Nizhny Novgorod: esi sixeko imbali (isishwankathelo), iifoto, izinto

Russia nekomkhulu yayo yokuqala, inkunzi yenkcubeko kunye "kwipokotho lizwe" - ngoko ngokuba Nizhny Novgorod. Imbali kwalo mzi impikiswano phakathi mbali. Kunoko, isikhubekiso ayikho kangako umhla kwesiseko indlela umbuzo into endaweni phambi kokuba umlando ubungqina aphantsi yaye kutheni igama "Novgorod" ubekwa ophetheyo iinkcukacha "asezantsi".

ukuqinisa Russia

Unyaka isiseko isixeko ithathwa we 1221. Kunyaka olandelayo, emva iphulo ngempumelelo ngokuchasene iVolga Bulgars Prince uYuri Vsevolodovich wayalela ukuba isixeko umlomo Oka River, "lathatha bya Rus ebalulekileyo." Yemihla bathi wayalela ukuba amise "isixeko entsha", yiyo igama. Kodwa kukho ezinye iinguqulelo ukuvela kwegama. On omnye wabo, idolophu omtsha waqalisa ukwakha indawo yokuhlala Mordovian, yaye kwelinye Nizhny Novgorod lifumene igama ngokupheleleyo ngokuphathelele nesikhundla sakhe: yakhelwe phezu iVolga ngezantsi kwidolophu endala.

Kukho kwinguqulo iidolophu ezintsha pawned lukhulu ecaleni koMlambo, yaye ukwahlula phakathi kwabo, banikwe elo igama kabini. Kunjalo, ukuhlala omtsha ogama Nizhny Novgorod, imbali igama ledolophu ifihlakele kangangeenkulungwane, mhlawumbi kukho umlando neminyaka yamandulo, prolyuschaya ukukhanya kulo mbuzo.

Ekuqaleni wakha ezayame kunye ngomthi yesicelo, ngelo xesha ke ngokwaneleyo ukuqokelela squad kwaye yokuhlala yakhe. Kwakhona kule ndawo qhinga kwaba lula ukuba alwe kuhlaselo zezizwe silwe uhambe kunye namaphulo ndlongondlongo. Emva kweminyaka embalwa ngaphakathi iinqaba ziye baphahlwe iitempile ilitye elimhlophe kule ndawo waza waqalisa Nizhny Novgorod.

Imbali umzi, elifutshane engasebenzi umxholo

Ukususela ukwakhiwa komzi yesicelo waqalisa ukukhula kwaye zisetyenziswe injongo eyenzelwe yona apho Wayezilungiselele. Ngowe-1226 yoyiswa zokuhlala ezininzi Erzya amaqela imikhosi Svyatoslav kunye Ivan, waye umzalwana Grand Duke. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva elinye iinzame iilali uloyiso Zyryanskaya kweli phulo wanikela umtshana we-Grand lweTshawe iRhuluneli wakhe. impumelelo inkampani zange abe, kodwa le nto kukuba bambalwa kakhulu abantu bayeka. Ngowe-1229, ebusika, luKhuphiswano lweTshawe neTshawekazi Grand wenza ukuphazamisa ekuthinjweni lokumkani Erzyan Purgasa apho boyiswa. Purgas angahlali amatyala kunye ngo-Epreli ka nyaka wenza ngokuhlaselwa asiphumelelanga kwi Nizhny Novgorod.

Imbali komzi (kunye nesishwankathelo yokufunda ngokupheleleyo omeleleyo amaphepha yemihla kuqinisekisa oku) igcwele amaphulo zomkhosi. Oku kubonisa ukuba umsebenzi obalulekileyo komzi. indawo Geographical kwaba lula kakhulu ukusuka kwindawo ngenxa impi. Kwelinye icala, i yesicelo yayakhiwe entabeni yonke, leyo ndilolonga misele ezimbini. Kwelinye icala, lo mzi waba lungakhuseleki ngohlobo kweebhanki enkulu ye iVolga, rhoqo ukusongela ukuwa ekusondeleni kwabo inani elikhulu labantu. Grand Duke wayenqwenela impumelelo, ngokusekelwe kwinkampu Russian, kodwa hlokondiba Tatar-Mongol wenza wonke ngokutsha izicwangciso.

Feudalism in Russian

Ekubeni Nizhny Novgorod eyamisa kumda weRashiya kunye kakuhle enqatyisiweyo, loo nto ixela ukuba Mongol-AmaTatar Bawutshisa umzi ngexesha lokuhlasela, ngqo ukuqinisekisa, okanye ukuphikisa le nkkolelo ayinakwenzeka, imithombo ezibhaliweyo aye alondolozwa. Bona balakha ngokukhawuleza, simomeleza kakhulu kwenqaba. Ngexesha leminyaka yakhe ende sixeko ngokuphindaphindiweyo udlule isandla ngesandla phakathi iinkosana Russian. Emva kwexesha kamva, ngenkulungwane ye-13 emva kwexesha, kwakukho Gorodetsky ulawulo, obulawulwa unyana ka Aleksandra Nevskogo, Nizhny Novgorod wangena kuyo.

Imbali umzi, isishwankathelo apho zifumaneka kumaphepha bamandulo, uthi ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-14, i-seLizwe Gorodetsky ukuwela phantsi kwegunya Vladimir prince. Umzabalazo kwindawo ngobuchule akazange ayeke: ngo-1311 inkulu Moscow uYuri wayithimba Nizhny Novgorod yasityala kulawula umzalwana wakhe Boris.

Yayilulawulo yathatha ade afe amanene. Ngowe-1320, isixeko kube kanye kwakhona waya ilifa Vladimir ubulawuli. Emva koko, kwimbali Russia beza ngamaxesha obumnyama loloyiso, apho iinkosana Russian kunye boyisa Mongol-Tatar wabahlula amazwe, ukufakela imida impahla entsha ngamaphulo zomkhosi. Kwakungekho de ngenkulungwane ye-15, kuphela ngeli xesha ukuseka ukuzinza, phantse loxolo. Moscow Prince Vasily I ngenqindi phantsi ehlonyelwe isixeko ulawulo lwakhe. zange uphele Imfazwe buhlungu, kodwa ngenkulungwane ye-16 baqalisa ukwakhiwa ilitye yesicelo endaweni kweenkuni. Ngoku umdla kubakhenkethi enkulu ukuba abahlali neendwendwe Nizhny Novgorod. Iifoto aloo mzi, kukho iindawo ezinika abangaqhelekanga, kodwa iphambili inqaba. Ngokutsho ngexesha ilitye yokwakha Nizhny Novgorod yesicelo coeval of eMoscow.

Semiboyarshina

Ngowe-1605, wafa Tsar Boris Godunov, beza ukufa kwakhe ke kwamaxesha. Ukonakaliswa umphathi elinomona Skopin-Shuisky ngo-1610 bawubona zembujiswano imfazwe njengenkosana, le meko zange ajike ukuthatha eli thuba zilinikiweyo iindwalutho Polish. E Moscow, akancedi-ekuthiwa izinduna Seven: iyelenqe, The izinduna azimeleyo bamkelwa ikomkhulu Polish ukumkani eyathatha.

Ngelo xesha Nizhny Novgorod abangcatshi ndaceba kunye umphathi Swedish Gustavus Adolphus, yaye naye kunye namajoni akhe phakathi komzi. Ngoko ke, Nizhny Novgorod waye limisiwe eMoscow waba namestnichat unyana Polish uKumkani eyathatha, Vladislav. Inkoliso yabantu Russian bamkrokrela ulawulo angaphandle, waba khululi Nizhny Novgorod.

Imbali umzi, isishwankathelo omzabalazo wenkululeko

EMoscow likomkhulu kunye intliziyo lizwe, kwaba ezikwimeko engafanelekanga. Vladislav ilizwe igcwele, mthetho, azilandelwa ukholo obudala. izinduna eMoscow wacela eyathatha ukuba abe ngumlawuli Russia, kodwa Wamelana uMphathi noHermogene. Wabhala izibheno wabathuma nezigodlo. Apho baba ifumaneke kubantu abaninzi - ukufunda nimeme ngenkqu yayo loo izikwere, bakuba beyiphosile ilothe ikhwelo phambili umzabalazo wenkululeko. NoHermogene yathinjwa iingangamsha wafa kwizisele yindlala. Le nto yabangela ukuba imvukelo elide-kuvuthwa nokuthi amazwe.

Xa intloko intshukumo baqalisa Nizhny Novgorod: womrhwebi Kozma Minin kunye nomkhosi isihloko Prince nguDmitry Pozharsky. NgoFebruwari 1612 umkhosi Ihambe kwinkululeko eMoscow, endleleni akhululwe Yaroslavl waza wema apho de Agasti. Ekupheleni umkhosi zasehlotyeni bamatsha Moscow, kodwa phantse ilambatha, izibonda Bawutshisa umzi. Iintsalela eentloko ezaxhobela Polish savalelwa incwadi yesicelo waza waqhubeka ukuziphendulela e-China Town. Athathwe Dmitriya Pozharskogo nkobe China Town inkqonkqoze ngaphandle kumdlali welinye icala. Iintsalela abahlaseli Polish yaphela emva ezindongeni yesicelo. Ekungqingweni ye iindonga yesicelo yaba siphila ixesha elifutshane, izibonda waqonda nokuphela isikhundla sakhe yaye yanikezela. Ngoko Minin and Pozharsky wasindisa eMoscow naseRussia ukusuka abahlaseli ngenkxaso epheleleyo bonke abantu.

ubulungisa zembali

Le feat of Minin kunye Pozharsky, kwakunye intshukumo yonke yesizwe bamzukisa Nizhny Novgorod. Photo okanye eMoscow isikhumbuzo Minin kunye Pozharsky kumntu wonke ummi Russia. Nizhny Novgorod uqokelele imali eseleyo lesikhumbuzo yehlabathi amaqhawe esizwe, ukuze uyifake Nizhny Novgorod. Kodwa yafakwa kwi-Red Square e Moscow, kunye Nizhny Novgorod ezikhuphile kuphela obelisk, apho wachitha imali abantu.

Uyayenza into ekholekileyo yabemi kuphela ngo-2005, xa Zurab Tsereteli waphosa ikopi lesikhumbuzo eMoscow, yaye yafakwa kwi yembutho ezingundoqo isixeko esifana Nizhni Novgorod. Amafoto yale lesikhumbuzo ngoku afumaneka kuyo yonke indawo, abahlali bathabatha oku nje inyaniso yembali kwaye sokuba neqhayiya njengamaqhawe abo.

Le abenzi bemilingo umzi

Emva kwexesha ekhathazekile kweli lizwe uza uzinzo kunye lokudubula iqala Nizhny Novgorod. Nokuphuhlisa urhwebo, ulwakhiwo, ulimo, ukuloba. zalapho ezakhelwe, yezandla bafumana umoya omtsha kukutyhalele kwinkqubela kwande. Oku lula yi elumelwaneni umzi Makary enobulungisa. Peter I, owathi ngo-1722 sabhiyozela unyaka wamashumi amahlanu, wagqiba ekubeni enze kwi inguquko. Elokugqiba, Nizhny Novgorod yaba likomkhulu Nizhny Novgorod yokubusa. Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-18, esi sixeko wavula ekhemesti, isibhedlele, ushicilelo, kwisikolo sikarhulumente yokubonela yokuqala eRashiya. Kodwa ke lixesha ukuziphendulela yelizwe yokulwa imfazwe ngokuchasene umkhosi uNapoleon kaThixo.

Imfazwe kunye uNapoleon, njengokutsha eMoscow wenza isixeko indawo yeentlawulo abemi abaninzi baziincamisa. Ngelo xesha kwathiwa ukuba ikomkhulu siya kufudumeza Nizhny Novgorod. Ngeli xesha, esi sixeko wavula isangqa yoncwadi, ezo esiyintsika yale Karamzin NM, Batyushkov KN kunye nezinye amagcisa ezininzi adumileyo ilizwi. Nizhny Novgorod athathwe ukuba ungayihlazisi memory of Minin kunye Pozharsky kunye ngembeko walwa zabahlaseli.

Iminyaka yobudala golden kophuhliso kunye nokwanda kwe Nizhny Novgorod yaba kukuba ukutshintshwa Makarevskoy ubambisene esixekweni. Kungelo xesha ke oko kwazeka ngokuba "pocket eRashiya." Ngexesha iinyanga ukuthengisela wonke ummi lweenkobe waba abaqala ezisithoba. Imisebenzi kwi Nizhny Novgorod Fair lwakhokela ixabiso ngamazwe zegolide, oboya, isilivere ngaphezulu. Kwangaxesha nye, imizila kaloliwe eziliqela zanikwa emgangathweni yorhwebo, nto leyo eye yalomeleza ukuma umzi, kunye norhwebo wazuza amandla elitsha sele ehlabathini. Ukuthenga arcade, kwaye ngoku ziyayihombisa Nizhny Novgorod. Ifoto ibonisa ubuhle kwesakhiwo endala kunye imihlaba yokwakha. indawo Fairground are umaki.

Revolution kunye War Enkulu Patriotic

weza ngoko nangoko Revolution mntu weza ngokulula ku eNizhniy Novgorod amaxesha amatsha - ukuwa-1917. Uyakuzela umjojo umphathi izihlwele revolution Nizhny Novgorod waba Maksim Gorky (ukuhamba), oyinzalelwane yasekuhlaleni. Kamva, Novemba 7, 1932, igama isixeko isixeko Gorky. Ixesha emva revolution naphambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II yabalasela ngezoshishino mmandla.

NgoMeyi 1930 waqala ukwakha isityalo nemoto, yaye ndayigqiba kwiminyaka emibini. Ekuqaleni, lo Gorky Automobile Plant (ndingaz) yavelisa neelori, laqalisa imveliso iimoto zabakhweli kwiinyanga ezimbalwa. Ngowe-1933, ibhulorho enqumla Oka River adibanisa iinxalenye ezimbini ngokupheleleyo komzi, kamva kancinci kulo nyaka, wafakwa ukusebenza ibhulorho phesheya iVolga.

Ukususela ngo-1941, lonke ushishino isebenza elunxwemeni indlela Ukoyisa. Amavolontiya ithunyelwa ngaphambili. Ekwakheni yezityalo yakhiwe kwaye ufake kwi imveliso zoyilo ubugcisa obutsha - iinqwelo vehicles. Ngexesha lemfazwe kummandla Gorky yavelisa amatanki, izixhobo, nezikrweqe, balungiselela abesebenza zomkhosi. It is at the Gorky Automobile Plant kule minyaka yasemva kwemfazwe laphehlelelwa "Uloyiso" imveliso emotweni kaHomer.

Emva kwemfazwe, kuphuhliswa ubomi mzi ukwakha, amashishini, ezaba sisiseko kushishino ukuziphendulela le. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ngo-1959 isixeko ivalwe kotyelelo nangethuba lwabantu bamanye amazwe kunye nabantu ukungathembeki. Le isimo sirhoxisiwe kwi-90 kwinkulungwane yama-20, xa isixeko wabuyela igama layo zembali - Nizhny Novgorod. Iifoto aloo mzi, imibombo bamaxesha amandulo othe impumelelo kunye zoloyiso omkhulu zethu.

modernity

Nizhny Novgorod yahlulwe kwizithili ezisibhozo, lakhiwe zombini nomlambo Oka. Inxalenye endala kwalo mzi iziko loshishino kunye nenkcubeko, sijoliswe iibhanki, ii-ofisi, zinkundla. Kule inxalenye entsha, ebizwa i-District, kanzulu amashishini mveliso kunye neendawo zokuhlala. Esi sixeko likhaya kubantu ngaphezu kwesigidi. Unxibelelwano phakathi kwezahlulo isixeko ukunika iibhulorho abahlanu, omnye wabo uthwele iVolga, omnye komhlaba kwebhulorho. Abakhenkethi kusoloko kukho isizathu ukutyelela Nizhny Novgorod.

Imbali isixeko izinto bebekelwa kwinxalenye endala kwamabala ezivulekileyo esi sixeko. Iindwendwe happy ukubonisa igama yembutho umbindi Minin kunye Pozharsky, wamenywa ukuba bahambe esitratweni imbali eziphambili Bolshaya Pokrovskaya, ngoku yena ohamba. Esi sixeko iyakhula, ukwandisa amandla mboni, izindlu ezintsha kunye nempahla lwezindlu nakhelwe. Ukuphuhlisa imimandla emitsha yemisebenzi, luxhaswe yi kukhenketho.

izinto

Wonke umkhenkethi ufuna ukubona kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuba bachukumise iindawo zembali. ERashiya abakhenkethi bamanye amazwe kunye yayo apho kusoloko lihlise yezizathu bazibuze, uyamangalisa. Ke ubuncwane ngokwenene ukwazi - Nizhny Novgorod. Iifoto omzi ezinika ukuba nokulawula ukukhangela idla ixesha kunokuba elifutshane yokuhamba, Bagciniwe ngononophelo kwaye kunceda ukukhumbula amazwi sikhokelo okanye abazana ngembali mzi.

UPearl of Nizhny Novgorod nguye yesicelo mandulo. Nakule lonke ikhona, akukho namnye abahlaseli khange ukuphatha ukoyisa. Ngena kwi yesicelo nga Dmitrovskie ngamasango akhiwe kwi yembutho ka Minin kunye Pozharsky. Kufuneka ngokuqinisekileyo bahambe ecaleni kwizinyuko Chkalov. Yeyona ngezinyuko emide iVolga, iye amanyathelo 560.

kwisixeko samandulo iitempile ziya kusimangalise umhambi izakhiwo yamandulo, inkoliso yabo yokusebenza. E Nizhny Novgorod, kukho yoonongendi 3: Caves kunye Annunciation - weemonki amadoda kunye sigodlo Krestvozdvizhensky - ababhinqileyo. Le tempile eliphezulu kummandla iVolga, iimitha 80, i-Aleksandra Nevskogo Cathedral, nayo ibekwe phakathi komzi.

Akukho mpumelelo umdla kangako yaye mihla: imoto elide cable iphoswe ngaphaya iVolga e Nizhny Novgorod. Ubude lilonke eemitha 3661, wavalelwa ukusebenza ngo-2012. indawo umdla abantu abadala kunye abantwana is a imyuziyam kaloliwe phantsi kwezulu evulekileyo. Akungenwa ngamali, uyakwazi ukubona zonke izithuthi ngaphakathi, ukuba ubone isebenza njani kwaye yintoni. A lot of umdla engalindelekanga wayilungiselela Nizhny Novgorod.

Imbali abantwana luya kuvula i-museum, Manor kutshanje wayibuyisela Rukavishnikov. Kwakhona of interest: Museum of Art, Museum of yezandla yesizwe, ukufota Russian Museum kunye neendawo ezininzi kwimbali nenkcubeko.

abantu abaziwayo

abantu wadala Nizhny Novgorod. Maxa wambi wazalelwa khona olukhulu amagcisa, ababhali, abaqambi. It wazalwa apha waza wahlala Kulibin Umkhandi owaziwayo umsunguli. Minin and Pozharsky wenza nobuqaqawuli yomkhosi Russia. Kwesi sixeko esihle azalwe Lobachevsky, iswekile, Ilyinsky.

Buhliselwe uzuko kwisixeko Nizhny Novgorod: umbhali Gorky pilot Chkalov, nomdlali Eugene Evstigneev. Amaqhawe ezininzi IMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic wanika ilizwe Nizhny Novgorod. Imbali yesixeko iifoto iziza zembali nowangoku kunye nobume bomhlaba baya kuhlala Iinkumbulo umhambi kwaye afunzele nomnqweno ukuza kwakhona.