombini izindlu kunye etempileni.

Ubhala Ezo kwenziwa phambi kokuba zokuza kukaYesu Kristu nokubethelelwa yakhe eKalvari. Emva kolu hlobo yombingelelo walandelwa kokutshatyalaliswa etempileni eKalvari, yaye amanye amaKristu zitolike oku ukupheliswa isishumi. Noko ke, kule kwiTestamente Entsha, sinako ukubona ukuba ayikhange irhoxisiwe. Naxa kungekho amabandla izishumi babesekho ukunika, kuba sisixhobo imfuneko yobukho ezingenamsebenzi njengoko abefundisi kunye nonqulo ngokubanzi. Bekungenjalo kakhulu njengendlela inkxaso yobomi njengophawu ukholo nentobeko.

Kuqokelelwe izishumi ababingeleli kunye nabapostile, losasazo iintshumayelo zakhe eYerusalem, kunye nehlabathi liphela. Ukuze amise amazwi kaYesu ngokunxulumene Ukusoloko ingqokelela yayo imithetho equlethwe imibhalo yeTestamente eNdala, abaxhasi ubuKristu zinikeze umzekelo intetho yakhe: "Mna andize kuchitha, ndize kuzalisekisa."

Ixabiso 10 ubuKristu

It iveza uhlobo imfezeko ngokunxulumene umyalelo kaThixo kwaye yenza inani yesithathu kwikhonkco engcwele - 3, 7, 10. Inani "ezilishumi" ibonisa ukungabikho eyanele ukuba umjikelo opheleleyo sele igqityiwe. A imbeko ingqalelo uyibonisa elide kangangoko kuyimfuneko.

Kuyenzeka ukugxininisa ngongoma zilandelayo kwimbali engcwele, ziphawulwe ngenani-10, oko kukuthi:

1. Le isiphelo sexesha uNowa kudala kwenzeka kwinkulungwane X (Byt.5).

2. abalishumi imithetho ezisisiseko esingcwele ubuKristu.

3. Umthandazo weNkosi siquka amanqaku ezilishumi eziphambili.

4. Indima isishumi Wayemelwe kukuba umntu umele anike kuThixo.

5. inkululeko umphefumlo wabonakalisa kwi rep 10. (0.5 lendlu).

6. izibetho ezilishumi umgwebo kaThixo thaca umjikelezo eYiputa (Iskh.9: 14).

7. Amandla umchasi-wayebonisa 10 izikumkani zorhwebo Iimpondo ezilishumi irhamncwa lesine neenzwane ezilishumi oqingqiweyo kaNebhukadenetsare. Kwakukho abantu abalishumi, apho kuya kufuneka ukuba uAbraham ngedinga.

8. 10 egubungele wambu ngesikhumba (Iskh.26: 1).

wehla 9. umlilo ezulwini, kanye izihlandlo ezili-10.

10. abalishumi iintombi baveze nenzaliseko ezijonge: abathembekileyo kunye amaRoma.

Ngoko ke, eli nani iye ekhethwe iNkosi-ndenzile, ngenxa yokuba, kwakhona kubalulekile ukukhumbula, ikwindawo yesithathu ngenani, kudityaniswe imfezeko.

wamagama

UPawulos konke oku kungasentla, kukho inkcazelo ezintathu ezisisiseko kwekota uphononongwayo, ngokukodwa:

1. isishumi ecaweni yenza isahlulo seshumi kwingeniso epheleleyo, leyo anikeziweyo ngu arhente ibandla nabantu. In Rus amandulo 'yaye yasekwa yi oyiNgcwele Prince Vladimir emva enkulu Ubhaptizo eRashiya yaye yenzelwe Kiev isishumi ecaweni, kunye nombala kamva ezifunyenwe irhafu jikelele anikeziweyo imibutho yenkolo ezahlukeneyo ngaphandle nezigodlo.

2. isishumi bakhonza kwisithili lonqulo eRashiya, kukho inxalenye ethile yosisi phambi ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVIII. Ngelo ikhanda umntu ophethe isikhundla esikhethekileyo - okhangela. umsebenzi wayo ukususela ekuqaleni kuka 1551 engagqibekanga susumeteleke ku desyatskim ababingeleli zabadala.

3 eka komhlaba - umlinganiselo Old Russian yommandla womhlaba. Ukususela ngenkulungwane ekupheleni XV ukuba ekuqaleni kubalwa kwiikota ezimbini kwaye babe uhlobo lwe ngcambu ogama macala ilingana no 0.1 imayili (2500 macala onke. Iiyadi). Kamva, ngokwemiyalelo umlimandlela eyaqala kunyaka-1753, ilizwe ngomlinganiso wayelingana ziifatom 2.400 isikwere (1.0925 hectares).

Ngokumalunga imbono mihla yomthetho eBhayibhileni malunga izishumi, yonke ikholwa isigqibo ngokwakhe, kubalulekile ukuba kunikelwe irhafu ukuya phezulu uhlalutyo okanye hayi kwaye sithini isixa.