Yintoni Chartism? Inkcazelo, ebangela, ixabiso Chartism

Chartism kwavela eNgilani nabanamava ukuba ngexesha layo kwi 30 kunye 40 kwinkulungwane XIX. Yaba intshukumo ye zentlalo uhlobo kunye nezopolitiko.

izizathu Chartism

Igama elithi "Chartism" zavela emva 1839 xa Charter Abantu bukaThixo zingeniswe kwiPalamente yaseBritani. mbali Modern kwakhona uyavuma ukuba le Movement iyimfuneko yokuqala ukuvela iimbono zentlalo-lwentando yesininzi. ephambili engundoqo awo iklasi ezininzi yesigaba, nesuka eNgilani emva Revolution Industrial.

Izizathu Chartism ukuba kufunyanwa kule meko ke kunzima. Kwi-20 kunye 30 ze-UK, iliza wesimo kwezoqoqosho. Iinkampani zawa yaye ivaliwe, kwaye basebenzi ngaphandle umsebenzi kunye nendlela yokuphila. Ngoko ke yintoni Chartism? Eli abasabela ngayo sabasebenzi ukuba iimeko zoqoqosho asakhasayo, ukufumana umsebenzi xa kwaba nzima. Kakhulu le meko kwimimandla phambili kwezoqoqosho, umzekelo Lancashire (County kumntla-ntshona eNgilani). Blue wemvelo walungiselela zaqalwa baphela ukuphazamiseka, udlame kunye nokuphanga ezivenkileni evenkileni.

Indlala ke ithemba kwaba neziphumo intshukumo jikelele anezikrokro kwaye ekugqibeleni, oku kwenzeke. Yaba umzekelo omhle kubasebenzi. Ngowe-1832, oohlohlesakhe uye wenza utshintsho wePalamente, leyo ingqalelo izinto zawo. Oku kuphunyezwa kwaye eseleyo ngaphandle mveliso umsebenzi Bani.

Charter Abantu

Uxwebhu iphambili Chartists - Charter Abantu eziqulathwe amanqaku eziliqela. Kwakuyinto imfuno lovoto abantu abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-21 ubudala, ukupheliswa kwesiqinisekiso lwepropati abo banqwenela ukuba babe ngamalungu, kwakunye inkqubo efihlakeleyo yebhalothi. Ukongeza, abasebenzi baya kunciphisa ixesha yasepalamente de isithuba esingangonyaka omnye kunye ukubonakala kwizithili zonyulo ngokulinganayo. Ezinye zezi ngongoma yale nkqubo bafumana inkxaso phakathi oohlohlesakhe. Umzekelo, lowo imfuno lufane nezisitheleyo. Ukwazi zonke ezi mfuno, kulula kakhulu ukuba baqonde into Chartism.

Ukudinwa zabasebenzi

Eyona eziphambili ezibangela Chartism - -conflict phakathi kwePalamente kunye namahlwempu. Ngowe-1934, ePalamente ukuba liqiniswe umthetho malunga nokusebenza workhouses. La maziko aba yinxalenye yesisa okanye inkqubo yentolongo. Baye wadalwa ukuze kukhuthazwe amahlwempu kunye izaphuli-mthetho zikwazi ukusebenza ukuze kuzuze uluntu. Kwaye ke workhouses nabo bawa kunye nabantu bangakwazanga ukufumana ngaphandle ngqesho mass evelayo emva kwentlekele mveliso.

Ukonakala iimeko zokusebenza kuba bonke aba bantu kwakhokelela ekubeni yokulwisana kwipalamente kunye nezigqibo zayo. Esinye isizathu sokuba ukuvela Chartism - uMthetho omtsha Swisiwana, wenziwe ngo-1834. Eyona uhlobo logwayimbo lwabasebenzi imiboniso abaninzi, nto leyo ngokuqhelekileyo waphela ebongoza neerhuluneli. amakhulu amawaka abantu abagxekayo wathabatha inxaxheba kwizenzo ezinjalo.

Umzabalazo ye yesigaba amalungelo abo

imiboniso okuqale izenzekele. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, bema phakathi sabasebenzi yamatsha ntliziyo aba nayiqalayo ukwakha umbutho kwindawo enye. Ukuma yokuqala enjalo i London Working vavanuna lava Association, owayebonakele ngo-1836.

Yintoni Chartism nendlela iyahluka ukusuka uqhankqalazo elidlulileyo, ababengaxolanga amahlwempu? Yiloo nto kanye ethethwa abachasi-nkqubo yePalamente bakwazi azihlele nokudala uluntu lwabo, ukuze akhusele ngokufanelekileyo iimfuno zabo. Emva London, izakhiwo ezinjalo wabonakala nakwezinye izixeko, ukuba zixhaphakile kulo lonke eNgilani.

It ombhaxa Association uqulunqe izinto Obumbe isiseko Charter Abantu abadumileyo wakhe. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, abasebenzi baye waphumelela inkxaso kumaphephandaba amaninzi kunye namanye amajelo eendaba, nayo leyo baqalisa ukukhuthaza iimfuno Chartist. Ethandwa kakhulu ukonwabela jikelele lokuvota labantu, ingcinga leyo ifumana echo ezahlukahlukeneyo iimagazini ezaziwayo-kakuhle nezifundo ezahlukeneyo kwezopolitiko. Nangona ngokuqinisekileyo zigcinwe ikakhulu abasebenza ngasekhohlo.

Radicals kunye amaphepha

Ukuze ngcono chaza oko Chartism, kuyimfuneko ukukhankanya into yokuba eli intshukumo ayizange monolithic. Kwakugcwele amaphiko amabini. Abaxhasi umanyene oohlohlesakhe angathanda ukulwela amalungelo abo ngenxa yoqhankqalazo elinoxolo: irallie, izicelo kunye imingcelele. Bona babengafuni yi radicals, ababekholelwa ukuba kuphela ngokusebenzisa amanyathelo angqongqo kunokwenzeka ukuphumeza iinjongo intshukumo. Le ndlela lwenzelwe ukusetyenziswa ubundlobongela namagunya. Radicals, njengokuba umthetho, aseleyo.

ekunene-iphiko iphiko nayo inika ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo Umbuzo Corn kweMithetho. Bona owamkelwa epalamente kwi eminyaka embalwa phambi kokuba British ukukhusela abalimi abavela kwamanye amazwe. Oku kwenziwa ngokuthi unike emaphandleni imisebenzi amazwe ingqolowa. La manyathelo kwakhona zandisa ixabiso lesonka, nto leyo ayinjalo ukusebenza.

mhlangano Chartists

intshukumo Chartist kuye kwabangela kukuba intlanganiso yabanjwa e Glasgow isikali grand entlakohlaza 1838. Kulo, njengoko uqikelelo ezahlukeneyo, oko yazinyaswa ngabantu abangama-200 lamawaka. Ezi ziphumo olubonakalayo Chartism. Ngoku wonke abasebenzi abasokolayo kweli lizwe iyababandakanya le kwimpembelelo zoqhankqalazo.

NgoFebruwari 1839, eLondon yasingatha indibano jikelele lokuqala abaxhasi Chartists. Kuye wakhawulwa njengendlela eyenye ngokomThetho wePalamente, kwaye bekufanele ukuba abe sisithethi ukuba ukunganeliseki ethandwayo. Loo maphepha Kwavunyelwana kuyo. Emva koko waqala umkhankaso omkhulu kwilizwe liphela. Uxwebhu lwezikhalazo eqokelelweyo izwi abasebenzi.

Ekugqibeleni ngehlobo lowe-1839, olu xwebhu kwafakwa i-House of Commons. Ngeli xesha yatyikitywa ngabantu abangaphezulu kwesigidi. Nangona kunjalo, iPalamente wajika lungazinanzi neemfuno Chartists. Isicelo sakhatywa luninzi zamasekela.

ukumelana abaxhobileyo

EPalamente abafuni ukuqaphela ukuba intshukumo Chartist - intshukumo yamalungelo inani elikhulu abemi beli lizwe. Ngoko nangoko emva yokwala ukumamkela lwezikhalazo eBritani waqalisa ukulwa abasebenzi kunye namapolisa. Zokudubula kunye nokulwa ngasesitratweni baba eqhelekileyo.

Iinkokeli ezininzi intshukumo Chartist baba emva kwezitshixo. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni ngo-1839, ngamawaka-10 abantu bahlasela entolongweni, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba amaxhoba amaninzi. Urhulumente liya zaphembelela phezu inxalenye olukhulu intshukumo. Emva kokuba yonke imincili zaye livunyelwe.

Noko ke, izinto ezibangela Chartism akazange shwaka. Njengoko ngaphambili, imeko abasebenzi abaninzi eyashiya ukuba ezinqwenelekayo. Ngoko ke, iphiko lasekunene Chartists ukuba ayeke udlame kunye kwakhona wazama ukuba yePalamente ingqalelo ukuya izicelo ezimbalwa. New Charter mazingeniswe 1842 no 1848.

Charter Chartists Yokugqibela

Umzamo entsha ngexesha elinye kunye iziganeko eziliqela ezibalulekileyo. Okokuqala, ngo-1847 kwaqalisa nengxaki entsha mveliso, nto leyo waphosa esitratweni amawaka abasebenzi e-UK. Okwesibini, ngelo xesha kulo lonke elaseYurophu waqalisa i-revolution. Eyokuqala eParis, apho ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba anezikrokro wabhukuqa Louis-Philip I, nto leyo one amalungelo akhe.

Lo mzekelo yaba siyasulela, nangona yobugorha IsiNgesi Chartists ziye ngaphantsi kakhulu ngaphezu koko kwezi French ongxowankulu. Iinkokeli ezininzi ngoqhankqalazo zaye nangoku saa kule minyaka idlulileyo. Ngoko ke, wonke Charter elandelayo, ezenza kwakhona yatsala izigidi zasayinwa. Ngo-1848 iPalamente bazitshitshisela lwezikhalazo kwakhona, ke, waya kwezinye minyinyiva ezifana yokurhoxiswa athile imisebenzi okuziinkozo nokulawula iiyure zokusebenza mveliso.

Emva kweminyaka embalwa kwakhona uqoqosho British ukunyuka intaba. Nakancane thina walahlekelwa phulo yaye beza ambhangise Chartists ngokukhawuleza yezithuthi. Kakade ke, iingxaki abasebenzi kukha niyigqibe kude. Abasebenzi waqhubeka ukulwela amalungelo abo, kodwa ezinye iindlela ezingazange ezinxulumene Chartism.

inani motion

Yintoni kusisiphumo kumzabalazo Chartists amalungelo abo leminyaka? Ngowe-1842, iPalamente laqalisa irhafu yengeniso, yaye kamva wapheliswa imisebenzi on ingqolowa amazwe, nto leyo kunciphise ixabiso lesonka. Impumelelo ephambili ukuqhankqalaza kuthathelwa ingqalelo umthetho mveliso. Kuye kwamkelwa ngo-1847 waza waqalisa kosuku iiyure-10 kwabasetyhini kunye nabantwana, apho encinane, kodwa wanivumela ukuba abasebenzi.

Abaphengululi abaninzi baye bazama ukuqulunqa oko Chartism. Kwinkcazelo yale intshukumo rhoqo iyichaza intwasahlobo iimanyano zabasebenzi, eyaqala ukuvela endle kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX.

Ixabiso Chartism kwinto ukuba amava zanelisa yesigaba eNgilani. Ukususela ngoko, ezi abasebenzi baqonda ngokwenyaniso malunga namalungelo abo baye bafunda ukuba azihlele ukuba ukukhusela iimfuno zabo.

Chartism kunye USSR

Ezithandwa kakhulu Chartism abazifumene eSoviet Union, nto leyo yenza i-ngcinga ukongama kwiklasi sabasebenzi. iincwadi zezifundo ezininzi kakhulu kootitshala zasekhaya kunye noqoqosho ukuze achaze oko Chartism. Kwinkcazelo yale esenzeka leyona yiSoviet ngokuhambelana ikhondo abangabaxhasi bakaMarx. Chartism kwakujongwa njenge uhlobo isandulela ukuvuseleleka kwiklasi sabasebenzi.

Ukuba England yaba lilizwe lokuqala apho abasebenzi baqalisa ukulwela amalungelo abo ngeendlela yangoku. Umzekelo zoqhanqalazo eziliqela uqhankqalazo. Abasebenzi wayeka imveliso, kwaye maxa wambi beza ngabom ityala xa izixhobo mveliso kutshatyalaliswa ngenjongo.