Inyama zemfundo: umsebenzi nokuba isigqeba

Evolution enezityalo nezilwanyana ngokuthe ngcembe kwakhokelela ingxaki yokuba umbutho. Ngoko ke, iyantlukwano iintlobo yangoku bukhulu kangangokuba kumangalisa nje. Xaka ukwanda lobume lwangaphakathi lwabonakala isebe yokuzivelela nganye.

Oku ngakumbi ifuthe kwizityalo zikwazile kwanokuzitshintsha ukusuka iintlobo asezantsi ukuba kwamanzi kuhlala emhlabeni wonke abameli aphezulu, abe isakhiwo lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle ezintsonkothileyo. indima ebalulekileyo oku edlalwa kuphuhliso izakhiwo ezizodwa - ancedisana ezakha isambuku izilwanyana bobukumkani.

Meristem: definition lomqondo

Total Kukho ezintlanu iintlobo eziphambili izicwili zezityalo eziphilayo. Phakathi kwazo kukho ezi zilandelayo:

• meristem, ezemfundo okanye inyama;
• ukuba stock;
• conductive;
• mechanical;
• esisiseko.

Ngamnye kubo isakhiwo okhethekileyo, ezahlukeneyo iindidi iiseli, kwaye ezisebenza umsebenzi ebalulekileyo kubomi bezityalo. ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka ibe ilaphu yezemfundo, enyanisweni ngayo bangela ukuba phantse bonke abanye, kwaye sinika iphambili ezikhethekileyo izityalo ezivela kwezinye izinto - ukukhula mda ubomi.

Ukuba unika inkcazelo echanileyo ngakumbi ngokobugcisa olu hlobo amalaphu, oko kuya kuvakala ngathi le nto: ilaphu kwezemfundo, okanye meristem - igama lohlobo uhlobo oluthile esiqwini, enamakhulu esebenzayo kulo ubomi iiseli, rhoqo ngokwahlula ukuqinisekisa ukukhula kunye nophuhliso kwezityalo ngokubanzi.

Ukongeza, ukuba meristems kunokubangela iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo yezihlunu emzimbeni. Umzekelo, mechanical, conductive, kunye nezinye ngeso lenyama. Ngenxa impiliso kwabo kwenzeka ondibethayo nakwiziza umzimba kwisityalo, ukumimitheka ngokukhawuleza kwezakhiwo elahlekileyo (amagqabi, amaqhekeza isiqu, uyingcambu). Singatsho ngokuzithemba ukuba laphu zemfundo - enye yeyona ibalulekileyo, nto leyo evumela izityalo ukuba zikhona. Ngoko ke, isakhiwo sayo kunye nemisebenzi sihlolisise.

Iiseli zomzimba zemfundo. ulwazi jikelele

iindidi ezimbini eziseleni ziyakwazi ukuchongeka, eyenza le meristem:

1. Polygonal, okanye izodiametricheskie. Iqulethe nucleus elikhulu kunene, emi phantse zonke isithuba lwangaphakathi. Yiba ribosomes, mitochondria, vacuoles ezincinane saa kulo lonke kukho icytoplasm. Iqokobhe ibhityile ngokwaneleyo. Phakathi ngokwaneleyo lathamba luhle. iiseli loo fom eumeristemy. ukunika bevukayo kuzo zonke iintlobo amalaphu, ukongeza ngokuqhuba.
2. iiseli Prozenhimnye. Baye, phezu koko, vacuoles ezinkulu kakhulu ezaliswe iseli incindi. Phakathi ngokwabo uhlobene ngakumbi enabantu, imilo elongate, cubic okanye prismatic. ngelaphu emfundo yakhiwe kubo ekuchithekeni inkqubo Uhanjiso, Kambia kunye nezityalo procambium.

Ngoko ke, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo iiseli ezenza laphu ugqibe kwaye enze umsebenzi wayo.

Unako kwakhona ukukhetha iintlobo ezimbini zeeseli meristem:

1. Ekuqaleni - ngenkuthalo ukulahlula iiseli ubomi ukuqinisekisa nokwanda kunobukhulu lilonke eli laphu lemfundo. Kwakhona ukunika ukunyuka ukuya kwelinye iqela.
2. Ahlobene iiseli - inokuba nomahluko ukusuka imilo elidlulileyo, ubungakanani, inani vacuoles, kunye nezinye iparameters.

Ezi ntlobo zezakhiwo kwezinye iintlobo zezityalo sikwazi kuba yinto enzima, ubuncinane morphologically.

Ngokubanzi, ubume bomxhatshazwa lemfundo ikuvumela ukuba ukhethe iintlobo eziliqela ezibumba yokwahlukanisa yayo.

ngezigaba meristems

Isiseko uyakwazi ukubeka ezimbalwa imiqondiso ezahlukeneyo. Eyokuqala kuzo - ke morphology iiseli abakha kwithishyu. Ngokuba lo mahluko ethile:

• leaf meristem - ifomu cc kunye iseli monolayer inwebu, ekusekeni ilaphu ngeso lenyama;
• columnar kwezemfundo Ilaphu - ezavala engundoqo iziqu kunye imithi, iiseli prismatic shell ashinyeneyo;
• meristem elikhulu - ukunika ukunyuka ukwakha-up balo babulingana nesandla, emelwe yi iiseli polygonal.

Emva imiqondiso zokuhlelwa - kukukwazi ukohlula phakathi kwezinye izakhiwo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu bonke meristem zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amathandathu:

1. Ilaphu osandul zemfundo. igama layo uthetha ukuba ngokwayo. Yenza inyama zaseprayimari Palsy.
2. meristem Apical, okwabizwa ngokuba apical. Form: procambium, esingaphandle, conductive izicwili parenchyma.
3. Inxeba ilaphu zemfundo. Senziwe kwisiza ukwenzakala nokubonelela ibuyambo ekhawulezileyo kwabalahlekileyo ilungu okanye ukulibaziseka inxeba.
4. Eyodwa - ukunika ukukhula eyodwa lezityalo ubude nobubanzi kunye.
5. Icala okanye lateral - ukunika ukuqina izakhiwo yezihlunu zomzimba ngenxa yokulahlwa kwe le cambium okanye phellogen.
6. meristem ezihlelelekileyo - ukuba Ulobumba web sheet.

Ulwahlulo yokugqibela, apho ukwazi ukwabelana yonke meristem ibe ngamaqela amabini - yemfuza. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ukuba yahlulwe:

• samabanga - anxulunyaniswa izicwili apical kunye osandul;
• Secondary - cambium, procambium kunye nabanye.

Kuyabonakala ukuba iinkalo ezahlukeneyo yokuhlelwa siqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwezi ziseko, ngokukodwa indima yawo ebomini zezityalo.

i meristem leaf

Le Ilaphu zemfundo, abamisebenzi yabo kukwenziwa sangaphandle zesityalo. It meristem lamellar ukudala coverslips zeethishu ezikhusela umzimba iimpembelelo yangaphandle, ukuxhasa imilo ethile kunye nesakhiwo.

Iiseli plate Ilaphu emfundo zicwangciswe kumqolo omnye yahlulwe kukhulu kakhulu, kwaye aa Incopho na emzimbeni ukusebenza. Ngenxa yoko, sangaphandle ongaphandle kwasekwa izityalo.

inyama columnar

Elinye igama le amalaphu - Intonga. Zahamba ke ukuba kukho amacandelo evuthelweyo prismatic lwesakhiwo yeseli, ezo zibekwe kufutshane omnye komnye, abe ulusu zamafu ngokwaneleyo.

inyama Columnar bangela ukuba yenza ngokupheleleyo undoqo izikhondo kunye zemithi zezityalo. Yahlulwe izihlunu zomzimba kwakhona nkqo ukuba amalungu yezihlunu.

meristem zikawonke. inkcazelo emfutshane

Iimpawu yemeko yokufundisa ekuthiwa elikhulukazi ukuba yenza isityalo ukuze yande kubunzima leeseli undifferentiated, nto leyo enokukhokelela ekubeni ibe ukuqina nokwandisa ubunzima. Xa oku kuthe kakhulu ngokulinganayo.

Kwixesha elizayo, nganye kwiseli ubunzima iguqulelwa omnye okanye kwelinye ilaphu into ezikhethekileyo yaye uya kwenza umsebenzi wayo. Ngoko ke bakha, umzekelo, izicwili kunye nezinye sporangium.

umsebenzi Educational esiqwini sesityalo

Indima edlalwe yi-meristem, yeyabahlali. Ungasebenzisa uphawu imisebenzi eziliqela esisiseko ibalulekileyo eyenziwa yi esikule phantsi ingqalelo:

1. Ibonelela izityalo kunye nokukhula mda ubomi.
2. Nika ukunyuka ukuya iyantlukwano zobungcali zonke ezinye iintlobo izicwili emzimbeni.
3. Qinisekisa uphuhliso eqhelekileyo kwezityalo.
4. Aphelise umonakalo kunye nokubuyisela isakhiwo elahlekileyo.

Noko ke, lo msebenzi ungundoqo ezenziwa laphu zemfundo - lo kuphindwe nokwahlukana kweeseli kunye nokwanda kwe ubunzima enkulu ukuba amathuba ukusetyenziswa isigxina yinxalenye zezityalo, ngoko ke, ukugcina ukukhula kwalo msebenzi ubomi. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba umzimba kwezilwanyana nabantu zeethishu loo nto. Ngapha koko, bekhula kuphela zemfuza uzimisele (ekuqaleni sidityaniswe kwi genome) ubukhulu.

meristem apical

Le Ilaphu imfundo, umsebenzi kunye nolwakhiwo esinokucinga ukuba enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo kuzo zonke iintlobo meristems. Ukuze wenze oku, kukho izizathu eziliqela.

1. Libizwa ngokuba inyama apical kwaye apical, ekubeni emva kokuba uphuhliso ndiseyimbumba, lihlale kwindawo ekhulayo (njengezona ihlumelo).
2. Le meristem Isiqu apical neengcambu kuvumela ukwanda ubude.
3. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oko iguqulelwa inyama apical of meristem iintyatyambo kunye yokudubula, sivumele iintyatyambo ukuba fomu nge onke amalungu ayo.
4. Inika kuphakamisa zonke ezinye iintlobo izicwili zemfundo.

Ngoko ke, sithetha iqondo eliphezulu ukubaluleka meristems apical kubomi bezityalo.

Kule ezahlukeneyo izicwili kufuneka avela eziliqela ukuba yakha emzimbeni yezityalo. Zezi zilandelayo:

• eli laphu yokuzigubungela;
• protoderma;
• procambium;
• Ilaphu conductive;
• esisiseko;
• omkhulu.

Kunye apical zizinto anenjongo osecaleni, okanye meristems lateral. Babanike avuke Kambia fellogenu kwaye enze ebizwa ngokuba yi-amakhonkco lonyaka, ezo ngokucacileyo ezibonakalayo kumacandelo umnqamlezo kwezikhondo kunye zemithi.

ngelaphu imfundo Primary

Ezi ziquka abo babekwa yokuqala kumzimba mbungu. Ngokuyintloko, nguye meristem apical bemveku kunye (apical). Ezinye zazo Bagciniwe ubomi, ngoxa abanye kufa, akha umzimba iphambili kwisityalo.

Ukususela meristem apical, siye sele ukuxoxwa ingenkcukacha ezininzi ngasentla, akukho mfuneko yokuba aphinde yonke into kwakhona. inyama Primary - oku izakhiwo zemfundo apical.

meristem secondary

Eli qela libandakanya meristem elikhulu, nto leyo evumela kwisityalo kumabanga kamva zophuhliso ukwakha ubunzima. Le Ilaphu zemfundo, ogama imisebenzi ikakhulu ekubunjweni maqhuqhuva ngokwamalungu yezihlunu zezityalo.

A indima ekhethekileyo kulo mdlalo kunye phellogen cambium. Amaninzi esebenza meristem eziziisekondari kuza emva kokuphela ukukhula apical zesityalo, kodwa kukho ukuxolelwa. Ngokomzekelo, xa kwimeko cambium.

meristems Kwakhona kubalulekile nxeba, nto leyo ekhokelela kuseko callus - cell mass. Bathi qinisa indawo yokulimala okanye umonakalo kwisityalo.