War asibhozo Years '

Xa historiography mihla eyaziwa ngokuba 'War, asibhozo Years' kwiMinyaka asibhozo War (1568 - 1648) - ekulweni Seventeen Provinces (union ngayo ithi Low Countries) inkululeko nxamnye enamandla kakhulu eYurophu, uBukhosi Spanish phantsi uKumkani Philip II.

Thina ukuthetha malunga imfazwe elide. Ukutyhubela iminyaka engama-80, iye wabonakala imvukelo ezininzi ngamnye kwakhona mvano-zeminyaka emininzi (ngo-1609 -1621 iminyaka). Umzabalazo inkululeko kwakhokelela ukungcola wasentla, nelasezantsi yaseNetherlands kunye nokusekwa kwe-Republic of Provinces United ye-Netherlands.

Uluvo iqhelekileyo kucingwa ukuba kwiMfazwe Yeminyaka asibhozo 'yaqala kunye kwempahla amabandla kunye convents ngo-1566.

Izinto ezibangela le mvukelo ngenxa imeko amahlwempu nolwezoqoqosho kubantu, urhafiso eziphakamileyo, ingcinezelo wonqulo entsha Calvin.

Uqhekeko yonxulumano phakathi amaKatolika kunye nokumkani kwelinye icala, kwelinye bakaCalvin ngesandla nezidwangube ababengaxolanga awayefuna inkululeko yonqulo, kwabangela ukuba avukele. Inkokeli bakaCalvin aba Vilgelm I Oransky.

Ukucinezela le mvukelo, uFilipu wathumela Amazwe aphantsi irhuluneli entsha, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, iNkosana Alba, nto leyo uqalile bazisa kakhulu ukujongana umsebenzi wayo. Ngosuku efikile eBrussels kwi intloko eentloko ezaxhobela elite ke yamkele ukuphazamiseka iBhodi - eyaziwa ngokuba iBhodi Igazi ngcono ngenxa yokuba abaninzi babulawelwa khona. IBhunga wadalwa ukohlwaya baphembeleli iingxaki kwezopolitiko nakunqulo eNetherlands. Xa zizonke, xa iNkosana Alba ukusuka kwiminyaka 1567 ukuya 1573, babulawa malunga ne-18 000 abantu eNetherlands.

War asibhozo Years 'yaqala kunye ngesinyanzeliso ezimbini akuphumelelanga 1568 no 1572, ngokulandelelana, Vilgelma Oranskogo enempi abaqeshwa gozov elwandle, umhlaba engaqhelekanga Dutch kunye nemikhosi aselwandle. Ngenxa mali olihlwempu umkhosi encinane inkxaso yoluntu ayehlasela lalingayi ukusuka ekuqaleni.

Kodwa ke bambamba kakhulu ngesiquphe kwidolophu njengoBrielle geuzen-Aprili 1, 1572, nto leyo iya kuba ngumqondiso bakaCalvin kwiphondo Holland kunye Zeeland avuke.

BaseSpeyin ngokubanzi baphumelela, kodwa War ngamashum 'alahlekelwe outlays imali enkulu. Kulo mba, iintetho uxolo ziye zaqaliswa, Noko ke, abazange. Okwa iNkosana Alba, abangazange akafani Phantsi Countries, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba imozulu ulophu, wabuza izihlandlo eziliqela uPhilippe ukumkhulula kuye imisebenzi yakhe kwirhuluneli. UFilipu, ekugqibeleni, wavuma, yaye ngo-1573 i irhuluneli entsha yonyulwa Luis De Rekezens. Kodwa ngo-1576 wafa ngesiquphe.

Ukongezelela koko, ngelo xesha kwakungekho kungena ezihlangwini iinyanga eziliqela mercenaries ingakhange ihlawulwe umvuzo, kunye amajoni baseSpeyin baba izikhalazo kakhulu, nto leyo wanikela ekuqaleni ukuvukela, ebizwa i "ubushushu Spanish". Amajoni batshabalalisa nesihluthiweyo Antwerp, ukubulala 10,000 abemi balo.

Revolution eNetherlands baqhubeka njengoko ezi meko komelezwa ukuzimisela komlo ukuze bafumane inkululeko eli lizwe.

8 Novemba 1576 ukuba kudalwa eGhent ezisayiniweyo. Holland, Zeeland kunye esemazantsi (Catholic) iphondo ekuvunyelwene ekunyamezeleni yonqulo kunye nokuxabisana intsebenziswano ukuze amgxothe baseSpeyin elizweni Dutch. EGhent wajoyina isivumelwano kunye namanye amaphondo wasentla.

NgoJanuwari 6, 1579 i-Union ngenxa yokonakala ukungathobeli le Walloon amaphondo isivumelwano eGhent abasayinayo Arras Union, apho babonisa ukunyaniseka awo awathumela kukumkani Spanish. Ukuphendula, Januwari 23, 1579 e Utrecht Union wadalwa nxamnye lwerhuluneli iSpanish, ekuhlanganiseni amaphondo ezisixhenxe kumantla yaseNetherlands kunye nokuba kwazeke ukwakhiwa isiseko sokuba elizayo ezimeleyo Republic.

Ngo-1588 Spanish, xa irhuluneli iNetherlands Alessandro Farnese, Duke Parma, reconquered amazwe asezantsi esemazantsi. Ukuzalwa i-Dutch Republic kumntla lahlaselwa. Kodwa Spain ukufana ekhokelwa kwiphulo lomkhosi nxamnye eNgilani France, okwenza ukuba Netherlands ukuqala sibali-ekhubekisayo

Ngethuba kuthula oneminyaka elishumi elinesibini (ngo 1609) kwemida Dutch State ekugqibeleni ezisisigxina.

Ngokubanzi, i-Netherlands yoohlohlesakhe revolution ligubungela iminyaka yokuqala amahlanu yokulwa phakathi Spain kunye Netherlands (1568 -1618). Kule minyaka engamashumi edlulileyo (1618 -1648) ungquzulwano phakathi eSpeyin kunye Netherlands, kuye nesele imfazwe eYurophu, eyaziwa ngokuba yiMfazwe Yeminyaka Engamashumi.