Njengoko iiseli ziyanda. Ukukhula nonyebeleziso iiseli

Mhlawumbi akukho rhoqo kufundwe esikolweni kweekhonsepthi biology lwenkqubo ngaphezu kwiseli. Ekubeni kukho kuqaliswa 5 eklasini imbali yendalo, uze emva koko ukhawuezelwe replicates 6 iintlobo neyantlukwano cell iindlela zalo. Kumabakala 7 nowesi-8 wayefunda ukusuka kwindawo umbono izityalo, izilwanyana kunye nemvelaphi yabantu. Grade 9 ibandakanya ingqalelo kweenkqubo zangaphakathi zisenzeka kuyo, oko kukuthi, isakhiwo molecule. 10 nele-11 ithiyori iseli, ukubhaqa zazivelela.

Le program yakhiwe ngaloo ndlela ngenxa yokuba ezi zakhiwo ezincinane, "iibhloko zokwakha wobomi," le milenze ibaluleke gqitha kuyo nayiphi na ephilayo. Yonke kubalulekile imisebenzi, iinkqubo, ukukhula kunye nophuhliso, ukuyilwa - yonke into enxulumene nobomi, kwenziwa ngabo yaye kubo. Ngenxa yoko, kweli nqaku siza kujonga iingongoma eziphambili yokuzala, uphuhliso iseli kunye nembali ifunyanwe.

Ivula iiseli

Ezi amasuntswana zezakhiwo zincinane kakhulu ngobukhulu. Ngoko ke, ngokuba ifunyanwe kwathabatha ixesha elide kunye nokudalwa iteknoloji ethile. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala isakhiwo zeselula zokuphila esiqwini sesityalo wabona uRobert Guk. Oko kwenzeka ngo-1665. Ukuze ukuba bacinge, wenza neemicroscope yokuqala. Esi sixhobo ufana kangako mihla izixhobo ukhulise. Kunoko, kwaba ngathi ezimbalwa walungiselela phakathi ndzhendzheleko, enika owahlumisayo.

Usebenzisa esi sixhobo, ISAZINZULU ingqalelo icandelo umthi isivalo. Oko wabona yaba ekuqaleni uphuhliso inani wenzululwazi enxulumene kunye eziphilayo ngokubanzi. A nobuninzi ngokuqinileyo yaxokomezela iiseli ubungakanani malunga ngokulinganayo kunye nemilo. Hooke wazibiza cella, gama elo elithetha "iseli".

Kamva wenza inani ezifunyaniswe ukuba ukuba ulwazi ukukhula, Ukuqokelela nesiphumo zenzululwazi ezininzi inxaxheba kwisifundo sabo.

1. 1675 - Isazinzulu Malpighi wafunda ezahlukeneyo shape iseli bafika kwisigqibo ukuba isikakhulu ngeenxa okanye amaqamza okweqanda zizaliswe incindi ubomi.
2. 1682 - N. Iyanda Malpighi yaqinisekisa iziphumo, kwaye kananjalo wafunda isakhiwo yeseli ndizayo.
3. 1674 - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek ivula iiseli iintsholongwane, ngokunjalo ngegazi amadlozi isakhiwo.
4. 1802-1809 gg. -. Sh-Brissot kunye Mirbeau zh B. Lamark lubonisa ubukho ukufana phakathi ancedisana kwezilwanyana kunye neeseli zezityalo.
5. 1825 - kuvula i Purkinje iseli ngumongo iintaka ngokwesini.
6. 1831-1833 gg. - Robert Brown ityhila ubukho ngumongo kwi plant cells kwaye lazisa ingqiqo ngokubaluleka ubume ekhaya, endaweni yeseli inwebu, njengoko ndacinga ngaphambili.
7. 1839 - Theodor Schwann yagqiba ukuba zonke izinto eziphilayo iqanjwa iiseli, kwakunye ukufana kwangaphambili kunye nabanye (theory iseli elizayo) ngamnye.
8. Of 1874-1875. - Chistyakov and Strasburger iindlela iseli evulekileyo uphinda-phindo - mitosis, meiosis.

Zonke ezinye ezifunyaniswe entsimini kwezakhiwo iseli, imisebenzi yazo, yaye nendima elinezinto ubomi eziphilayo bathwalwa phandle ngokukhawuleza ngenxa uphuhliso olumandla khulu nokulayita nezixhobo ezizodwa.

division cell

iseli nganye ebomini wenza umjikelo iseli - ixesha lobomi bakhe ukususela ekuzalweni ukuya ekufeni (okanye ulwahlulo). Ngaphezu koko, akukho ayinamsebenzi, akukho silwanyana okanye yemifuno. Umjikelo wobomi iyafana bonke bephela, yaye ngokufuthi, ekupheleni zaso phinda olulodwa.

Kakade ke, asizizo zonke izinto, le nkqubo efanayo. Kuba eukaryotic kwaye prokaryotic ngayo ngokwesiseko ezahlukeneyo, kukho kwakhona ezinye umahluko andise iiseli izityalo kunye nezilwanyana.

Njengoko ziyanda iiseli? Kukho iindlela ezininzi ezisisiseko.

1. Mitosis.
2. Meiosis.
3. Amitosis.

Ngamnye kubo imele inani kweenkqubo izigaba. Kwaye zonke ezi nkqubo ngqo eziphilayo multicellular, zombini izityalo kunye nezilwanyana imvelaphi. Xa yokuzala kwiseli kwenzeka ngokwahlula nje emibini. Oko kukuthi, iindlela iseli lokwanda azifani. Kukho into enje cell ukuzibulala. Le self-ukutshatyalaliswa ziiseli endaweni iinkqubo ukwabela.

Njengoko ziyanda iiseli, ezifana neentsholongwane, ulele blue-eluhlaza, ezinye elula? Asexually, indlela elula: umxholo weseli kabini kwi kwiseli eludongeni ezenziwa ezinqamlezayo okanye nokufaka longitudinal kunye iseli enye yahlulwe, ephilayo ezimbini ezintsha ngokupheleleyo twatse koomama.

Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba hlula cell ngqo. Ndibandise, neentsholongwane kwiseli enye, kodwa akukho ngokunxulumene mitotic okanye iinkqubo meiotic kuyo. Kwenzeka kuphela xa umzimba eziphilayo multicellular.

mitosis

Uthengisa multicellular iqulethe izigidi iiseli. Yaye ngamnye kubo lifuna ukugqiba umjikelo wobomi bayo, kuyo olahla inzala, yaye akufi. Iiseli zizalana ngokwahlula, kodwa le nkqubo ayikho bonke bephela ziyafana.

isakhiwo Somatic (jonga zonke iiseli ezinjalo ngaphandle intsholongwane) indlela yabo ekhethiweyo yokuvelisa okanye amitosis mitosis. Kuyinto inkqubo umdla kakhulu, capacious kunye nezintsonkothileyo, nto leyo ikhokelele evela kumzali single iiseli diploid (ngamanye amazwi, iseti kabini zofuzo) ezimbini twatse intombi yakhe ngezithako efanayo diploid.

yonke le nkqubo iquka iingongoma ezimbini eziphambili:

1. Mitosis - ngokucandeka yenyukliya kunye nemixholo yawo yonke.
2. Cytokinesis - kwisahlulo protoplasm (icytoplasm kwaye zonke organelles zeselula).

Ezi nkqubo zenzeka ngexesha elinye, ekhokelela ukuyilwa iikopi umzali ophezulu-grade zancitshiswa ubukhulu.

Mitosis iqulathe izigaba ezine (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) kunye nemeko yayo phambi hlula - interphase. Cinga zonke iinkcukacha.

interphase

Ukukhula nonyebeleziso iiseli lwenziwa kulo lonke ibubomi kumzimba. Noko ke, asizizo zonke iiseli kuba xesha linye yobukho. Abanye babo kufa kwiintsuku ezimbini okanye ezintathu (iiseli zegazi), abanye bahlale esaphila yokusebenza (nervous).

Kodwa ke inkoliso yobomi kwiseli nganye zigcinwe imeko ekuthiwa interphase. Oku ixesha kwamalungiselelo zokwahlula iiseli oyile oqolileyo, nto leyo ethatha up 90% yexesha yonke inkqubo.

Ukubaluleka ngokobugcisa eli nyathelo ukuqokelelela izondlo, RNA neprotini Yindibanisela iimolekyuli DNA. Ngapha koko, emva ngokwahlula kwiseli nganye intombi kufuneka afumane kanye inani organelles, izinto eziphathekayo yemfuza, wobeka phi na ke unina. Ukuze oku kwenzeke ukuphinda-izakhiwo ezikhoyo, kuquka imisonto DNA.

Ngokubanzi, i-interphase kwenzeka ngamanqanaba amathathu:

• presynthetic;
• zokwenziwa;
• postsynthetic.

Isiphumo: ukuqokelelela izondlo, amandla kunye iimolekyuli DNA eminye iinkqubo uqhekeko. Ngoko ke, eli nyathelo - kuphela sisiqalo indlela iphindaphindeka cell ngakumbi.

prophase

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iinkqubo ezinkulu zilandelayo:

• kubenze ndizayo yenyukliya;
• zinyamalale (iqhawulwa) nucleoli;
• zofuzo kuzobonakala phantsi neemicroscope ngenxa Ukucofa (kweleli) ngesakhiwo;
• centriole ndikuchithachithe izibonda iseli, etsala edibanise nokwakha ngokucandeka.

Kweli nqanaba andisa iseli isilwanyana akukho yahlukile kweyabo bonke abanye.

metaphase

Esi sigaba obufutshane, malunga ne-10 kuphela imizuzu. Isisekelo sayo ukuba chromatids zicwangciswe kwiseli ikhweyitha. Strings othini enye isiphelo bambelela centriole kwi nezibonda iseli, kunye nezinye centromere ngenxa chromatids nganye. Phakathi isakhiwo yemfuza phantse engahlobenanga kwaye ngoko ngokulula ilungele qhawulo.

anaphase

Isigaba imfutshane zomjikelo mitotic yonke. Ubude malunga ne-3 nemizuzu. Ngeli xesha, chromatid ngamnye uya kwiiseli bakhe kwipali ikwagqibezela nesiqingatha ezishiyiweyo yena, lwaba isakhiwo yesiqhelo chromosome.

Noko ke, le imfundo kufuna enzyme - telomerase. Yapasisa yokuzuza yayo interphase.

telophase

pole iseli ngalinye kubonakala ugcwalise impahla yayo yemfuza, nto leyo ezifakwa kwi inwebu enyukliya, akha ngumongo. Nucleoli abonakale. yonke le nkqubo ithabatha malunga nemizuzu engama-30. Oko kukuthi ixesha elide. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukusekwa inwebu nucleolar kwaye yenyukliya kufuna ngexabiso eliphezulu amandla kunye nokufumaneka izixhobo zokwakha - izondlo (iiprothini, isitatshi, iienzymes, amafutha, ii-asidi acid).

cytokinesis

Le nkqubo ugqibezela umjikelo mitotic yonke. Protoplasm wahlulwe kunye organelles ngokungqongqo kubini, nentombi umntu ngamnye ufumana ncam udade wabo. Ke zonke iiseli kwakhiwa ngokurhuqa protein (actin nature) apho Oluma isakhiwo liphela liwabe libe amabini alinganayo, kodwa ezincinane ubukhulu kuthelekiswa iiseli umzali.

Okwangoku, kukho ezinye iiyantlukwano leeseli zezilwanyana ukuba ngokutyalwa kwiseli izityalo. Isibakala sokuba azikho neprothini kwiziseko zezityalo ngaphantsi kunye actin. Ngoko ke, akukho constriction senziwa embindini, kwaye udonga, kumacala omabini apho yintlama ekufakwa. Oku kunika ngqongqo iseli yezityalo, isakhelo yakha udonga iseli.

Ukukhula kunye ukuphinda-iiseli kwindlela elandelwa umjikelo wobomi yesiqhelo: ezikhethiweyo, ukuyilwa ancedisana ngoko amalungu, umsebenzi esebenzayo neyantlukwano, okanye ukufa.

iiseli eyintsholongwane ukwanda kwabo

Ngomhla umbuzo indlela iseli iphinde izivelise kwakhona, impendulo inokunikwa ekulungisweni ye yintoni na. Ngapha koko, siye ingqalelo iinkqubo mitosis Uphawu kuphela izakhiwo somatic. Ngoxa iiseli intsholongwane zande ngendlela elifuna eyahlukileyo, okanye mandithi, meiosis.

Le nkqubo sisiseko imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ezinjalo izilwanyana gametogenesis, okt ukuzala ngokwesondo. Uphuhliso iiseli Intsholongwane kwenzeka ngokwamanqanaba eziliqela. Ngoko ke, meiosis - ngakumbi kwicandelo ezintsonkothileyo capacious ngaphezu mitosis.

Kuba plant cell meiosis - basis sporogenesis, oko kukuthi, ukuyilwa iiseli ngesondo. Indima ephambili ngokobugcisa meiosis kuzo zonke izinto kukuba ngenxa lenza haploid amane (kunye ezinesiqingatha okanye iseti enye zofuzo) Iiseli lwegciwane. Kutheni? Ukuze ekukhulelweni (ngxubevange gametes inkunzi nemazi) yenzekile recovery elilodwa diploid kwi (bungu elizayo) ezintsha. Oku kunika ukungafani yemfuza eziphilayo, ikhokela nendibaniselwano gene, ukuvela kunye nokudityaniswa yemisebenzi emitsha.

Ubume kwinkqubo meiosis

Kukho ukwahlukana emibini meiosis: Ukunciphisa kunye equational. Ngamnye kuquka zonke kwisigaba efanayo naleyo mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase kunye telophase. Cinga kancinane ngakumbi ngamnye kubo.

division kokunciphisa

Undoqo: Iseli enye diploid enza ezimbini haploid, kunye nesiqingatha iseti zofuzo. zigaba:

• prophase I;
• metaphase I;
• anaphase I;
• telophase I.

Kwi ngasinye izigaba ziphindwa zonke ukuguquka efanayo ukuba amanyathelo ezahlukeneyo mitosis. Nangona kunjalo, umahluko omnye isekhona khona; xa interphase akukho kabini lwe-DNA, yahlulelwe kuphela kubini, nabo bonke. Ngoko ke, kuphela isiqingatha ulwazi yemfuza iwela kwiseli nganye intombi. Le andise kokuqala iiseli izityalo kunye nezilwanyana ezinxulumene ngokwesini.

ukwahlukana equational

Icandelo lesibini meiotic, ebangela ukuba kusekwe noba ezimbini iiseli ngalinye ezidlulileyo. Ngoku kukho ezine naso efanayo haploid, nto leyo iba isilwanyana okanye isityalo iiseli ngokwesondo. Inyathelo division equational: prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II.

Ngoko ke, umbuzo indlela iseli replicates, kukho impendulo kunokuba nzima yaye capacious. Emveni kwezi nkqubo, njengazo zonke ezinye eqhubeka izinto eziphilileyo, ibe ibhityile kakhulu kwaye lwenziwe ezininzi izigaba.