Kwisiphekepheke lokuqala nendoda ebhodini

"Le isiphekepheke yokuqala Sanduluka Emhlabeni kumyinge we 0.68 ukuya ..." Ngoko iqala okubhaliweyo lo msebenzi incwadi physics abafundi bebanga le-11 zenzelwe ukunceda ukubethelela ezingqondweni izibonelelo ezingundoqo ubucukubhede relativistic. Ngoko ke: "Le isiphekepheke uqala ukusuka emhlabeni ngesantya 0,68 c. Isixhobo yesibini iqala ukuhamba ukusuka yokuqala kwicala elinye ngesantya V2 = 0,86 s. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukubala isantya isitya isalamane yesibini ukuya uMhlaba. "

Onqwenela ukuba ukuhlola ulwazi lwabo bangaqeqeshwa kulo msebenzi. Unako kwakhona, kunye nabafundi ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kuvavanyo isisombululo of "kwisiphekepheke uqala ukusuka emhlabeni ngesantya lemizuzwana 0.7. (C - uqina sokubekwa ukukhanya). Isixhobo yesibini iqala ukuhamba ukusuka yokuqala kwicala elinye. ngesantya - 0.8. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukubala isantya isitya isalamane yesibini ukuya uMhlaba. "

Kuba abo cinga ngokwabo wayezazi kakuhle kulo mba, kuyenzeka ukuba wenze ukhetho - Kukho iimpendulo ezine kunokwenzeka: 1) 0; 2) 0.2; 3) 0.96 s; 4) ukuya 1,54.

Enye injongo ebalulekileyo yayisetyenziselwa, isifundo push langoku Fundisa abafundi kunye nentsingiselo ngokwasemzimbeni bulumko Einstein kaThixo postulates umongo kunye neempawu ingqiqo relativistic ixesha kunye nendawo, njl injongo lemfundo isifundo kukuphuhlisa abafana namabhinqa ze inqubo dialectical izinto.

Kodwa ke abafundi inqaku aziyo kwimbali vaakelani va Russian, uya kuvuma ukuba imisebenzi kwiimeko ekubhekiselelwe kuzo ibinzana elithi "kwisiphekepheke yokuqala", banokudlala indima yemfundo ebalulekileyo. Ukuba oyifunayo, utitshala esebenzisa le misebenzi kufuneka ziyachazwa imiba cognitive yobuzwe lo mbuzo.

Kwisiphekepheke yokuqala isithuba, impumelelo nenzululwazi indawo yesizwe jikelele - into eyaziwayo oku?

Ngomhla ukubaluleka nophando

uphando Space sele yenziwe inzululwazi data ezibalulekileyo ukuba ukuqonda kakuhle eli nesenzeko ezintsha endalo uwafake kwi inkonzo ebantwini. Ukusebenzisa Hewana, izazinzulu bakwazi ukumisela uhlobo ngqo Umhlaba emhlabeni, ngokufunda zisuke zibe lula ukufumana iindawo mgceni otsalayo eSiberia. Nokusetyenziswa imijukujelwa kunye Hewana bakwazi ukufumana nokujonga amabhanti radiation ejikeleza uMhlaba. Ngoncedo lwabo kwaba kuyenzeka ukuba nokusombulula ezinye iingxaki ezininzi ezinzima.

Kwisiphekepheke wokuqala ukutyelela iNyanga

Inyanga - umzimba yasezulwini, nto leyo ehambisana ne impumelelo bendalo kunye onomtsalane nenzululwazi isithuba.

Ukubalekela iNyanga okokuqala kwimbali kwaphunyezwa ngoJanuwari 2, 1959 isikhululo oluzenzekelayo "Luna-1". Ukuphehlelelwa yokuqala zenza satellite "Luna-1" bekusoloko intuthuko enkulu entsimini ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni. Kodwa njongo ephambili yale projekthi engekaphunyezwa. Yaba ukuphunyezwa ukubhabha ukusuka uMhlaba neNyanga. Le sungula ulwazi oluxabisekileyo yenzululwazi kunye nezenziwayo ngokuphathelele moya kwezinye imizimba emkhathini. Ekuhambeni mission "Moon-1" sele ziphuhlisiwe (okokuqala!) Owesibini Isantya cosmic. Ukongeza, kuyenzeka ukuba ukufumana idata kwi nibhinqe radiation zomhlaba, atsalwa nenye inkcazelo ebalulekileyo. Le cinezela Ihlabathi ethile iziphekepheke "Luna-1" igama "Phupha".

AMC "Luna 2" iyaphindwa kuneyokuqala phantse ngokupheleleyo. izixhobo Used kunye nezixhobo likuvumela ukuba esweni isithuba omncane, kwakunye nyenyisa i data afunyenwe "Luna-1". Run (12 Septemba 1959) kwakhona ngokusebenzisa 8K72 DB.

September 14, "Luna 2" lifikelele satellite endalo ngaphantsi komhlaba. ukubhabha lokuqala wenziwa ukusuka umhlaba ukuya enyangeni. Sihamba amathathu AMC pennant lokomfuziselo, leyo wayizalela othi: "I-USSR, ngoSeptemba 1959". Embindini yabekwa ibhola otyhidiweyo, apho, xa ebetha phezu komzimba zesibhakabhaka ezaphule zibe ezininzi nesisila ezincinane.

Imisebenzi eyabelwe kwisikhululo oluzenzekelayo:

• ukufezekisa ubuso kwenyanga;
• uphuhliso ngesantya yesibini yesiqalo;
• neengcambu nondiliseko Earth emhlabeni;
• nokusiwa kwawo pennants kumphezulu kwenyanga "USSR".

Bonke bephela ziye zazaliseka.

"East"

Yaba kwisiphekepheke yokuqala ehlabathini lonke waqalisa Earth orbit. Academician M. K. Tihonravovym yi umyili odumileyo zophuhliso S. P. koroleva olwenziwe iminyaka emininzi, ukususela entwasahlobo ka 1957. Ngo-Epreli ka-1958 yaziwa omalunga Ipharamitha elizayo enqanaweni, ngokunjalo yokusebenza kwayo iyonke. Bekucingelwa ukuba isiphekepheke yokuqala iya kuba ubunzima malunga 5 iitoni yaye ngexesha kwakhona-entry kwakuza kufuneka usikhusele thermal nezinobunzima 1.5. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba kunikwa ukuba ejection ililinge.

Ukudala moya zokuhlola ngo-Apreli 1960. Summer uqalile kokuvavanywa kuyo.

Kwisiphekepheke lokuqala "Vostok" (ifoto esingezantsi) yayibandakanya imiba emibini: elo gumbi isixhobo kunye mnqongo nokwehla ezihambelanayo.

Isitya yafakwa kunye nolawulo manual kwaye ngokuzenzekelayo, orientation elangeni Earth. Ukongezelela, kwakukho ngeenyawo, lobushushu-elawulwa namandla ubonelelo. IBhodi iye yenzelwe ukubhabha pilot ezimeleyo kwisuti. Inqanawa waba Nemingxuma ezimbini.

Kwisiphekepheke yokuqala iye emajukujukwini ngonyaka we-1961 nge-12 Apreli. Ngoku, lo mhla ibhiyozelwa ngoMhla Cosmonautics. Ngale mini, ft Gagarin orbited inqanawa indawo yokuqala ehlabathini. Bona zenziwa yi revolution ejikeleza uMhlaba.

Umsebenzi ophambili ezisebenza kwisiphekepheke wokuqala umntu ebhodini, kukufundela impilo usomajukujuku kunye nokusebenza ngaphaya iplanethi yethu. moya ngempumelelo Gagarin: compatriot lwethu, umntu wokuqala owabona Umhlaba evela emajukujukwini - uphuhliso inzululwazi kususelwe ukuya kwinqanaba elitsha.

Le lohambo ukungafi

"Le isiphekepheke yokuqala nendoda kwi bhodi waqalisa Earth orbit Aprili 12, 1961. I selinge lokuqala-cosmonaut iziphekepheke-satellite "Vostok" waba ngummi waseUSSR, umqhubi, uMajor Gagarin Yu. A. "

TASS amazwi izithuba ezingalibalekiyo iya kuhlala ngonaphakade kwimbali, omnye eziphawuleka kakhulu yaye bayixabela amaphepha ayo. Ekupheleni eminyaka umdla isithuba ibe eqhelekileyo, kwizimanga ngemihla, kodwa ke ngomoya, indoda egqibeleleyo ukusuka kwidolophu encinane Russia - Gzhatsk - uya ngonaphakade kuhlala ezingqondweni kwizizukulwana ezininzi njengoko feat omkhulu wabantu.

Le uhlanga space

Phakathi eSoviet Union kunye United States ngaloo minyaka kubekho ukhuphiswano ekungathethwayo ukuba ilungelo ukudlala indima ephambili eko- indawo. Inkokeli ngolu khuphiswano eSoviet Union. I-United States isilela imijukujelwa ezinamandla.

Le astronautics Soviet umsebenzi wabo iye yavavanywa ngoJanuwari 1960, ngexesha mvavanyo wePasifiki. Zonke amaphephandaba enkulu ihlabathi wapapasha inkcazelo ukuba abantu Soviet kungekudala uza kundululwa emajukujukwini neziya ukushiya US ngasemva. Bonke abantu zelimiweyo elinde moya wokuqala andize phambili olukhulu.

Ngo-Apreli 1961, indoda okokuqala wajonga Umhlaba evela emajukujukwini. "East" wakhawuleza ukuya Sun, wonke umhlaba babukela lo moya evela radios. Ihlabathi ndikholelwe nemincili, yonke ngenyameko waphawula olu lingelo mkhulu kwimbali yoluntu.

Imizuzu ebizinyikimisa the World

"Indoda e Space!" Le ndaba yaphazamiseka kumsebenzi yee-isigwebo arhente koonomathotholo kunye neendaba. "Amaqumrhu yasungula umntu! KaYuri Gagarin e isithuba! "

"East" kulo ukubhabha kuwo wonke umhlaba, oko wathabatha imizuzu 108. Kwaye loo mathuba nje kuphela apha airspeed of Kwicala elingaphandle. Ngabo aba imizuzu yokuqala eselekhulile esitsha isithuba, nto ke leyo ebangele ukuba kangaka woma ihlabathi.

Le uhlanga phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu amabini isihloko uphumeleleyo kumlo zokuhlola isithuba baphela uloyiso USSR. NgoMeyi, i wokuhlolwa US liqalise umntu emajukujukwini. Ukanti ekuqaleni umntu ukuya ngaphaya koMhlaba esabekwa ngabantu yiSoviet. Kwisiphekepheke lokuqala "Vostok" kunye usomajukujuku kwi bhodi egameni qumrhu. Le nto iye yaba ndaba ikratshi elikhulu yabantu Soviet. Ngaphezu koko, lo moya lwathatha eside eziphezulu kakhulu, bendiye indlela kakhulu olunzima kakhulu. Ukongeza, kwisiphekepheke yokuqala Gagarin (ifoto inkangeleko yayo) ayikwazi azinakulinganiswa philisi, leyo moya waseMelika olulingwayo.

Morning era space

Ezi imizuzu 108 batshintsha ubomi Yuriya Gagarina, isizwe sethu kunye nehlabathi ngonaphakade. Xa kukhutshwa kwi sithuba, indawo yokuqala inqanawa nendoda ebhodini, lo mcimbi ndize nikholwe Ngentsasa nangobudala kwisithuba abantu Earth. On the planet kwakungekho mntu babeza uthando olukhulu kangaka nje kuphela belizwe elinye, kodwa ke abantu ehlabathini lonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngabaluphi uhlanga, ezopolitiko kunye neenkolelo zonqulo. feat wakhe isimntwiso zonke ilungileyo ukuba wadalwa yi ingqondo yomntu.

"Ambassador Woxolo"

Overflights yoMhlaba enqanaweni "Vostok", uYuri Gagarin waya amazwe ehlabathini. Wonke umntu ufuna ukubona uwuve cosmonaut yokuqala yehlabathi. ngokulinganayo kwakhe Siyakwamkela abalungiseleli zokuqala abongameli, nabathetheli mkhulu nookumkani. Kwaye Gagarin ngovuyo wabingelela mgodini kunye dockers, zomkhosi izazinzulu, abafundi kwezi yunivesithi enkulu ehlabathini kunye namadoda amakhulu iilali bamshiya eAfrika. Le cosmonaut yokuqala yayilula ngokulinganayo, zobuhlobo ngembeko bonke. A ku ri "Isigidimi woxolo" ntiyiso, a amazwe aqaphela.

"Indoda enkulu emangalisayo, indlu"

mission ozakuzo Gagarin yaba kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba lizwe. Akukho mntu ukuze ngempumelelo, njengoko wenza umntu wokuqala owayekade emajukujukwini, imitya amaqhina ubuhlobo phakathi kwabantu kunye nezizwe, ukudibanisa iingcinga nentliziyo. Waba ongasoze, uncumo uyathandeka, ububele emangalisayo olumanyanisa abantu abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo, iinkolelo ezahlukileyo. Ngokungaqhelekanga ekholisayo baba ecenga wakhe, evela ukusebenza yonke intliziyo, obiza uxolo ehlabathini.

"Ndabona ukuba wawumhle Umhlaba - wathi Gagarin. - Ukusuka space imida yinto enzima. iplanethi yethu ibukeka evela emajukujukwini njengenye indlu ezinkulu, ezintle zabantu. Bonke abantu abanyanisekileyo zehlabathi banoxanduva ucwangco noxolo kwikhaya lakhe. " Wayekholelwa olungathethekiyo.

Ukwanda kobuzwe lizwe

Kusasa ngaloo mini ekhumbulekayo, wayeqhelene nenani eliqingqiweyo labantu. Emini, igama lakhe uye wafunda ehlabathini lonke. Ukuze kube izigidi, wamthanda ngenxa inceba yakhe, ulutsha, ubuhle. Kuba abantu, kwaba intwasahlobo elizayo, i intlola ababebuye eziyingozi, iindlela ezintsha livulekile nakubani na ngokolwazi.

Emehlweni abaninzi wayemela ilizwe lakhe, waba ngummeli yabantu ngexesha bakhe abenze igalelo elikhulu uloyiso phezu amaNazi, kwaye ngoku ngowokuqala enyuka emajukujukwini. Igama Gagarin, lowo bawongwa kwisihloko Hero eSoviet Union, waba uphawu ibonwe yelizwe ukuya phezulu ezintsha inkqubela yezentlalo kunye noqoqosho.

Lokuqala ukuhlolwa

Kwanangaphambi indiza odumileyo, xa kwisiphekepheke wokuqala umntu kwibhodi yaphehlelelwa emajukujukwini, Gagarin wacinga ukuba ixabiso abantu uphuhliso isithuba, yintoni na ofuna iinqanawa ezinamandla imijukujelwa. Kutheni ziyaxhonywa yerediyo kwaye ibalwa komzila? Kutheni satellites fly kunye eriyali yereyidiyo bayavuswa? Yena kakuhle kakhulu uyazazi ukungxamiseka kunye nokubaluleka kwezi meko yaye bafuna ukuba negalelo lokuqala ukuhlola yoluntu indawo.

Kwisiphekepheke lokuqala "Vostok": umsebenzi

Eyona mingeni iphambili yenzululwazi yeneengxaki inqanawa "Vostok", ngolu hlobo. Okokuqala, ukufunda impembelelo iimeko moya kwi komzila isimo umzimba womntu nokusebenza kwayo. Okwesibini, hlola imigaqo ukwakha kwisiphekepheke.

History of indalo

Ngowe-1957, SP Korolev ngaphakathi bureau yenzululwazi isebe abakhethekileyo inani 9. umbutho Oku kuquka umsebenzi nokudalwa Hewana ngumntu lo mhlaba. Isebe okhokelwa kumhlobo Korolev, MK Tikhonravov. imibuzo ukudaleka yesathelayithi nabo bafunda apha, lwalingwa yi indoda ebhodini. In Korolyevskiy P-7 ozakuthathwa isithuthi lomphehlelelo. Ngokutsho izibalo, umjukujelwa abanesidanga wesithathu yokuzikhusela wakwazi ukutsala impahla iitoni ezintlanu-ukuya ezantsi-Earth orbit.

Ukubala kwibakala lokuqala lophuhliso inxaxheba Mathematics Academy of Sciences. Lanikwa isilumkiso sokuba ukuxinana phindene kunokukhokelela ekuhleni wokuhlolwa ukusuka orbit.

Isebe wafunda nemiqathango msebenzi. Kwafuneka ukuba bashiye ukuqwalaselwa lokukhethwa iza. Njengoko le ndlela ifanelekileyo senzuzo womntu, sasifunda ithuba ngokubhengezwa kunye nokwehla yi iparashute. Yahlula ukuhlenga wayo unganikezelwanga.

Ekuhambeni uphando lwezonyango oluqhubekayo uye wabonisa ukuba ifanelekileyo umzimba womntu simise wayo ungqukuva, evumela ukumelana imithwalo enzima ngaphandle zinganeziphumo ezibi kakhulu kwimpilo oosomajukujuku. Nantso loo milo ungqukuva wakhethwa ukuba imveliso ye kwimodyuli ekuhleni benqanawa swi.

Inqanawa lokuqala "Vostok-1K" ethunyelweyo. Yaba moya oluzenzekelayo, lwenzeka ngoMeyi 1960, kamva wadala yaye benza nenguqulo "East-3KA", nto leyo ukulungele ngokupheleleyo ukuba baqhube namagqiza swi.

Ngaphandle enye ayiphumelelanga moya yaphela ekungaphumelelini isithuthi lokwazisa kwi ngokusesikweni, le nkqubo sele ilungiselelwe ukuphehlelelwa ezintandathu okuzihambela ezintandathu baxhomekeka swi.

Inkqubo iqaliswe:

• umntu ephethe lohambo isithuba - kwisiphekepheke yokuqala "Vostok 1" (photo umfanekiso isitya);
• flight ixesha ngosuku, "Vostok-2";
• eqhuba flight qela, "Vostok-3" yaye "Vostok-4";
• inxaxheba vaakelani va le yokuqala mfazi-cosmonaut, "Vostok-6".

"East": iimpawu enqanaweni kunye nezixhobo

iimpawu:

• ubunzima - 4,73 m;
• ubude - 4.4 m;
• ubukhulu - 2.43 m.

device:

• wayo ungqukuva (2.46 m, 2.3 m);
• lamagumbi instrumental kunye etsobhileyo Orbital (2.27 m, 2.43 m) - ukulungiselela uqhagamshelwano ngoomatshini phakathi kwabo ngokusebenzisa izitshixo pyrotechnic kunye njengemicwana yentsimbi.

izixhobo

ulawulo esizenzekelayo manual, uhlenga oluzenzekelayo ilanga kunye noqhelwaniso ngesandla uMhlaba.

Inkxaso Life (kubonelelwe iintsuku ezili-10 ukugcina emoyeni yangaphakathi ehambelana Ipharamitha Umoya ojikeleze umhlaba).

logic umyalelo-and-ulawulo, umbane, ulawulo lobushushu, bafikela.

Kuba umsebenzi womntu

Ukuze ukuba ukunika umntu osebenza ibhodi isithuba kwaye baxhotyiswe lezixhobo ulandelayo:

• izixhobo lokuzimela kwaye radiotelemetry eziyimfuneko ukuze esweni imeko usomajukujuku;
• izixhobo ngokunxulumene irediyo kunye nezikhululo ezisentlabathini;
• radio umyalelo;
• iyunithi inkqubo-ixesha;
• inkqubo TV ukujonga umqhubi emhlabeni;
• lokuqaphela radio nolwalathiso ekufumaneni komzila umkhombe;
• retropropulsion kunye nabanye.

Le isixhobo wayo

Imodyuli yokwehla waba Nemingxuma ezimbini. Omnye wabo imi okwenziwe ngemigca exweseneyo emnyango, ngentla kancinci intloko lomqhubi wenqwelo-moya, enye indlela ekhethekileyo yolawulo sengqondo, wabekwa phantsi ezinyaweni zakhe. Wayambethe usomajukujuku isuti yafakwa isihlalo ejection. Kwabonwa kusekude ukuba emva elekhtrons leli philisi ekuhleni kwintaba ephakame 7 km usomajukujuku kufuneka u- kwaye parachute ukuba luzizi. Ukongeza, kukho ithuba igqampe yolingo ngaphakathi matshini. Le philisi yokwehla waba iparashute, kodwa kuthetha ukuba kwendiza ethambileyo kwalungiselelwa. Oku basongela abahlali umntu yokulimala phezu kokwehla.

Ukuba inkqubo automatic wakhanyela, lo usomajukujuku angasebenzisa ulawulo manual.

I "Vostok" wayengekho kufanelekile ukuba kubhabha umntu enyangeni. Baba moya engamkelekanga abantu ngaphandle uqeqesho olukhethekileyo.

Ngubani lwaqalwa inqanawa "East"?

. Yu A. Gagarin: kwisiphekepheke lokuqala "Vostok - 1". Ifoto ngezantsi umfanekiso ubeko wenqanawa. G. S. titov: "Vostok-2" A. G. Nikolaev "Vostok-3", PR Popovich: "Vostok-4" V. F. Bykovsky "Vostok-5" V. Tereshkova "Vostok-6".

isiphelo

imizuzu 108, ngexesha apho i "Vostok" wenza revolution ejikeleza uMhlaba, litshintshiwe ngonaphakade ubomi emhlabeni. Sikhumbula aba imizuzu ebazisa kuphela mbali. izizukulwana Living kunye nenzala yethu akude, ziya ngentlonelo amaxwebhu ebalisa ukuzalwa sexesha elitsha kwakhona funda-. AD, ovule indlela abantu babeziindleko ezinkulu iphela.

Indlela kunjalo kude ubuntu uqhubele phambili kuphuhliso yayo, loo nto iya kuhlala ukhumbule namhla emangalisayo xa kweza ubuso ngobuso kunye yonke kuqala. Abantu baya kusoloko khumbula igama uzuko lo vulindlela isithuba ongafiyo eyaba njengomntu oqhelekileyo Russian - kaYuri Gagarin. Yonke impumelelo zangoku nezekamva inzululwazi va nga kuthathwa amanyathelo nenqwaba, isiphumo obufunyenwe uloyiso lwawo - wokuqala ibalulekileyo.