Izixwexwe Plant. Iintlobo esiqwini sesityalo

Iinkqubo, echaza zezilwanyana nezityalo zomzimba, zibonakele ngenkulungwane XVII. Lokuqala ebukekayo-anatomists - Iyanda kunye Malpighi - evavanya ibalulekileyo kubo, yaye yaqalisa ingqiqo ezifana prosenchyma kunye parenchyma. Ngokubanzi, ukufundisisa izakhiwo inxaxheba eziphilayo. Amalaphu umahluko kumafa, imisebenzi, imvelaphi. Okulandelayo, cinga iimpawu ezingundoqo ngakumbi kwezi zakhiwo. Eli nqaku itafile izicwili zezityalo. Kuyo ungabona iindidi eziphambili kwezakhiwo, indawo yabo imisebenzi.

Biology: ilaphu. ngezigaba

izakhiwo Scheme ukwahlukana ngokungqinelana neenjongo komzimba iye yaphuhliswa kwaye uSimon Schwendener Gaberlandtom ekujikeni XIX-XX iinkulungwane. izixwexwe Plant ngamaqela leeseli yokuba imvelaphi enye, ukwakhiwa yohlobo olunye kunye nokuqhuba ngalo umsebenzi owodwa. Ucalulo kwezakhiwo yenziwa ngokwemimiselo ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, yiya emzimbeni isityalo:

• Key.
• Conductive.
• Meristem (emfundo).
• Ngeso lenyama.
• Excretory.
• Mechanical.

Ukuba esiqwini sesityalo kwenziwe ngeeseli ukuba ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi isakhiwo esifanayo kunye imisebenzi, zibizwa elula. Ukuba izinto azifani, ngoko yonke indlela ibizwa entsokothileyo okanye inzima. Iintlobo esiqwini sesityalo ehlelo elahluleleneyo, yena, ukuya qela. Umzekelo, isakhiwo zemfundo ziquka:

• Apical.
• Side - lesibini (phellogen, cambium) kunye zamabanga aphantsi (pericycle, procambium).
• Inxeba.
• Eyodwa.

Iindidi uhlobo ephambili esiqwini sesityalo ziquka lelonani kunye nokwenziwa parenchyma. izakhiwo Conductive phloem ingqalelo (bast) kunye xylem (imithi).

Coverslips emzimbeni (asemdeni) plant:

• Exterior: lesibini (periderm), ephambili (esingaphandle), emfundo ephakamileyo (ritidom okanye udiliza); VELAM, rizoderma.
• Yangaphakathi: zithe zadala kunye endoderm, iiseli Parietal le ndiqhuba iinyanda yamagqabi.

isakhiwo Mechanical (skeleton, reference) yahlulwe sclerenchyma (okuzenzela sklereidy), collenchyma. Kwaye ke iqela lokugqibela ke excretory (secretory) izicwili zezityalo.

izakhiwo zemfundo: iziseko

Ezi esiqwini sesityalo (meristem) liqela abaselula rhoqo, ngenkuthalo ukulahlula iiseli. Bona zibekwe kwiindawo lokukhula amasebe awohlukeneyo. Umzekelo, basenokuba ezincotsheni neziqu, iingcebiso iingcambu, nakwezinye iindawo. Ngenxa phambi kwesi inkcubeko iseli izityalo inyama yi ukukhula okuqhubekayo kunye nokusekwa izinto rhoqo kunye namaziko.

iimpawu meristem

Kuxhomekeka indawo semfundo yeseli isityalo inyama abayifumanayo kusenokuba apical (apical), kwicala (sclerosis) gusset (eyodwa) inxeba. izakhiwo kwakhona yahlulwe zamabanga aphantsi. Le yokugqibela ziquka iindidi apical esiqwini sesityalo. Ezi zithinteli umiselwa ukukhula kwenkcubeko ubude. Xa izityalo ngaphezulu esezantsi abamanyeneyo (yefeni, horsetails) meristem apical kwahluka okwanamhlanje wavakalisa. Bona zinikwa ekuqaleni kuphela enye, okanye iseli zaseprayimari. Xa angiosperms kunye gymnosperms meristem apical ichazwe kakuhle. Bona zimelwe inani leeseli ekuqaleni, ezenza cone ukukhula. izakhiwo lateral zidla aphakamileyo. Enkosi kubo ikhutshwa iingcambu ayanda, iziqu (imizimba yezihlunu ngokubanzi) ngokomelela. iimbono icala esiqwini sesityalo - it phellogen kunye cambium. Ngenxa imisebenzi lowokuqala ukuyilwa iingcambu kunye nezikhondo Yazo. Kweli qela fanele ngelaphu kwakhuthazwa - lenticels. meristem osecaleni njengoko cambium, izinto phloem akhiwa futhi nemithi noshowo. Kumaxesha izityalo zokuphila egwenxa kuyehla okanye kumiwe ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi lo cambium. meristems eyodwa, njengokuba umthetho, eyintloko. Bona zigcinwe neenxalenye ezahlukeneyo kwiinkalo zokukhula esebenzayo: emazantsi petiole kunye internode ingca amagqabi, umzekelo.

tectum

Imisebenzi zezityalo inyama yeli qela kukukhusela inkcubeko kwimiphumo ezibi ngeemeko zokusingqongileyo. iimpembelelo ezimbi, ingakumbi, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe komphunga ngokugqithiseleyo, nobushushu elanga, umoya yokomisa, umonakalo, kokungena iintsholongwane kunye fungi izifo. Kukho eziziprayimari nezizisekondari ijwabu izimali. Udidi lokuqala luquka rhizodermis udiliza (sangaphandle). Le amalaphu daka eziziisekondari bakholelwa phelloderm, isivalo cambium, ukhokho.

Iimpawu izakhiwo

Ulusu ne onke amalungu annuals izityalo umthi ongatshiyo ngexesha ngoku likhula, - amahlumelo oluhlaza, ngokubanzi, izityalo - iinxalenye herbaceous emoyeni. Le yokugqibela, ngokukodwa, amagqabi, iintyatyambo, iziqu.

Ubume ancedisana zesityalo: sangaphandle

isakhiwo Its ngokuqhelekileyo kuquka enye inwebu isakhiwo ivaliwe. Kulo mzekelo, isithuba intercellular engekhoyo. Sangaphandle isusiwe lula kwaye obhityileyo umboniso ngaphaya. Le lolwabo ophilayo, equka umaleko protoplast waba ngcembe kunye engundoqo kunye leucoplasts, a vacuole enkulu. Le yokugqibela ithatha up phantse iseli lonke. Udonga olungaphandle izinto noshowo a sangaphandle anquma icala ngaphakathi kunye - ezibhityileyo. Le yokugqibela abe pores. Eyona njongo iphambili yale sangaphandle lo ummiselo transpiration negesi exchange. Kuliwa ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokondliwa. iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo namanzi yalawo pores. Eyahlukeneyo plant cells of sangaphandle ezi zobungakanani neemilo. monocots ezininzi isakhiwo, side ubude. Izityalo dicotyledonous kufuneka amacala emide. Oku kwandisa lexinene eziwafaka omnye nomnye. Ubume sangaphandle phezulu nasezantsi wetshati yahlukile. Wawa yokondliwa ngaphezu ngaphezulu. Xa izityalo emanzini kunye amagqabi kwakudada phezu kwamanzi (lily amanzi, iqanda njengezingxobo), iye awohluke alo. Baye yokondliwa bakhona kuphela nakumphezulu nembasa. Kodwa izityalo, ukuntywiliselwa ngokupheleleyo emanzini, kusenziwa idatha ayifumaneki.

yokondliwa

Le owabumba ezizodwa kakhulu sangaphandle. Izitomata kuba kwiindawo zokubeka-2 kunye neeseli labalindi - ukubunjwa therebetween. isakhiwo kufuneka imilo Crescent. Bona ulawule ubungakanani kumngxunyana-like ukubunjwa. Ngoko, ke, kufuneka ivalwe ize wavula ngokungqinelana ne uxinzelelo turgor nezinto kumise ngokuxhomekeke uyondelelwano lwee- carbon dioxide emoyeni kunye nezinye izinto. Emini iiseli stomatal bayabandakanyeka photosynthesis. Ngeli xesha, uxinzelelo turgor iphezulu, kwaye ukuyilwa uvula noqhoqhoqho. Ebusuku ke, phezu koko, luvalwe. Le nto ke iye yayikhankanya kwixesha elomileyo lonyaka, kwaye ukubuna yamagqabi. Kungenxa Lenkonzo ikuvumela ukuba uqwalasele ngaphakathi ukufuma yokondliwa.

izakhiwo core

Parenchyma lubaluleke kakhulu isithuba phakathi kwezinye ancedisana abasisigxina kwi esikhondweni, iingcambu kunye nezinye izigqeba zezityalo. isakhiwo Basic ikakhulu yabhalwa aphilayo ukuba iintlobo zeemilo. Iiseli Inokwenzeka, zibhityile-enqatyisiweyo, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha akubufumana eqinileyo, lignified, kunye pores ezilula postennoy kukho icytoplasm. Of parenchyma eyakhiwa amagqabi kunye neziqhamo yintlama, undoqo le rhizomes nezikhondo, amaxolo zabo. Kukho nomnye eziliqela yale kwithishyu. Ngenxa yoko, phakathi izakhiwo eziphambili zizakubalulwa: womoya, akhwifa, ukugcina kunye nokwenziwa. Imisebenzi izicwili zezityalo kolu didi lubandakanya yokugcina iikhompawundi zesondlo.

ngokuba yiklorofili parenchyma

Hlorenhima - nokwenziwa zomzimba - isakhiwo apho yiphotosynthesis kwenzeka. izinto zayo zizakubalulwa ngeendonga ezibhityileyo. Kuwo akukho elakha kunye chloroplasts. Le yokugqibela, ngathi kukho icytoplasm, postenno ibekwe. Hlorenhima ibekwe ngqo phantsi kwesikhumba. Isikakhulu ke buzinze ngamasebe abaselula eluhlaza kunye namagqabi.

Aerenchyma

Ilaphu womoya sisigqeba izithuba intercellular aphuhliswe ngokwaneleyo kwiindawo ezininzi. Uninzi of bonke kuyinto uphawu afumileyo, amanzi kunye neenkcubeko amanzi onxweme zabo iingcambu bakulo ioksijini-amahlwempu udaka. Umoya ifikelela imizimba asezantsi esebenzisa imizimba transfer. Ukongezelela, unxibelelwano phakathi izithuba intercellular kunye nomoya olwenziwe yi-pnevmatod bokuhlala. Aerenchyma ngenxa ngokomlinganiselo kwezityalo lifinyele. Oku, kuyabonakala ukuba, uchaza amandla aquaculture ukugcina kwindawo tye, kunye namagqabi - ukuba abe phezu komhlaba.

aphansti

Le Ilaphu ogcina ukufuma isiqu namagqabi izityalo zeSucculent kunye izityalo kwiindawo saline. Yangaphambili, umzekelo, iquka Cacti, Jade, zeagave kunye nezinye zekhala. To lwesibini - komtamariske, strobilaceum, hodgepodge, kunye nabanye. aphuhliswe kakuhle le izitho sphagnum moss.

ukuba isakhiwo stock

Kwezi zomzimba, ngaxa lithile ekuphuhliseni inkcubeko uqalisa ukubeka exchange kweemveliso. Oku, ingakumbi, amafutha, iikhabhohayidrethi, kunye nabanye. Iiseli zomzimba yokugcina, ngokubanzi zibhityile ngodonga. Ulwakhiwo ngokubanzi zimelwe iingcambu eqinileyo, iibhalbhu, amatswele, iziqu core, lwegciwane imbewu, endosperm, kunye nezinye iindawo.

ihlanganisa machine

Ancedisana axhasayo isebenze njenge uhlobo unyanzeliso okanye "stereoma" (ukusuka yesiGrike. "Solid", "ixesha elide"). Eyona njongo ephambili kukuqinisekisa luvukelo kwezakhiwo obuluqilima kunye imithwalo static. Ngako oko, le amalaphu kuba nesakhiwo ecacileyo. Xa izityalo ezweni ukuba phambili ngakumbi kwicandelo yezihlunu le ihlumelo - esiqwini. Iiseli zinokulungiswa iindawo peripherally eyahlukileyo okanye isilinda esiqinileyo.

collenchyma

Kuyinto reference elula zamabanga aphantsi kunye abaphilileyo iseli inyama imixholo: kukho icytoplasm, isiqalo, maxa wambi chloroplasts. Kukho iindidi ezintathu collenchyma: evakalala, ipleyiti kunye engile. Le yokuhlela yenziwe ngokungqinelana na uhlobo iiseli ukuqina. Ukuba phezu koqoqo, isakhiwo angled, ukuba ngaxeshanye kumphezulu kwi esikhondweni kunye efanayo ngokwaneleyo, oko collenchyma ipleyiti. Kuye kwasekwa okwakha ye meristem kwaye ibekwe phantsi sangaphandle kumgama maleko omnye okanye ngaphezulu kwayo.

sclerenchyma

Le inyama ngoomatshini ithathwa ukuba eliqhelekileyo. It iqulathe isakhiwo ngeendonga lignified kwaye anquma ngokufanayo slotted kwaye iyayondela ngesixa esincinci. iiseli Sclerenchyma e elide ababekhe, ukuba luphawulwa imilo prozenhimnaya kunye eziphelweni etsolo.

Iziseko conductive

Ezi amalaphu zinika iikhompawundi zokuthutha kwezondlo. Kuliwa ngeendlela ezimbini. Transpiration (ezantsi) zakutshanje kunye nezisombululo zolwelo of neetyuwa yi tracheids nempahla ukusuka ezingcanjini ukuya amagqabi apha esikhondweni. Nokwenziwa (ezantsi) sindululo livela amacala asentla ukuya komhlaba esebenzisa ngemibhobho ezizodwa yokugalela phloem. Ilaphu Conductive nga ngandlel 'ithile ukuba kuthelekiswa kwegazi labantu, kuba uye womnatha iphiramidi ebonisa unxibelelwano yezihlunu. Nutrients ukungena kuzo zonke iseli komzimba.

imicu secretory

inyama Secretory - zemfundo ezizodwa, bayakwazi ukubonisa okanye ikheswa imeko kwamathana elulwelo kunye nemveliso ukutya. amahlebo igama lokugqibela. Ukuba bavela isityalo, ngoko ke secretion zangaphandle inxaxheba inyama yaye ukuba ekhohlo ngaphakathi - ngokulandelelana ncokola isakhiwo lwangaphakathi. Formation lweemveliso lulwelo ngenxa umsebenzi inwebu kunye Golgi ezintsonkothileyo. Secrets elolu hlobo eyenzelwe ukukhusela izityalo kwiintshabalaliso zizilwanyana, umonakalo ngu ngamagciwane okanye izinambuzane. izakhiwo Ezingokuqandusela e ngohlobo yentlaka uhamba idioblast, enuka amajelo mlechnikov, aziindawo ukugxothwa, kunye nezinye namadlala.

izixwexwe Table plant