Standard ezeMbali kunye nezenkcubeko kwimbali yelizwe. Siseko kunye neemfuno standard kwimbali nenkcubeko

Uphuhliso inzululwazi zembali ehlabathini kunye nokwanda kolwazi olutsha entsimini wembali, kwakunye nomdla woluntu anda iziganeko odlulileyo isuke yimfuneko ukwenza kwimbali Russian Incwadi ngefomathi entsha. Wadala standard zembali yenkcubeko kuquka uhlolo ngokwesiseko entsha zonke iziganeko ezibalulekileyo. Ukongeza, wabonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo efundisa esikolweni mihla kwimbali yesizwe, ebizimisele uluhlu olusisinyanzelo amagama, izihloko, ingqiqo, ubuntu kunye neziganeko. "Imibuzo ezinzima", uluhlu apho lukhatshwa imigangatho kwimbali nenkcubeko, kunye ekhanyisa izihloko ezininzi ukuxoxwa, wabangela iingxoxo shushu kuwo onke amanqanaba oluntu. Eli nqaku liza kuhlolisisa izimvo ezahlukeneyo kulo mba.

indlela

standard zembali yenkcubeko kufuneka ukuphucula umgangatho wemfundo imbali esikolweni, ukuphuhlisa izakhono zophando labafundi ukwenza isithuba efanayo zenkcubeko nezembali eRashiya. Kunye nokuphunyezwa kwe umgangatho bekumele ukulungiselela isakhiwo yemfundo lonke ukuba kusafuneka ukwenza wesilabhasi, iincwadi, iincwadi, iincwadi zootitshala, iseti amakhadi kunye izicelo elektroniki. Esi siganeko sibaluleke liya kufuna, iinzame ezininzi abaninzi ukuba ukuphunyezwa ngokupheleleyo inkqubo yemfundo.

Okokuqala, xa utitshala kuza kufuneka ndiyitshintshe indlela ukuya izifundo kwezeMbali kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, nto leyo ubunzima ukuqina. Sibandakanywe iincwadi, iincwadi ezongezelelweyo zootitshala izinto reference ezichaphazelekayo ezinxulumene zonke iingongoma ezininzi iphawulekayo ekubukeni iziganeko efundwayo eRashiya, kuyimfuneko ukuba kahle "imibuzo enzima kwimbali," kokufumana iimpendulo.

imisebenzi ephambili

Kufuneka ukudala iimeko ekunene ulwazi esisengqiqweni kwisifundo abafundi bezikolo zamabanga aphakamileyo. imigangatho zembali yenkcubeko kufuneka ibe ingcamango yamanqanaba engundoqo yophuhliso karhulumente zamazwe ngamazwe Russian.

Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukubonisa yonke imbali Russia yinxalenye yenkqubo lwehlabathi atyhile kakuhle kunye imigudu zonke izizukulwana baseRashiya. standard zembali yenkcubeko yaba injongo yombhali njengoko ndawo ebanzi, ekufuneka ingqalelo imbali onke amazwe kunye nabantu kwi kwintsimi lonke, nto leyo yingxenye Russia kunye yiSoviet Union kwixesha efanelekileyo.

tutorials

Xa ulungiselela umgca entsha yeencwadi zesikhokelo zesezantsi yezikolo zasesekondari kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokuyimfuneko. Iinzuzo kufuneka zisekelwe postulates zilandelayo.

• Zonke iinkqubo kunye iziganeko zembali Russian kufuneka ingqanyaniswe inkqubo zembali ehlabathini.
• Kufuneka isicelo indlela entsha kwimbali nenkcubeko Russian, kuba yinkqubo eqhubekayo ekhokelela ekufikeleleni ubuzwe engaphaya transfer kwempumelelo ubugcisa amagama, kodwa lungqinelane uphuhliso lizwe - kunye kwezentlalo, kwezoqoqosho, kunye nezopolitiko.
• ukuphikisana yangaphakathi notoliko ezingquzulanayo zeziganeko zembali mabangezi, kwanokuba ke ixabiso ethile kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo Russia.
• Amanqaku Ulwimi kufuneka ezimilise, intshumayelo efikelelekayo.

The main Umgaqo

Imigaqo nemigangatho zembali yenkcubeko kufuneka zilandelwe ngokuqinileyo. nobungcali kunye neengxoxo zikawonke-wonke iza kuba, Kakade ke, kubalulekile xa ekugqityweni kwayo. Esi sisiganeko esibalulekileyo kwaye linyathelo lokuqala wokoyisa ilifa feuds yengqondo ngokutsha njengoko utoliko yembono kakhulu nokwahluka befuna of ukutolika ukuba akazalani imeko lokwenyaniso bemicimbi.

Ukuqonda iinkqubo yembali kufuneka lusekelwe kulwazi ezisisiseko ukulandelelana enye, inkqubela, kulo lonke ulwalamano kunye nokuqhubekeka. Ukuze ukufunda iziganeko eRashiya kufuneka abe nentlonelo sine kuwo onke amaphepha ngaphandle kwesinxaxhi ezibumba elidlulileyo yayo. Nokuchaneka kunye nolwazi lwenzululwazi eziqulathwe iincwadi esikolweni - umsebenzi wokuqala, yaye akukho nzima kakhulu, kwanaxa yarweca maxesha ixakayo imbali Russia. Ngaba umsindo amazwi ahlabayo, kokukhona kufuneka ibe intelekelelo incinane, izibakala nje manani, ngaphandle ukugwetyelwa okanye kugwetywa kuzo, ingakumbi ngaphandle ibangela ityala ingqondo yoluntu.

iintlobo ezimbini iincwadi

Siqwalasela ingcamango ekudaleni textbooks standard nezalamane ukuba ukufunda imbali Russia kunye nezinye izinto wobuntu. Zombini ezi ntlobo ibe njengesiseko imigangatho efanayo kwimbali nenkcubeko, kunye ncwadi inye. Kwaye incwadi eqhelekileyo - isiseko elizeleyo, bethanda ukuba ikhosi 'epheka abantwana ". Baya kudalwa kunye ngezifundo ezikhethiweyo ngumfundi, nelezinye iintlobo zonke izibonelelo ezongezelelweyo ukulungiselela isifundo.

On nembali yamajoni sele ulungiselela incwadi zabafundi, oko ipapasha kuluntu Russian emkhosini-zembali. Relative kwimithetho lolwazi ngokwembali kuyimfuneko ukucacisa ukuba ukufunyanwa ingqiqo kunye neemfundiso ezisisiseko, kunokuba inguquko hayi ukulwelwa. Ukuqaliswa zezifundo ezintsha egadiwe imibutho karhulumente kunye namaqela professional banomdla ngokwenene isiphumo kwaye wenze izimvo ezakhayo.

izifundo ezivunyiweyo

Sele ku Septemba abafundi 2015 baneencwadi zezifundo ezintsha abonisa umgangatho kwimbali nenkcubeko kwimbali yelizwe. Iiseti ezintathu ziye zavunywa simahla kuzo zonke iintlobo ingacaci kunye stylistically ilungelelaniswe. bathathu Sizibandakanye umba zezifundo ezintsha kubafundi beBakala emithandathu ukuya kwelishumi, "igama Russian", "bustard" yaye "Imfundo". Umzekelo, kwibakala lesithoba, ungakhetha nawuphi na zezifundo ezintathu yamkele amaqela ezilandelayo nabaxhasi:

1. Torkunov Danilov, Lewandowski, Arsenyev.
2. Lyashenko, Volobuev, Simon.
3. Zagladin Minako, Petrov.

Ukugqiba utshintsho lentlalo esemgangathweni entsha kwimbali nenkcubeko uya kufuna phantse imizuzu emibini okanye emithathu.

Izimvo lwesigama

Igama elithi "ukunyamezelana", mnogazhdy ibakho zezifundo ezitsha, waxoxa okuninzi malunga kwimbali nenkcubeko umgangatho kwi website ye-Ofisi yoMphathiswa weMfundo neSayensi kuqwalaselwa kakhulu ezingafanelekanga, idini endaweni yaso ibinzana elithi "ubuhlobo sezizwe" okanye nayiphi na enye. Ubungqina zokungathotyelwa na inguqulelo ngqo lo gama nje ogulayo.

Ukuxoxa ngazwilinye athi indawo ngokuphathelele Gulag njengomfuziselo kwiStalinism ukhangela shabby nje. ke basisishunqulelo nje ngokwegrafu zivezwe Standard Hayi kuphela, ababhali-mbali lumcaphukela ukuba ukuze abe umlinganiswa ukubonisa eli xesha ezintsonkothileyo. Ingakumbi isigqebelo oluza iinketho: cross - uphawu Tsarist, uPetros Paul Fortress - uphawu authoritarianism Petra Velikogo. Kwakhona sathetha kakhulu kunene uhlobo abanomsindo ibinzana elithi "namabhongo ezinkulu-amandla Stalin." Ubuncinane - abantwana abayiqondi.

Ukuphonononga malunga cula iziganeko zembali

Ngokuphathelele umhlathi malunga imisebenzi Smersh online ingakumbi ezininzi izimvo umdla, kunye nabafundisi-mbali babanga ukuba kuya kuba nzima ukuba isicelo ngokwaneleyo umbandela, sikhokelwa yokuba iimfuno elicetywayo standard kwimbali nenkcubeko. Apho ubona i "bengenalo" engafanelekanga izigidi ubuntatheli shot, kwaye umsebenzi wombutho ukubonisa ukunikeza ezichanekileyo, ezifana kwincwadi Bogomolov, "Le Moment of Inyaniso. Ngo-Agasti,-yesine ezimashumi mane." Kwakhona ngazo iimpapasho ezisemthethweni yokugcina FSB kunye neengcebiso ootitshala ukuba bafundise.

Unknown nezithembiso engathethekiyo malunga ukugxeka Gorbachev, Yeltsin, leyo wathi ukuba kukho ukugxekwa yasekhohlo, ngelixa benkululeko malunga wobusoshiyali kwaye nkqu Democrats Social soloko ekunene. adideke yabangela amagama amaninzi nesigama kuqaliswa umgangatho kwimbali nenkcubeko ukuze imbali Russian. Umzekelo: kuluntu komlawuli, ingqiqo yoluntu lobulungisa, imibutho yoluntu, amaphulo oluntu (! Konke oku - kunye elithi "yoluntu" - bobabo kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba), ezithile ngokwezinga lweNtlalo, isizukulwana abantu bakhanyiselwa, lo Gulag yasemva kwemfazwe unazo - bonke musa kuhlu.

Izimvo zokuhlola

Ingcamango standard yezembali kunye ezenkcubeko becala kwabangela ukungathembani phakathi kootitshala kwizikolo ezahlukeneyo Russia. Bona ababoni ukungqinelana neemfuno ezintsha iincwadi GEF. Sazi njani ayicamagushele ezi ezimbini ezikumgangatho yembono, methodological zomthetho - umbuzo akukho namnye unako ukuphendula. standard ezeMbali kunye zenkcubeko ezivunywe, kodwa ngenxa ootitshala ezisebenzayo abazi ukuya njani.

Gxininisa imfundo wokuthand kuzo zonke cinga elichanekileyo, kodwa ke ingxaki ngale ndlela eziqulunqwayo akucacanga, koko, uninzi ezingachanekanga nokungangqinelani. Imbali - isayensi. Ngoko ke, zonke izibakala ezikhutshelwa abafundi kufuneka sikhetwe nangengqwalasela enkulu, apho isiseko wokuthand 'izwe kubaluleke kakhulu kakhulu. Indlela yokuba kukhethwe yesondlo ulihlwempu. Kutheni umsebenzi eziphambili zoncwadi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba ebizwa ngokuba "Yeha ukusuka Wit" Griboyedov, omabini - "One Day kwi Ivana Denisovicha," Solzhenitsyn? "Yenzeka njani le nto?" - acele utitshala.

Izimvo malunga isifundo lwangoku

standard zembali yenkcubeko ungaphinda ishenxisa ukufunda iziganeko leminyaka edlulileyo enesiqingatha. Kumhlathi 7 iingcebiso, kukho kukhankanywa isifundo mihla, oko kukuthi, okuthetha into entsha wangena "ehlabathini weRashiya." Ootitshala abazange baqonde indlela yokunxulumanisa nomgangatho sifundo. Le nkkolelo sokuba umgangatho ilungiselelwe kwizikolo zaseprayimari ezingundoqo, abafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo iya ukufunda ikhosi "ihlabathi Russian".

Ootitshala bafuna ukwazi injongo lokutyelela umgangatho kwimbali nenkcubeko: ukuzisa ingangamsha kwilizwe labo okanye ukuba ukuvusa abasunguli kunye nabasebenzisi, kunye enengqondo? Zeziphi iindlela ezilandelwayo kunye nokulungelelanisa inkqubo, ootitshala abakwazi ukuqonda. Andiboni kuvavanyo eqhelekileyo yembali yethu ngokwembono kwengqiqo silinene Western, apho kuqala inikwa emarikeni, uqoqosho kunye nezinye iimpawu zehlabathi eziphathekayo. Ikhokelwa umgamgatho, akunakwenzeka ukuba bachaze ukuba kutheni Russian ebesoloko (kwaye iya kuba) uhlanga nempumelelo, apho kwathi ukususela kwimbali lethu elikhulu.

Izimvo ukushiyeka Canon

Akuzange kube lula umsebenzi - indalo kwemigangatho ezinjalo, apho ababhali izicelo nofundiso methodological ezithile kakhulu. Kodwa inkqubo methodological kuyo nangoku apho, yaye akukho uhlaziyo (isaziso - ezinkulu!) Umxholo imbali njengesifundo kwizikolo ezizisekondari. Kodwa namhlanje kukho amathuba idabi yimbali kwi kuluntu lwezenzululwazi: ixesha lokugqibela kwakukho iseti ezafunyanwa ngabembi bezinto zakudala (hayi kuphela Novgorod).

Akukho gama olusezantsi Vedas, kwaye eneneni ingqikelelo yehlabathi eRussia kanye eVedic. Apho imithombo ukuba igxininise uzuko lweenkobe Russian: i umlando weemonki lackeys, "Legend of eSlovenia kunye Ruse" Chronicle ioachim, chronograph academician Tikhomirov, uphando Gumilyov kunye Solonevich ... apho efihliweyo, nangona iingcali ezaziwayo iziganeko - Azov isihlalo imfazwe ulutsha? Uluhlu kubalulekile kwaye azinakufakwa umgangatho inde kakhulu.

ukumuncwa lwenkqubo

Kunye ke ukugxekwa ootitshala kwingxoxo ikhonza imilinganiselo kwabayili ezi zindululo ezinomdla kakhulu. Nje omnye umzekelo indlela bekuya kuba yimfuneko ukuba angenise ulwazi ngendlela. Abafundi besikolo samabanga aphakamileyo kufuneka bazi ukuba Ivan Grozny wayengenguye "umntu-wowadlayo". Akuphelelanga apho, uye wandisa ummandla eRussia ikhulu ekhulwini (!): Ukususela 2.8 ukuya kwizigidi 5.4 ezikwere zeekhilomitha. Ngokuba yonke le minyaka mahlanu kolawulo kokuba wabulawa abantu ezimbalwa kakhulu omnye (!) Izindawo kuphela St. uBhartolomeyu, apho Huguenot babulawa ngakumbi iiyure ezimbalwa.

Kwaye ke Christian II efanayo iintsuku ezimbini (!) Kwegazi e Stockholm eyaphazamisa kwizifundo izihlandlo ezilishumi ngaphezulu. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye kufuneka kunokuthiwa eNgilani hung anganayo amaxesha amabini ngaphantsi (uMthetho nokungaqiniseki), kwaye Dutch kwabulawa kangako ebudeni beMfazwe Years asibhozo '. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, omnye ngaphezulu mhaka. Emva kokuba ukupeyinta, apho ukumkani ubulala unyana wakhe Ivan, kulya Repin owome isandla.