Ingongoma yokunyibilika lesigidi. I isiqalelo mercury

Zonke izinto eekhemikhali lwezakhi kwemiqathango wabahlula oxwesileyo B - At kwi isinyithi kunye nonmetals. Ngenxa yokugqibela-mbalwa, ibekwe ngasentla kunye kumda ekunene. Metals iingenelo ecacile lobuninzi efanayo izinto ezaziwayo 118 mkhulu kuno-80.

Bonke babe iipropati ezifanayo emzimbeni odityanisiweyo zikarhulumente lamntu. Noko ke, kukho ngaphandle - element mercury. Ngaye uthethe ngakumbi.

Mercury: simi kwinkqubo ngamaxesha athile

Le element luthathe iseli yayo itafile phantsi inani 80. Eli qela lesibini, i ehambelana iqelana elithile enkulu yesithandathu. Kuye yimilinganiso atomic ka 200,59. Kukho izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezisixhenxe esitalini: 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204.

Libhekisela d-usapho lweziqalelo, kodwa hayi inguqu, ukusukela yokugqibela electron Valence bazalise s-Orbital. Mercury idityanisiwe iqelana iintsimbi nezinki, isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, kunye Copernicium.

iimpawu ngokubanzi element

Iziqalelo eekhemikhali lwezakhi ziye wabayala ngokungqongqo lungiselelo, yaye ngalinye electron kuqwalaselo lwayo lwe-atom, ukuthetha ngeemilo yayo. Mercury kungekho ngaphandle. Isakhiwo kunye predvneshney sayo electron iqokobhe lulandelayo: 5 5p ^{2 6 10} 5d 6 ^2.

Kunokwenzeka igcwala ithi: +1,-phinde ngo 2. Oksayidi kunye hayidroksayidi lesigidi - kwezobom okwanamhlanje, ngamanye amaxesha kubunjani compound amphoteric. Uphawu lweekhemikhali apha element №80 - HG, pronunciation Latin "gidrargirum". igama Russian livela kwi Proto-Slavic ulwimi apho kuyo kwathiwa eliguqulelwa ngokuthi "ukurola". Phakathi kwezinye izizwe, indlela yokubiza kunye negama yahlukile. Ngokufuthi element ngokwayo yaye benza izinto ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo ekuthiwa merkuratami Mercury. Eli gama livela kumaxesha amandulo, xa kuthelekiswa i-HG (element) ngesilivere, wamnika ixabiso yesibini emva igolide. Sun - uphawu aurum Au, Mercury - gidrargirum isimboli HG.

Abantu wamandulo nenkolelo yokuba kukho iintsimbi ezisixhenxe ezinkulu, kuquka mercury. Iqela kubo ziboniswe kwi imizimba yasezulwini. Oko kukuthi, negolide ezinxulumene ilanga, nesinyithi - Mars, Mercury - Mercury njalo njalo.

History of izovela

Mercury iye lwaziwa malunga 1500 iminyaka BC. Nditsho ke, oko kuchazwa ngokuthi "isilivere ulwelo" ¬, engaqhelekanga kunye nentsimbi twisisaka. Caphula nakho ukufunda ngamaxesha amandulo.

Kakade ke, ukuze bafunde iipropati wayo akunakwenzeka, ngenxa yokuba kuye kwasekwa njengoko chemistry ezinjalo. Mercury ikhuselo ligutyungelwe imfihlelo kunye umlingo, oko kugqalwa into engaqhelekanga kufutshane isilivere, kunye nesakhono ukuze ijike ibe ngegolide, ukuba kube nzima. Noko ke, iindlela zokufumana mercury olunyulu zikarhulumente eqinile, kwaye ephanda alchemical ayiphumelelanga.

amazwe, apho maxesha wamandulo ezisetyenzisiweyo mercury kufunxwa ngu:

• China;
• kweMilambo;
• India;
• Egypt.

Noko ke, ukuze afumane olu ingohlobo yayo olunyulu kuphela kwinkulungwane XVIII, wenza i usomachiza Swedish Brandt. Noko ke, bona kunye ukuza kuthi ga baboniswe metallicity izinto ubungqina. Le mba yacaciswa M. V. Lomonosov and Brown. Kuyinto la izazinzulu bakwazile ngumkhenkce le imetyhuri ziqinisekisa ukuba amagama zonke iimpawu zesinyithi kuqala - ayenechaphothi, conductivity, malleability kunye ductility, intsimbi yikristale ngekroba.

Namhlanje ufumene ezininzi iikhompawundi mercury, lisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zemveliso zobugcisa.

Le mercury iziyobisi

Njengoko into elula ulwelo (at kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo) zesilivere-ezimhlophe, iselula, aziphethe ngayo. Umzekelo woko apho mercury ulwelo isetyenziswa ngendlela ecocekileyo, - i ithemometha, iithemometha ngenxa yokulinganisa iqondo lobushushu.

Ukuba ukuguqula Mercury ngokwaseburhulumenteni eziqinileyo, kuya kuba ziikristale kwawo, esha. Umphunga ke enemibala, eziyityhefu kakhulu.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Iimpawu ezibonakalayo ze intsimbi - ummeli kuphela leyo khona iimeko ngaphantsi eziqhelekileyo ulwelo. Kuzo zonke ezinye iipropati, ilungelana ngokupheleleyo iimpawu ngokubanzi namanye amalungu kudidi.

iimpawu eziphambili zezi zilandelayo.

1. Inkangeleko: kweemeko eziqhelekileyo - ulwelo, ziikristale isiqina - hayi ngaphezulu kwe-352 ^{° C,} isibini - ngaphezulu kwe-79 K.
2. Unyityilikiswa benzene, dioxane, le ziikristale emanzini. Oku uyakwazi, ukuba ndingamanzisi kwiglasi.
3. It anazo iipropati diamagnetic.
4. conductivity emhlabeni.

Mercury yokunyibilika kwenzeka kubushushu thabatha -38,83 ° ^C. Ngoko ke, iziyobisi bobabo kwiqela Iyadubula xa itshiswa. uxhulumaniso yangaphakathi supply eneji ziya kwandiswa yi izihlandlo eziliqela.

Ukupheka kokuqala mercury ^malunga 356,73 C. Kweli nqanaba, iqalisa Kwathi kwimeko umphunga, nto leyo ezingabonakaliyo ngokupheleleyo iliso kwemolekyuli, eziqhagamshelene a nonpolar covalent yebhondi.

lobushushu mercury yokunyibilika ibonisa ukuba iimpawu intsimbi kubonakala engaqhelekanga. Le nto iqala ukuba ngumphunga, ihamba kwemolekyuli karhulumente ongabonakaliyo sukube bushushu eziqhelekileyo, nto leyo eyenza kube yingozi kwimpilo yoluntu kunye nezilwanyana.

iipropati chemical

Eyaziwa iqela iikhompawundi ngokusekelwe mercury kwimigangatho igcwala ahlukeneyo:

• sulfates, sulfides;
• kloride;
• nitrate;
• hydroxides;
• oxides;
• iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo;
• iikhompawundi organometallic,
• intermetallic;
• aluminiyamu nabanye ngesinyithi - amalgam.

mercury lokunyibilika kuvumela ukwenza zombini amalgam ngamanzi okanye ijiye. Xa metal ezinjalo aluminium balahlekelwe umsebenzi wabo, babe egalelwe ngakumbi.

Reaction mercury intsebenziswano kunye oxygen kunokwenzeka kuphela xa amaqondo obushushu ngokwaneleyo phezulu, nangona amandla oxidizing le nonmetal olomeleleyo. Phantsi kweemeko kwama-380 ^{° C} njengoko ngenxa Yindibanisela oxide wentsimbi abunjwe ukuba iqondo igcwala bamva ezimbini.

metal Asingeni intsebenziswano imichiza, ukuhlala zikwimeko elulwelo isakudityaniswa nee-asidi, alkalis, non-isinyithi ngohlobo free.

Kunye halogens uyaxabana kunokuba ngokucothayo kwaye kuphela engqeleni, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba indawo ukunyibilika mercury. oxidant Good kuba potassium permanganate.

Ukuba indalo

Ikhoyo nokubakho kolu qweqwe lomhlaba, iilwandlekazi, nezentsimbi ekrwada kunye neeminerali. Ukuba sithethe malunga ipesenti iyonke lesigidi, ndineemfesane emhlabeni, kuba malunga 0.000001%. Ngokubanzi sinokuthi nesiqalelo umkhondo. izimbiwa ezinkulu sisimbiwa, eziquka intsimbi, oku kulandelayo:

• cinnabar;
• zwi;
• yikalikedo;
• linguMika;
• carbonates;
• ores abakhokelayo-zinc.

Kwindalo, mercury usoloko yenza mjikelo kwaye inxaxheba nethe zonke esicwangciswe Yomhlaba.

ukufumana mercury

Indlela engundoqo ukufumana - i inkqubo yokuqulunqwa koMthetho cinnabar bezimbiwa. Kwakhona kuyenzeka indlela metallurgical usebenzisa arhente nokuncitshiswa. Xa usebenzisa indlela yokuqala, izimbiwa ivavanywa yosiwe olungqongqo kwioksijini. Oku velisa iperi yesinyithi. Ekubeni mercury yingongoma yokunyibilika ephantsi kakhulu, nokubilisa indawo, ngokuchaseneyo, iphezulu, intlawulo kunye amafu of umphunga kumalungiselelo akubangeli ukudubula iingxaki. Le ndlela ukuphatha mercury emanzini esetyenziswa kumaxesha amandulo ukuba tswala metal ngendlela ecocekileyo.

Indlela yesibini isekelwe phezu nezokukhupha mercury njengoko sulphide ngokusebenzisa i arhente onamandla ekunciphiseni. Ezifana ne-ayini. imveliso ziqokelelwa ngendlela efanayo njengoko kwimeko yangaphambili.

iimpembelelo zebhayoloji ku eziphilayo

lobushushu Mercury kufuneka ephantsi ngokwaneleyo Kwathi kungena engumphunga karhulumente. Le nkqubo iqala kwi-25 ° ^C, okt kwiqondo lobushushu igumbi eqhelekileyo. Kulo mzekelo, ngokufumana eziphilayo kwigumbi iba ingozi yempilo.

Ngenxa yoko, but is unako ukungena abantu ngaphakathi nge:

• eluswini, bubuhle, integers ngokupheleleyo;
• isifo;
• iphecana zemigudu;
• izitho zokugaya.

Xa ngaphakathi, kunyuka mercury lubandakanyiwe egazini, uze ufake Yindibanisela protein molecule, ukwakha iikhompawundi nabo. Ngenxa yoko kukho zemali metal yingozi isibindi bone. Ngenxa kwiindawo zokugcina metal inokuba kwakhona kufakwe ukutya, kuyondelelaniswe nokuwa, ibangela ukunxila kade, sikhatshwe imiphumo bumandundu.

Zivela amalungu kunokuba ngokucothayo kwaye phantsi kweempembelelo ehlanganisa, adsorbents. Ngokomzekelo, ubisi. ulwelo Main apho imveliso metal kwi-bume:

• amathe;
• enyongweni;
• umchamo;
• Eziveliswa phecana zesisu.

Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zale ityhefu kweziyobisi: oyingozi futhi ezigulo ezondeleyo. Ngamnye uneempawu zawo iimpawu.

Iimpawu kunye nonyango

Le fom etsolo ekuso ukuba kwiimeko apho kwenzeka khona omkulu Mercury ekuveliseni, okt, ngexesha xa kukho ukukhululwa enkulu kwezinto kwi-atmosfera. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, abantu abasemngciphekweni iqala maxongo elibukhali lezempilo, ukuba ityhefu. Ukunyuka ziquka:

1. inkqubo bazitshisekisayo nokuphefumla, imiphunga, kwiinwebu emlonyeni nasemqaleni.
2. iqondo lobushushu emzimbeni Ukwandiswa.
3. izilonda kwakheka kwi iintsini, zophe, aludumbanga, kwaye babe novakalelo kakhulu. Maxa wambi mercury kwakheka udini.
4. Yoma kwesibindi kunye nezintso.
5. Ukugodola, isicaphucaphu nokugabha, nesiyezi.
6. Inkqubo luvo ezichatshazelwe kakhulu - intetho aphazamiseke kunye nolungelelwaniso lweentshukumo, lafa kweqondo uyabonakala.
7. Ityhefu lukhatshwa yintloko kunye ukurhuda kunye inclusions igazi.

Ukuba sisilonda esidumbileyoesingaphakathi nesigidi zathi ngcembe, isifo uya kuthatha uphawu esinganyangekiyo. Kulo mzekelo, akayi kuba elibukhali kwidispleyi, kodwa ukonakala lezempilo kongezeleka yonke imihla, Bawathabatha onke umfutho enkulu.

1. lomzimba lafa.
2. isifo somlomo (gingivitis, stomatitis, njalo njalo).
3. Lwegazi kunye tachycardia.
4. Ukubila.
5. Jitters.
6. Intloko.
7. Kwiingozi ezimasikizi, ukuphazamiseka kakhulu engqondweni, ukuba ngesifo ukuze ibangelwe.

Zonke ezi ziphumo zinokwenzeka ngenxa nokuba ukukhululwa oluncinane lesigidi emoyeni. Ukuba ayenzi ukubamba ixesha ndawo demercurization, uyakwazi ukwenzakalisa kakhulu impilo yakho.

Unyango ngala matyala lidla kubanjwa amayeza zilandelayo:

• mzimba;
• antihistamines;
• barbiturates;
• "Chlorpromazine".

ukusebenzisa kwabantu

Indawo uqhelekileyo ukusetyenziswa kunye nokugcinwa mercury sisinyithi - oko iithemometha kunye kwiithemometha. Kwenye eso sixhobo inokuba ukuya ku-3 g ngentsimbi. Ukongeza, ungakhetha iindawo ezininzi zezinto ezenziwa luluntu, apho imetyhuri isetyenziswa ngokubanzi:

• Medicine (calomel, merkuzal, chlormerodrin, ebulala ezininzi);
• imisebenzi yobugcisa - imithombo ngoku, izibane ezingqengezelayo, iimpompo, barometers, yokuqhumisa, njalo-njalo;
• Insimbi - wokutshiza nezipili, umhombiso amalgams yegolide nesilivere, nokufumana aluminiyamu zesinyithi, izinto ehlambulukileyo;
• lweshishini lemichiza;
• ezolimo.

Okwangoku, ngenxa mercury into ekhuselekileyo ngakumbi lula Phantse ngebhaxa kuye amayeza.