KaHammurabi Code of Law kunye neempawu zayo. Ipropati kunye namatyala Sudebnik uKumkani uHammurabi

Ezi nezinto zakudala njengoko kaHammurabi Code of Law, wahlukile. Lo umzimba mthetho sele esekwe phakathi BC ngenkulungwane XVIII. Ukuze kulondolozwe ngenxa mva, amaBhabhiloni wawagxotha itekisi kumhlathi abangelwe ukuba agcinwe ekuqaleni kule ndawo phakathi iTigrisi umEfrate. Emva kweminyaka elikhulu embalwa, xa amandla iwile, lo lesikhumbuzo wafuduselwa eSusa. Ngoku ke Iran kumzantsi-ntshona. Kulapha of Laws of kaHammurabi wafunyanwa zakudala French ngexesha uhambo 1901-1902 gg.

Inkcazelo lesikhumbuzo

Kwi intsika phambi iye ukhuhleka. NamaElam Oku kwenziwe, ezazithabathayo ipali, bafudukela ikomkhulu lakhe ukuya ngasempuma. aba bantu ukumkani wayalela wokucima lelebhile yoqobo ukuya kwindawo simahla ingxelo uloyiso lwabo olukhulu phezu kweBhabhiloni.

Noko ke, oku akuthethi ukunqanda le lesikhumbuzo ukuba iseti mdala kwemithetho abantu. Le phezu kwishelfu efanayo kunye namanye neekhowudi owamkelwe iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi ngoko. Umzekelo, i-kaHammurabi Code of Law and imithetho Manu, wafumana eIndiya, badla ukuba izinto uhlalutyo efanayo. Kuyinto la maxwebhu kwenza kube lula ukuqonda abantu ababephila ngayo ngoko nendlela wajonga kwihlabathi elibangqongileyo.

Inxalenye eliphezulu uyagawulwa column umzobo mifanekiso. Lo mzobo ke ukumkani kaHammurabi. Uthandaza kuThixo nobulungisa nguShamash ilanga, enika irhuluneli imithetho. Ezinye komhlaba kumhlathi lizele kokubhaliweyo. Okokugqibela, kukho kwakhona.

Abaphandi wababela uluhlu ukuya amanqaku-282. Ngenxa yokuba inxalenye umfanekiso lucinyiwe, kusekho kuphela 247. Kwanasemva kokuba 1902 abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumana ukuqhubeka lo mbhalo kumacwecwe odongwe leyo ezigcinwe kwezinye iindawo kule ngingqi, kwakunye elayibrari odumileyo kweNineve.

History of indalo

kwiinkulungwane eziliqela phambi kaHammurabi e eMesopotamiya kwakukho urhulumente kwindawo enye. It lingadibananga ngeenxa yiSumere kunye waseAkkad. Emva ayehlasela Amori-loonothwal emaqeleni ezingqonge le ukubunjwa inciphisiwe. Endaweni yawo, kwabonakala ithi ezimbalwa ezincinane, kuquka iBhabhiloni. Ngowe-1755 BC, uKumkani uHammurabi simanyene izikumkani eyahlukileyo. Ukongeza, yena limisiwe eSusa. Emva kokuba olu loyiso ebalulekileyo yapapashwa sudebnik uKumkani uHammurabi.

Imithetho ngowona mthombo ukuba ulwazi yomyalelo eMpuma yamandulo. -Odolo, owayebonakele xa uHammurabi, sahlala kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi. Ukuhlaziywa liye ngokubonakalayo ukwandisa indima karhulumente kubomi bemihla ngemihla Iwabemi ubukumkani.

Imibhalo amatye, ebhalwe lwesigodi iBhabhiloni isiAkkadia. Kulo mzekelo, ukuvulwa kunye Ekuphetheni babe isingqisho ethile.

iklasi yokuqala

Njengezinye ingqokelela imithetho kaHammurabi Code of Law lazisa ocacile oluntu ngokwamaqela eziliqela zoluntu. Iiklasi eliphezulu ingqalelo abahlali zoluntu ezincinane. La maqela banelungelo self-government. Ilungu ngalinye lemfundo efunyenwe ubunini zoluntu somhlaba umhlaba ochumileyo. Le nkqubo sele ezazikho ngelo xesha wokulawula kaHammurabi - oko kuqinisekiswa kuphela lo mkhwa. Ookumkani waseBhabheli batshintshe ubomi babo, yaye ngakumbi babezama ukulawula nokwabiwa komhlaba. Amagosa karhulumente ayengavunyelwa ukuzakhela azichukumise iziza. Noko ke, uluntu gqolo uhlawule irhafu zabo ebutyebini bokumkani. Ezi iminikelo eyabangela ukuba inxalenye enkulu ubutyebi ubukhosi baseBhabhiloni. KaHammurabi Code of Law yabelwa kwirhuluneli amandla ukuba amise abadala ekuhlaleni. Kule impembelelo yakhe kubomi babo yaphela. Ipropati kunye namatyala Sudebnik uKumkani uHammurabi kwakuxhomekeke kakhulu kwi imeko yoluntu.

Ngaphakathi uluntu zasasazwa intengiselwano kunye nempahla. Umhlaba wathengisa, waqeshisa waza wenza indaba kuboleka ngokubambisa. Ubukhulu aviluma wabeka (umhlali qela) kusenokuba ukusuka kwiihektare-1 ukuya kuma-60.

bodidi lwesibini

Abameli iklasi wesibini ngokuba mushkenum. Eli gama libhekisela ebantwini abo amalungu asekuhlaleni kwaye abazange babe isabelo yabo. Ngoko ke, baya kwamkela komhlaba karhulumente awulime, ukuya uxhomekeke ethile ngamandla kakumkani. Amaxesha amaninzi amalungu odidi baba abahlali abahlwempuzekileyo ekuhlaleni, lowo wamnika isabelo sakhe ngayo ityala.

Ekubeni iBhabhiloni yaba liziko lenkcubeko mmandla, apha wolula abahlali yamanye amazwe. Ngokomzekelo, baba abasemathanga abanqwenela ukuhlala kweli lizwe. Ukuze benze oku, ukuba ungafumana kwambatha ukumkani kwaye babe kwinkonzo yakhe. Ngu mushkenum aphathwe amanene ngokulinganayo kunye namagosa kwinkonzo karhulumente, kunye nabalimi abahlwempuzekileyo.

Udidi lwesibini ukuba urhulumente. Oku kwakuthetha ukuba ubomi bakhe walawula ngokupheleleyo yolawulo kubalawuli. Bamalungelo abantu kwiindawo zikawonke ingabalelwa kwenye indawo ngaphandle kwesaziso. Lo mhlaba ke iklasi yesibini xa kuthelekiswa avilumov mhlaba abagcini engqongqo kakhulu, njengoko uluntu. Ngokomzekelo, ngokutsho 8 inqaku, ukubiwa propati bukhatshwa sisohlwayo, nje phindene entle. Ukuba isela ayinakukwazi ukuhlawula kurhulumente kweyakhe ipokotho, andule ke wabulawa.

Eyona mithombo iphambili Sudebnik kaHammurabi bathi ubungakanani urhulumente ekhutshwe awayeyinxiba kwakuxhomekeke koko isikhundla kwabanjwa indoda. Le nkonzo risima le priestesses kunye nabarhwebi itempile (tamkarov). Abantu abanjalo ukusuka kwiihektare 12 ukuya 75 zomhlaba. Ipropati kunye namatyala Sudebnik kaHammurabi owalukele emkhosini, njengoko kuchaziwe. Amajoni ubeke amagcisa olulungiswe eehektare-9 ukuya kwi-12. Abelusi sasisaneliswa izigameko zincinane.

amakhoboka

Kudidi lwesithathu babengamakhoboka, okanye vardumy. Aba bantu aba umnini, ngubani ngokukhululekileyo ukulahla ubomi babo kunye nexesha free. Kuba ukubulawa ikhoboka unokuhlawuliswa isohlwayo encinane kakhulu.

Ipropati kunye namatyala Sudebnik kaHammurabi sele kumiselwe eyona ndlela eneenkcukacha. Kuyinto ochaphazelekayo kunye namakhoboka. Umzekelo, ukuba ukufukama namakhoboka aqhweshileyo umntu walinda isohlwayo esiqatha sinikelwa ekufeni. Amakhoboka, abo batyholwa ekulweni kubantu ezamahala, wagwetyelwa ukuya ukususa i indlebe. Kwaye awayenokuyenza, yaye inkosi yazo.

isimo ikhoboka ilifa ngaphandle kwiimeko apho umntwana ozelwe ngumfazi free. Ukuba umntu yeyela ubunini karhulumente okanye udidi lwesibini, ukuba isikhundla sakhe asiphumelelanga nzima kangaka. Waba uqale intsapho. Amakhoboka ukuba kwathiwa loo nto ibangelwa ekuhlaleni, bahlala kwiimeko ezinzima, njengoko urhulumente akuyiphazamisi kulwalamano lwabo kunye nabanini.

Ilungu ngokuphathelele ethile ikakhulu kumiselwa isikhundla ekuhlaleni yaye ubutyebi yendoda. Oku kubonakala ngokucacileyo indlela wasazisa ubomi abahlali zoluntu kunye nabo babesebenza kurhulumente. Umzekelo, ukuba ugqirha igqwirha okunyangayo aviluma, wafumana umvuzo eeshekele zesilivere 10. Ukuba isiguli sakhe mushkenum, ngoko 5. Kuba ikhoboka Health wamnika 2 ishekele. Ukuba ugqirha uye onzakaliswe impilo ngabahlali ekuhlaleni, wazigawula isandla sakhe.

enkantolo

iimpawu ngokubanzi Sudebnik kaHammurabi uthi kukuba iBhabhiloni kohlwaywa ngokuqatha kakhulu ambeke. Kuyinto inkcazo sohlwayo iqala uluhlu lwamanqaku phezu kweliwa abangelwe. Isivakalisi sokuqala ithi xa umntu otyholwa omnye ngokubulala awaba nako ukungqina oku enkundleni, uya kubulawa ngenxa whistleblowing yakhe. Oku kubangelwa ubukhulu umgaqo yembuyekezo alinganayo (enye igama - talion). Abantu abaninzi bayazi lo mgaqo kumba 'Iliso maliphindezelwe ngeliso, "yaye" nezinyo liphindezelwe ngezinyo.'

AmaBhabhiloni Abantu neenkolelo kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ukubekwa amabala eqhelekileyo ebugqwirheni. Umangalelwa ulwaphulo kwafuneka ukuntywila emlanjeni anzongonzongo, othe kwiinkolelo zonqulo, ngokuqhelekileyo isithixo. Oku kugqiba ityala lomntu. Ukuba ke kurhaxwa, umtshutshisi singathatha benza umlingo indlu. isithethe isahlulelo saphezulu alaqhenqetha kuphela kwiindawo yamandulo. Wayehlala ukuya kumaXesha Aphakathi, xa amaKristu azimisele ityala mntu ukuba uya kusinda esandleni uvikivwa emanzini abilayo.

Eyona mithombo iphambili kaHammurabi Sudebnik ingxelo kwemfanelo okungqongqo abagwebi. Ukuba ijaji lenze isigqibo yaye wakhupha uxwebhu, yoshicilelo isiqinisekiso, waza wagqiba ukuba iphinde ityala, uya kuhlawulwa imali enkulu, waza kuhluthwa ofisi yakhe. Lo mkhwa yayisetyenziswa kamva eRoma.

Ukuba inkundla ayanelisekanga nako ukubona i burglar ndayihluthwa umntu impahla yakhe, uluntu ubunzima zomonakalo zalo ukufunyanwa (Inqaku le-23). lo ummiselo ochaphazelekayo avilumov kuphela. Ukuba ukubulawa ilungu losapho, ngoko umntu free wafumana imali evela Community-mali ka omnye imina yesilivere (24 inqaku). Eli nyathelo yamandulo ezisetyenziswa kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, umzekelo eGrisi, kwangaxeshanye lichasiwe kuyo yonk zibalwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Xa iBhabhiloni yamandulo, enye yeyam ibe malunga nama-600 grams. Ezi zibophelelo Sudebnik kaHammurabi yenye izinto ezimbalwa elawula ubomi loluntu.

Ngokuqatha kohlwaywa wabaphangi. Umzekelo, xa kukho umlilo, yaye ummelwane bafika endlwini yendoda simahla, ukuba ingeniso, oko nangoko uphoswe emlilweni efanayo. Le ibinzana - ngokoqobo. Obonakaliswa Sudebnik kaHammurabi uthi umthetho akakwaleli izaphuli Lynch.

ukohlwaya ngokubetha

Nyana hit uyise ukuphelelwa ngesandla sakhe. Kule kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ngokutsha umgaqo wokuba isohlwayo yathotyelwa kwimeko ukuba "unetyala" lomzimba. Kuba puncturing amehlo isigqibo senkundla nayo ngenaniwakrukrile amehlo. Kukwanjalo uya kuba amathambo ezaphukileyo, amazinyo ezaphukileyo nezinye iingozi.

Kuba embetha emhlathini lomntu, ebeyinalo oluphezulu, wagwetywa imivumbo 60. Ukuba kukho ungquzulwano enjalo phakathi peer (umz, phakathi mushkenum), umsunguli oyike okuhle.

zabasebenzi amaholo kunye norhwebo

amanqaku amaninzi ziye zanikelwa ukuba umsebenzi slipshod kunye inattention. Umzekelo, ukuba umchweli wakha udonga ukuthi wawa emva, kwafuneka ukwakha kwakhona ngeendleko zakhe.

Ngo iBhabhiloni iinkonzo boaters kubaluleke kakhulu zithutha impahla. Ukuba ityala labo batshabalala nemihla emkhombeni, njalo njalo. E., kwakufuneka ahlawule umnini ixabiso lepropati zitshatyalaliswe. iimpawu ngokubanzi Sudebnik uKumkani uHammurabi kukuba naliphi na ububi kuye kwaqwalaselwa enkundleni karhulumente, leyo owayenokugqiba ubungakanani lokuqokelela.

Imithetho elawula umvuzo-yabasebenzi, nayo wagqiba iindleko iinkonzo amagcisa, neengcibi, abakhi, abalusi kunye namaxabiso njalo njalo. D. ezizinzileyo inceda ukuthintela ukubethabethana phakathi kwamaqela.

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ukubiwa impahla karhulumente kwaba sono silingenwe kukufa. Ngokweba Ababalelwa phakathi kwezinye izinto. Umzekelo, ukuba umntu othenga into ukusuka aviluma nonyana. Eneneni ukuba abantwana abakwazanga ukulahla impahla yosapho. Kulo mzekelo, intengiselwano ulinganiswa ukuba ubusela kwaye sono silingenwe kukufa lomthengi. Kwakhona transaction kambe singenziwa ngokwesivumelwano. Of Law of kaHammurabi ngokubanzi isicelo ngqo izivumelwano. Ngokomzekelo, umtshato ayenzelwanga kunye iphepha efanelekileyo, ayikwazanga ingqalelo esemthethweni.

emkhosini

Abantu abaye bazifumane kumkhosi kakumkani, wabulawelwa kwi, oko kukuthi, basonta iklasi yesibini. Baye ngokuba redumu (ngaphandle ngokuba lizwe bawongwa kwenye neenkomo) kunye bairum. Ubume emkhosini njengelifa. Ukuba umkhosi sele efunde imali eyaneleyo, akwazi ukuthenga ipropati yabucala, kodwa waqhubeka ekhonza. Intengiselwano kwempahla karhulumente, ngokutsho isabelo, avalwa umlomo. Ukuba umntu othenga ngayo (umz: iinkomo), bekuya zingabuthisi kuphela ukuthengwa kodwa yakhe yesiliva.

Ngabo abo irenki yomkhosi kunye ifayile. Baliphulaphula namagosa - abathetheli kunye ten'ses nabaphathi. urhulumente ukuze yomkhosi wakhe ingqeqesho engqongqo, bohlwaywe ngokuqatha abafikayo. Harassment amagosa, kubandakanywa ukuphanga, sono silingenwe kukufa. Redumu baba kakhulu elihamba, kanti izaphetha bairumy okulungiswe iintolo baba.

usapho

Udidi eliphezulu babehlala kwintsapho engqongqo. Ngaloo ndlela, intloko intsapho Makangenziwa sibambiso amatye abantwana babo okanye ngumfazi. Ukongeza, umntu umisela amaqabane elizayo nakwinzala yabo. Eli bhinqa kwimo ekuxhomekekeni intloko-ntsapho. Ngoko ke, ngokutsho 177 inqaku, kwafuneka yena ukuba abe ngumyeni othembekileyo nokuba abangasekhoyo. Ezizimeleyo kuphela abafazi priestesses. Noko ke, abangakwaziyo intsapho, benikela ubomi bakhe kwinkonzo koothixo (110 amanqaku).

Ukuba umfazi bazale abantwana ukuba indoda yakhe, yena nako awugcine. Ukuze wenze oku kwanyanzeleka ukuba ahlawule intlawulelo ikhazi elingana nayo bevela endlwini kayise. Emva koko mtshato uza kuqwalaselwa semthethweni. Ukuba ngexesha umfazi womtshato akuthethi ukuthenga konke konke, umyeni wam kwafuneka ukuba ahambe naye ukuya kwenye sam yesilivere. Uqhawulo lilawulwa yinkundla.

Ukuba umfazi lubonakala ngokuba indalo neenkani, abaliphulaphula iqabane okanye esidlangalaleni wayemthobile, unelungelo ukuba iqhawule umtshato nayo ngaphandle kwemali ngeli intlawulelo. Ukongeza, indoda kubashiya bakhe kunye naye aze atshate okwesibini. Kulo mzekelo, i ex-umkakhe waba likhoboka endlwini yakhe.

Kodwa le nkundla bakhusela nomfazi. Umzekelo, ukuba indoda yayahlukile ukunxila, ndandikuthanda ukuba ukubathoba, umfazi angaya enkundleni, nto leyo wayenelungelo lokuba ukuvumela ukuba ushiye indlu baze bazithabathe bemke nazo ikhazi. Amalungu entsapho wagwetyelwa ombulo, batshiswa esibondeni. Oku kwakujongwa isono ezoyikekayo nokunyelisa.

isiphelo

Emva kokudwelisa amanqaku 282 phezu kwelitye abangelwe kufuneka Qukumbela ezibhalwe kaHammurabi ubuso. Kuyo ubala impumelelo wobukumkani bakhe, yaye linethemba lokuba imithetho awo abamba ulonwabo kunye noxolo kwilizwe lakhe.

Elokuqukumbela, eli uphawu jikelele Sudebnik kaHammurabi. Ukumkani wathi imithetho yakhe ziyafuneka ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho namnye unako sabaxinzelela ababuthathaka. Waphinda wathi okusesikweni kufuneka ukuba wonke umntu - ukusuka nabanumzana ukuya iinkedama nabahlolokazi.

Xa izibheno zabo ukumkani kudla uzibiza kakhulu, ezibalaseleyo sisilumko. Umthombo Ndinaloo nkoloseko kukuba ukumkani yakholwa ukuba imithetho anikwa kuye oothixo, kuquka nguShamash, Marduk, njalo-njalo. D.

iimpawu ngokubanzi imithetho kaHammurabi Sudebnik elinikiweyo kumhlathi wokugqibela. I koMlawuli wayekholelwa ukuba, xa wabulawa, unako sikuzalise ukuze noluntu ogqibeleleyo eziya kubakho kude kube sekuphelisweni kwephakade eli.