Khazars - ukuba ukuba abantu? Khazars bamandulo mihla. Inzala Khazars

Imbali Ancient aphakathi uluntu ibamba iimfihlelo ezininzi. Nokuba kwinqanaba yangoku yobugcisa ekufundeni ezininzi imiba kusekho amatshatshazi amhlophe langoku.

Ngoobani aba Khazars? Le yenye misebenzi ngaphandle impendulo ecacileyo. Siyazi kangako, kodwa kwanokuba siqokelela zonke ukukhankanywa ezikhoyo kwesi sizwe, kuba imibuzo nangakumbi.

Makhe simazi esondela aba bantu umdla.

Ngoobani aba Khazars

Le isizwe - i Khazars - wokuqala okhankanywe imithombo Chinese njengenxalenye yabemi ubukhosi omkhulu Huns. Abaphandi kwakhokelela yeengcinga eziliqela malunga ngemvelaphi ethnonym kanye ezweni kakhokho Khazars.

Makhe siqale ukujamelana igama. Ingcambu yaloo 'neebhokhwe' ngeelwimi ezininzi Central Asia kukho uthotho amagama anxulumene nomadism. Le nguqulelo kubonakala kakhulu iyavakala, kuba abanye zezi zilandelayo. IsiFarsi "Khazars" lithetha "amawaka", amaRoma ngokuba uMlawuli uKesare, kwaye Turks kakuhle ukuxinezeleka ngelizwi.

kakhokho uzama ukufumanisa kwi kwiirekhodi yokuqala, leyo ukhankanye Khazars. Apho ookhokho babo babehlala, abo bantu yayingabamelwane bawo, emnyango? Akukho impendulo ecacileyo kude kube ngoku.

Kukho theory ezintathu elingana. Le yokuqala iqwalasela ookhokho babo Uighurs, le yesibini - le Hun izizwe Akatsirs, kwaye yesithathu oyikholelwayo ukuba Hazaras - inzala manyano yezizwe Ogur kunye Savirs.

Njengalo okanye akunjalo, kunzima ukuphendula. Enye into icacile. Imvelaphi Khazars kunye ekuqaleni yokwanda kwabo entshonalanga ngenxa ezweni bambiza Barsils.

Sho imithombo ebhalwe

Xa sihlalutya ulwazi oluvela amanqaku wanamhla, kakhulu, kuvela ukudideka.

Kwelinye icala, imithombo ekhoyo wathi i Khazar Khanate waba bubukhosi enamandla. On the enye - loo wayemana ulwazi oluqulathwe kumanqaku lwabahambi, ibe ngokupheleleyo into ukubonisa.

Owona mthombo ebanzi, nto leyo ibonisa imeko kweli lizwe, uthathwa Hagan imbalelwano kunye ukwisikhundla Spanish Hasdai ibn Shaprut. Babethetha ngokubhala ngomxholo lobuYuda. YaseSpain waba ngonozakuzaku, abanomdla ubukhosi yamaYuda ezazikho, ngokutsho abarhwebi, kufuphi noLwandle lweCaspian.

Ezintathu iileta ziqulathe banentsomi malunga apho waya Khazars yamandulo - isishwankathelo imizi, kwezopolitiko, ezentlalo kunye nemeko yoqoqosho.
Kweminye imithombo, efana yemihla Russian, Arabic, Persian kunye nezinye iimbekiselo ngokubanzi Izakuchaza kuphela ezibangela, ikhondo kunye neziphumo ungquzulwano zomkhosi lwengingqi imida.

I sendawo Khazars

Kagan iosif kwileta yakhe ithi, apho baye Khazars apho, apho ezi zizwe kunokuba ukwenza ubomi. Makhe sihlolisise lencazelo ngokweenkcukacha.

Ngoku, ubukhosi lilandisile ithuba nempumelelo inkulu Bug River Southern ukuya kuLwandle Aral neCaucasus Mountains iVolga kufuphi ngama yesixeko Murom.

Kule ndawo sasihlala izizwe ezininzi. Imimandla ehlathini kunye ehlathini alaqhenqetha yindlela ohlala Ukulima emathafeni - ephila. Ukongeza, kufuphi noLwandle lweCaspian ibe oluninzi izidiliya.

Esi sixeko sikhulu, ekhankanya Hagan kwileta yakhe, ngolu hlobo. Capital - Itil, kwakunjalo esezantsi kuyo iVolga. Sarkel (rusichi ebizwa ngokuba White Vezhey) ibekwe kwi Don, kunye Samandar kunye Belenjer - kunxweme yoLwandle lweCaspian.

Rise Kaganate luqala emva kokufa ubukhosi zamaTurkic phakathi ngenkulungwane yesixhenxe. Ngeli xesha, izinyanya Khazar wahlala kummandla Derbent mihla kwi amathafa Dagestan. Ngenxa yoko kwanda ukuya ngasemntla, Woluhlutha ulwandle nomzantsi.

Emva kokuba kuthinjwe eCrimea Khazars ahlala kulo mmandla. Yena waye wachongwa nale ethnonym elide kakhulu. Nkqu kwinkulungwane yeshumi ngamaRoma wakhankanya usingasiqithi njenge "Gazara".

Ngoko ke, lo Khazars - ezitshatileyo izizwe zamaTurkic, ngubani bakwazi ukuyila abasemathanga karhulumente eside kakhulu embalini.

iinkolelo kaganate

Ngenxa yokuba ubukhosi wawuluLwandle ekudibaneni kweendlela zorhwebo, iinkcubeko kunye neenkolo, kuye kwaba ngathi iBhabhiloni ephakathi.

Njengoko abantu jikelele Khanate izizwe zamaTurkic, waqubuda abaninzi Tengri Khan. Le nkolelo isagciniwe nangoku Central Asia.

Yazi Kaganate iguqulelwe ebuJudeni, ngoko kuseyinto ukuba Khazars - bangamaYuda. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuyinyaniso ngokupheleleyo, kuba inkolo abathi kuphela umaleko encinane kakhulu yabemi.

Kwakhona kwindawo ebezikuyo abamelwe yi ngamaKristu namaSilamsi. Ngenxa kweli phulo aluphumelelanga ngokuchasene neenkokheli Arab kule bamashumi yokugqibela Khanate, Islam ufumana inkululeko engakumbi kwi ubukhosi.

Kodwa kutheni ngenkani bakholelwa ukuba Khazars - ke amaYuda? Eyona kubangelwa yinto legend, ochazwe kwincwadi kuYosefu. Uthi Hasdai ukuba Orthodox basibongoza ukuba kukhetho lo inkolo karhulumente umbingeleli yamaKatolika kunye urabhi. Le yokugqibela sonke ukuphikisa, nokumenza Hagan kunye neqembu yakhe ekunene.

Imfazwe kunye nabamelwane

Uhambo lo Khazars zichazwe ngokuzeleyo yemihla iirekhodi Russian Arabhu emkhosini. Caliphate wawalwela nempembelelo eCaucasus, kunye nokuxubana, kwelinye icala, wamelana kunye nezinqinileyo likhoboka wasezantsi, liphanga iilali, kwelinye - ugxininise imida yayo wasempumalanga.

Isikhulu yokuqala, abo balwa Khazar Khanate waba Amazwi Oleg. Wakwazi ukuvimbela ezinye ilizwe kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba ahlawule irhafu bona hayi Khazars.

Ulwazi oluninzi umdla malunga intaba Sviatoslav, unyana Igor kunye Olga. Yena, ukuba njengegorha abanezakhono kunye umphathi olumkileyo, wasebenzisa yobuthathaka obo bukhosi yaye kubethwa atsho kuye.

Wawuqokelela wonke umkhosi phantsi iVolga waza wathabatha Itil. Sarkel elandelayo zafakwa kwi-Don kunye Samandar kwi lweCaspian kunxweme. Oku kwanda ngesiquphe yaye unamandla Niwonakalisile umbuso onamandla kanye.

Emva koko, Svyatoslav zandifuna ezikhuselekileyo kule ndawo. Nqaba yayakhiwe kwisayithi ka-White Tower Sarkel kutsalwa irhafu vyatichi - yesizwe, erhangqwe kwicala elinye ne-Russia kwelinye - kunye Khazars.

Ulwazi olunomdla nguye lowo; ngokuba yonke loo ukubambana ngokucacileyo neemfazwe e Kiev ixesha elide wema squad Khazar mercenaries. In "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" ikhankanywa iphecana Kozara kwikomkhulu weRashiya. Yayikumgama kufuphi ekudibaneni Dnieper River Pochaina.

Apho ke sonke isizwe

Ngokoyisa, Kakade ke, zichaphazela abantu, kodwa kuyaphawuleka ukuba emva kokoyiswa le nokuxubana iidolophu ezinkulu ulwazi Kaganate malunga aba bantu shwaka. Abayi ukukhankanya igama elinye kuyo nayiphi na irekhodi.

Isisombululo kungenzeka kakhulu abaphandi emibuzo ingqalelo oku kulandelayo. Njengoko iqela lohlanga, i Khazars akwazi ukufunxa kunye nabamelwane kwi kummandla lweCaspian.

Namhlanje, izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba ubunzima ephambili isicombululo kule ngingqi, abanye wahlala eCrimea, kwaye odume ngayo Khazars bafudukela Central Europe. Apho baba bakwazi ukuhlanganisa ne amaYuda abahlala kummandla Poland mihla, Hungary, Western Ukraine.

Ngenxa yoko, ezinye iintsapho kunye iingcambu zamaYuda kunye nezinyanya kweli lizwe, ngaba ngandlel 'ithile ukuba bazibize "kwinzala Khazars."

Khondo in Archaeology

Abembi bezinto zakudala bathi bayakholelwa ukuba Khazars - a saltovo-mayaki. Ngo-1927 ezabelwe Gauthier. Ukususela ngelo xesha, inkampani ngenkuthalo zembiwa nophando.
Igama babengene ngenxa yokufana kweziphumo kwi ezikhumbuzo ezimbini.

Lokuqala - i iyihlawule kummandla Upper Saltov IKharkiv, kwaye eyesibini - zokuhlala Mayaki kummandla Voronezh.

Enyanisweni, iziphumo ezinxulumene uhlanga le Alans owayehlala kule ndawo evela yesibhozo kwinkulungwane yeshumi. Noko ke, iingcambu aba bantu e North eCaucasus, ngoko enxibelelana ngqo kunye Khazar Khanate.

Abaphandi ekwabelwana iziphumo iintlobo ezimbini neyemingcwabo. Forest ukhetho - Alanian kunye emathafeni - Bulgarian, ezibandakanya Khazars.

abantwana kunokwenzeka

Inzala Khazars - yenye itshatshazi lithe lamhlophe abantu phando. Ubunzima siyifumana yokuba ukufumana wokulandelelana phantse akunakwenzeka.

Saltovo-mayaki njengoko ezinjalo ngokuchanekileyo zibonise ebomini Alans kunye Bulgars. The Khazars babhaliswa phantsi kwemiqathango, njengoko kunjalo ezikhumbuzo zabo bambalwa kakhulu. Enyanisweni, ukuba ingakhethi. Ezibhaliweyo imithombo "cwaka" emva Svyatoslav phulo. Ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuba bathembele hypothesis odibeneyo zakudala, iingcali zeelwimi kunye zesayensi.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, inzala ezininzi anokubakho Khazars - Kumyks. It is a zamaTurkic abathetha abantu North neAsia. Kwakhona iquka inxalenye ngamaKara, Krymchaks kwaye bahlale ngokobuYuda izizwe entabeni zaseCaucasus.

okuchithwa owomileyo

Ngenxa yoko, kweli nqaku siza sathetha ngayo bayahlelwa kwabantu umdla anjenge-Khazars. Oku nje elinye iqela uhlanga, yaye, enyanisweni, kumhlophe indawo eliyimfihlakalo kwimbali aphakathi zamazwe lweCaspian.

Bona iyavela kwimithombo emininzi Rousseau, Armenia, Arabhu, amaByzantine. Kagan na imbalelwano kunye Caliphate of Cordoba. Wonke umntu uyaqonda amandla nokomelela obu bukhosi ...
Kwabakho ke ngequbuliso - iphulo umbane Prince Svyatoslav kunye nokonakaliswa le karhulumente.

Kubonakala ukuba wonke ubukhosi yinto xesha lifutshane, hayi nje ngokuyinqaba kwaye ukutshona zisabonakala, eshiya ebale nje inzala.