Ulawulo Ivan labangcangcazelisi

Ngexesha lokulawula Ivana Groznogo, nguye Grand Duke yokuqala, ukuba ndikuthambise ngokusesikweni ngo-1547, waqala 1533. Xa imithombo emininzi uyakwazi ukufumana iimpawu ixesha wobukumkani bakhe ezimbi. Imbali, Noko ke, ubonisa ukuba inani elikhulu mpumelelo Russian ngexesha kobukumkani kaYohane Vasilyevich 4.

Kunokuba ezintathu abaziinkedama Prince Ivan weza etroneni ngunina - Elena Glinskaya. Noko ke, kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva, wafa. Little uYohane wakhulela kumzabalazo bakrakra kolawulo izinduna, ngoko omnye, ngoko abanye beza ngamandla. Ndatshintsha kwaye eyintloko yebandla, Russian. Konke oku kubonakala umlinganiswa kumkani elizayo. Ngelo ezilishumi elinesithandathu, uKumkani wenyuka etroneni.

Xa ebukumkanini Ivan ngabangcangcazelisi kwixesha lokuqala kuchatshazelwa oyingcwele Metropolitan Macarius. "IKhowudi zoMthetho" ezikhutshwe kule Ixesha Zemsky Sobor. Ilungelo lokuba azithethelele zohlaziyo okusesikweni unike ngamnye kwaye isigwebo sentambo eso isicelo kuphela emva kokuba ityala sele ingqalelo geqe. Kwakhona, yaduma kurhulumente wengingqi, inkqubo sokuqala kwasekwa imfundo ibandla. Ulawulo Ivan labangcangcazelisi; luze lumakishwe ekuqaleni yoshicilelo.

Ukumkani wamisa ikhoboka Khanate ukhathazekile ngoko Russia (Astrakhan kunye Kazan), ukukhupha amakhulu amawaka abantu Russian ekuthinjweni. Uloyiso elo ngo-1560 ngaphezu kwe Order Livonian. ERussia baphinde idolophu yayo endala Kolyvan, Yuryev kunye nabanye. Ngelishwa, kwisithuba wesibini wobukumkani kaYohane Vasilyevich ukuba baphinde elilahlekileyo ngenxa ukoyiswa emfazweni. Xa Umlawuli yaqalwa uphuhliso eSiberia - ngo-1581 kwaye lwenziwa hike Ermak.

umfazi Anastasia ukufa (yena wadliswa ngo-1560), Metropolitan Macarius, iinzame ezintsha izinduna bayayichasa urhulumente walitshintsha yokuziphatha * uKhesare. Ngelo xesha ubukumkani Ivan labangcangcazelisi uphawuleka mbali kuyinkohlakalo, ngqwabalala, usongo. Ukumkani yaqala ekupheliseni abarhanelwa kwaye nochuku kuye.

Ngowe-1564, ngo-Epreli, Ivana Groznogo wamngcatshayo sizana wakhe, irhuluneli yoMlawuli e Dorpat Andrei Kurbsky. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kakhulu inxalenye enkulu izinduna sympathized Kurbsky. Imeko kweli lizwe kwanyanzeleka ukuba ushiye eMoscow Ivana Groznogo ekupheleni kuka-1564, yaye ngoJanyuwari kunyaka ozayo ukwazisa, ongenamlibo wakuzalwa uphumayo etroneni.

Kodwa Muscovites amandla izinduna nemvukelo ndacela kukumkani ukuba ndibuye. NgoFebruwari 2, emva kwetrone, uJohn V. 4, waqhubeka ukuvuma "oprichnina." Oku amajoni ezizodwa ulawulo oluthile ntsimi ukuba igunya zithintele nxamnye bonke abanginizayo. Ezinye karhulumente ukuba "zemshchina". Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba oprichnina akazange akwazi kutshabalalisa asebukhosini, kodwa buthathaka kakhulu naye.

Ivana Groznogo wobukumkani yabalasela yokwanda ebalulekileyo zommandla yelizwe. Ngexesha lokulawula kaYohane Vasilyevich Russia wahambisana YaseSiberia, Astrakhan, Kazan ubukumkani North eCaucasus kunye Nagayya. Russia waqalisa igqithe ubukhulu kummandla ka-Europe.

Imiphumo wolawulo Ivana Groznogo, Kakade ke, aba kuzo ebezintle nezo zingentle. izenzakalo ezimbi ziquka zaba ingcinezelo nogonyamelo lolawulo engundoqo okanye zasekuhlaleni kunye omoya, kwakunye ekuthatheni neenkosi komhlaba. Konke oku kwabangela ukungqubana kunye ukungaboni. Phakathi luqhankqalazo abantu balapha, abantu bala ukwenza imisebenzi.

Ulawulo Ivan kwabangcangcazelisayo kwaba inyathelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso karhulumente. Phantsi John 4 Vasileviche kwakhiwa 300 iidolophu ezintsha, 155 iinqaba, kubemi ithe fithi ku 4.5 yezigidi. Abantu (2.5 mln. Abantu). Xa ixesha kobukumkani Ivana Groznogo kwakhona iinzame ukwenza zithuthi yokuqala eRashiya.