Ixesha lexesha - yintoni na? Inkcazo. "INew Chronology" nguA. Fomenko noG. Nosovsky

Imbali yabantu ibisoloko nomdla Izithetha yakhe. I omdala a Enyanisweni ethile, kokukhona inkcazelo yakhe intelekelelo kunye engachananga. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, wongeza ombane yoluntu kunye nomdla yabalawuli.

Kuyinto kumhlaba oqhelekilyo nokwakha "ubalo entsha". Yintoni ekhethekileyo ngale mfundiso, siwagxobhagxobhe isambuku izifundiswa?

Yintoni na maxesha?

Ngaphambi kokuba sithethe ngayo isebe kwinzululwazi kwimbali engaqhelekanga kwinkcubeka, kubalulekile ukuqonda oko maxesha ngengqiqo zakudala.

Ngoko ke maxesha - an inzululwazi abangabancedani ukuba ojongene izinto ezininzi.

Okokuqala, eyikhethayo xa kukho umcimbi.

Okwesibini, emva ulandelelwano kunye nendawo yesehlo kwisikali yomgama iminyaka.

Yahlulahlulwe yaba amasebe eziliqela - ngeenkwenkwezi, neeminerali, yaye maxesha zembali.

Ngalinye kula masebe sinengqokelela yaso iindlela rhandzana kunye nophando. Ezi ziquka umlinganiselo neekhalenda kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, Radiocarbon rhandzana, indlela thermoluminescent, obsidian ukuxovwa rhandzana, stratigraphy, dendrochronology, kunye nabanye.

Oko kukuthi, i-maxesha classical yakha ukulandelelana kweziganeko ngokwesiseko isifundo ezibanzi. Uthi iziphumo zomsebenzi izazinzulu ezivela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo yaye kuphela kwimeko umnqamlezo-ukuqinisekiswa izibakala yenza isigwebo lokugqibela.

Makhe sijonge ngokweenkcukacha ngakumbi kweminye imiba ephakanyiswe ngaphambili. Ngoobani Fomenko, Nosovskiĭ? "New Ubalo" - i pseudo-nenzululwazi okanye igama elitsha ukufunda imbali yabantu?

History of imvelaphi

Ngokubanzi, ithiyori, ababhali kuzo Fomenko, Nosovskiĭ ( "New Maxesha"), ngokusekelwe izifundo izibalo, N. A. tvoix. Nevuthisayo, ukuba entolongweni eSt Petersburg, wenza ubalo zithuba yazo iinkwenkwezi, okhankanywe Apocalypse. Ngokutsho kuye kwabonakala ukuba le ncwadi ibhalwe AD ngenkulungwane yesine. Akukho uphoxeka, wathi bubuqhophololo kwimbali yehlabathi.

Abalobi "New Maxesha" ababengaphambi tvoix bakholelwa Garduena wamaJesuit physics Isaaka Nyutona, kwaye walinga uhlaziye kwaye kubalwe imbali yoluntu.

Okokuqala, ngokusekelwe kulwazi philological, ndazama ukubonisa ukuba zonke iincwadi samandulo yayibhalwe bamaXesha Aphakathi. Newton kwakhona owaya kwimbali yamandulo. Ibale iminyaka wokulawula ooFaro kuluhlu lwe Manetho. Xa iziphumo kwizifundo zakhe, imbali ihlabathi liye linciphile yi gidi zeminyaka, ngaphezu kwemithathu.

Kuba abanjalo "ezintsha" nako kubangelwa Edvina Dzhonsona noRobert Baldauf phikisana ukuba abantu bazalwa ngaphezu kokuba isibini iminyaka engamakhulu.

Ngoko Morozov uthatha amanani kwakuhle ngokupheleleyo ngazo ukuze basekele ubalo yayo. Yintoni iminyaka eliwaka yembali? Inkolelo! Stone Age - eli AD I leminyaka, kwinkulungwane yesibini - ixesha ngobhedu, eyesithathu - i-Iron Age. Beningazi na? Ngapha koko, imithombo yembali zinedolo mihla!

Makhe sihlolisise le ngcamango engaqhelekanga kwaye jonga kwi refutation yayo.

imithetho

Ngokutsho Fomenko, "New Maxesha" wahlukile ukusuka zemveli ukuba engenabuqhetseba impazamo. amalungiselelo yayo ziquka postulates ezintlanu kuphela.

Okokuqala, ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kungathathwa imithombo kuphela emva ezibhaliweyo ezivakalayo zenkulungwane elinesibhozo. Ngaphambi koku, ukususela kwinkulungwane elinanye ukuya imisebenzi kufuneka ziphathwe ngononophelo. Kwaye de kwinkulungwane yeshumi, abantu babengazi ukuba indlela yokubhala.

Yonke idatha zakudala Inokuchazwa njenge umphandi efuna ixabiso obucacileyo kwembali, musa.

Okwesibini, ikhalenda aseYurophu wabonakala kuphela kwinkulungwane elinesihlanu. Ngaphambi koku, sizwe ngamnye ikhalenda zayo kwaye ebesiqale. Ukususela ekudalweni kwehlabathi, ukusuka kuNogumbe, ukususela ekuzalweni okanye nokunyukela etroneni yomphathi ...
kuvela Le ngxelo kule ithisisi.

Okwesithathu, ulwazi yembali, esemaphepheni yemihla ezinde kunye neminye imisebenzi ukudibana intshembenxa. Ngoko ke, lo maxesha Nosovskiy uxoxa athi uninzi iziganeko ezenzeka kwimbali yamandulo kumaXesha Aphakathi ekuqaleni okanye kamva. Kodwa ngenxa ukungafani neekhalenda kunye neendawo reference in nguqulelo, ulwazi ayiphathwa kakuhle kunye udrevnyalas imbali.

Ubalo-Traditional abaneminyaka okubi impucuko oriental kunye ingongoma reference imbali yoluntu. Ngokuqwalasela postulate elidlulileyo, China kunye India akakwazi ukubala ngaphezu kweminyaka eliwaka yembali.

Ukubonelelwa yokugqibela na umba yoluntu kunye nokuzinikela kaRhulumente ukuze baxhase ngokwabo. Uthi Fomenko, ubalo esibhaliweyo igunya ngamnye phantsi kwakhe, kwaye data endala zicinywe okanye yatshatyalaliswa. Ngoko ke, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo imbali. Into kuphela ukuba zingathenjwa, kodwa ukuba "ngempazamo ezilahlekileyo okanye iziqwenga igcinwe." Ezi ziquka iimaphu, amaphepha yemihla ezahlukeneyo kunye namanye amaxwebhu, engqina le ngcamango.

Le ngxoxo esekelwe kwiitekisi

Ubungqina iphambili kule ndawo yi "iyintsomi" ngomfanekiso zaphawula labane kunye neziganeko encwadini yeembali repeatability.

ixesha Key engama-330, ngo-1050 no 1800. Oko kukuthi, ukuba uthe wakususa iziganeko aphakathi linani leminyaka thina iya izehlo ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo.

Ukusuka oku kulo kuqondana ezahlukeneyo amanani zembali, leyo, ngokutsho kwithiyori Fomenko kaThixo, enye kunye nomntu omnye.

Phantsi kwizigqibo ezinjalo wayitshintsha maxesha ka Ukraine, eRashiya naseYurophu. ke imithombo kakhulu ziphikisana ngokungahoywa okanye ibhengeze manga.

indlela Astronomical

Xa kuvela iimbambano kwiinkalo ezithile, bezama ukutsala ngeziphumo Sciences ezinxulumeneyo.

Ngokutsho Fomenko, "New Maxesha" lokukhangela egqwesileyo kwaye ubonise postulates yayo usebenzisa iimephu zamandulo ngeenkwenkwezi. Xa sifunda la maxwebhu, oko bakucaphukele ukusuka komnyama (solar yenyanga), wakukhankanya ezinomsila kunye, enyanisweni, umfanekiso namakroza.

Umthombo ephambili, esekelwe kubungqina, nguye "Almagest". Lo mbhalo, leyo wase Klavdiy Ptolemey phakathi ngenkulungwane yesibini. Kodwa Fomenko, emva kokufunda uxwebhu, umhla ukuba engamakhulu amane eminyaka kamva, oko kukuthi ubuncinane ngenkulungwane yesithandathu.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ukuze ukungqina ingcamango i "Almagest" sathathwa iinkwenkwezi ezisibhozo kuphela (nangona uxwebhu abhalwe ngaphezu kwewaka). ezi kuphela wathi "ekunene", yaye abanye - "lemveliso".

Eyona ubungqina iphambili theory ukusuka kwindawo umbono kwelanga ukhonza Libya isincoko malunga Peloponnesian War. Kukho zidweliswe imiphumela emithathu: ezimbini elanga kunye nomnyama omnye.

Le catch kukuba Tit Livy ubhala malunga iziganeko lonke usingasiqithi, waza wathi 'imini abone iinkwenkwezi. " Oko kukuthi, ilanga iyonke. Ukugweba evela kweminye imithombo, eAtene ngelo xesha waphawula eclipse buso.

Ngokusekelwe kule inaccuracy, Fomenko uthi ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo kunye data of Libya yaba kuphela AD kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinanye. Ngenxa yoku, oko kuzenzela yonke imbali yamandulo kunye zeminyaka ezinesiqingatha ukuza.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba isambuku nakumakroza data ingqamana ibali "zemveli", olusekelwe phezu maxesha kwehlabathi, bona alungile. bonke aba vimba owamiswayo ukuba 'doctored "kumaXesha Aphakathi.

Ubungqina isayensi

Ngaba izityholo zingenasihlahla nxamnye isikali dendrological Novgorod, leyo kuthiwa nguye amawaka imizekelo. Group Fomenko ikholelwa ezi data bamba phantsi imbali babhala.

Kwelinye icala, phantsi uhlalutyo ukuhlasela Radiocarbon. Kodwa ke iingxelo kwi kwidilesi yakhe azingqinelani. Le ndlela lonke phezu amaxesha Ukongeza ngempazamo, xa behlola ubudala sisigubungelo eTurin. Kungelo xesha ke 'kwenziwa ngokuchanekileyo ngentembeko. "Zonke

Yintoni "Bakuthandabuze" isekelwe "New Maxesha"

Makhe sibone, yintoni bugs enye Fomenko liqela inzululwazi zemveli. Uhlaselo omkhulu iindlela zophando zembali. Kwaye rhoqo afumaneka ithisisi "imigangatho kabini." Kwimeko lenzululwazi kwizifundo okanye indlela uvakaliswa ukuguqula phakathi nodume "New Maxesha" Nguye echanekileyo kuphela.

Amathandabuzo yokuqala phantsi iincwadi ubalo. Ngokusekelwe kwimibhalo-mbali, yemihla kunye nemimiselo namagosa Fomenko kunye Morozov ukudala imfundiso yakhe. Kodwa izigidi amaphepha iileta ezilula, amaxwebhu zoshishino kunye namanye amangenelo "ethandwayo" alunanzwanga.

"Scaliger" ukuthandana kutshitshiswa ngenxa ukusetyenziswa ngeenkwenkwezi, kwaye abanye abaphandi alisayi kuwathathela ngqalelo lexi.

Amaxwebhu amaninzi kuthiwe fake. Loo Umgwebo isekelwe kwinto yokuba kunzima ukwahlula umthombo kumaXesha Aphakathi emva ukususela mandulo. Ngokusekelwe falsifications eyaziwayo ibonakala ithisisi malunga unreliability zonke iincwadi, "kuthiwa wadala ukuba iwaka yee-yokuqala."

Kodwa isiseko ubungqina esingundoqo ukuze basekele "New Maxesha" Fomenko Nosovskiĭ nokwakhela phezu kwemizi ngokwenkcubeko Antiquity kunye Renaissance.

Iziganeko abanemvume kusasa, xa yalityalwa luninzi ulwazi bamandulo, wathi ububhanxa nangeyonyani. Group Fomenko uthi ukuba kukho ubungqina ngqiqweni kwemodeli enjalo.

Okokuqala, akunakwenzeka ukuba "ukulibala" uze nje "khumbula" kwiindawo lonke ulwazi lwenzululwazi.

Okwesibini, oko kuthetha ukuba "ukubuyisela" iinkulungwane uphando data eyadlulayo? Ukugcina ulwazi kufuneka izikolo yenzululwazi, apho ulwazi sivela afundise abafundi.

Ukusuka kwezi neziphakamiso kuphothulwe ukuba imbali yonke lidala - nto nje ngokuzenzela ancientizing iziganeko ephakathi.

Ingakumbi nomdla maxesha zeqela Fomenko Russian. Ukususela ibonisa data ulwazi malunga ubukhosi "khans Russian" zamaxesha aphakathi ezikhoyo kuthiwa, egubungela yonke Eurasia.

ukugxeka lwesayensi jikelele

A lot of izazinzulu abavumelani kunye postulates wabeka phambili yi i "New Maxesha". Yintoni, umzekelo, "ehlise iithiyori zenzululwazi ephosakeleyo"? Kubonakala ukuba kuphela Fomenko, ngokusekelwe kumanqaku Morozov ungumnikazi ulwazi "lokwenyaniso".

Enyanisweni, izinto ezintathu badidekile kakhulu nguye nawuphi na umntu esinengqondo bakhona.

Okokuqala, egatya maxesha yemveli, iqela Fomenko oko effaces zonke iinzululwazi ngokubanzi, apho kuqinisekiswa ngokungathanga ngqo zezi data zemfundo. Oko kukuthi, iingcali zeelwimi, abembi, numismatists, zokuma, zesayensi kunye nezinye iingcali ngokupheleleyo elimsulwa musa ukuqonda, kodwa ukwakha nje hypothesis yabo, ngokusekelwe kwiimpikiswano eziphosakeleyo.

Umba yesibini okubonakala ukungangqinelani kwiindawo ezininzi. Sithetha abaneminyaka efanayo, ukuqinisekisa imephu isibhakabhaka xesha eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko ke, zonke izibakala kuyalungiswa kwisakhelo oyifunayo.

Kwakhona ziquka nonokungangqinelani ekuthiwa "phindo" ekuthethwa ngabo. Umzekelo, Solomon Kesare - oko kunto umntu omnye, ngokutsho "New Maxesha". Yintoni na ke iminyaka emashumi mane ezine zokuqala ngokuchasene yesibini ongenalwazi? Ngaba na efanayo? Ngoko ke, kwinkulungwane elinesibhozo babhala!

Isizathu yokugqibela, enikwe le ingcamango mbumbulu, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Ngokusekelwe kwi "izilungiso 'ezininzi, kubonakala ukuba kukho iyelenqe wonke" mna-of-yoluntu ", nto leyo kwakhona indlela imfihlelo imbali yoluntu. Kwaye kwenziwa kumaXesha Aphakathi kunye namaxesha mihla, xa kwakukho kwaba ukubunjwa ithi malunga naluphi na uluntu kunye nokudityaniswa wayengekho lo mbuzo.

Into yokugqibela ngokuphandle yachulumancisa kuluntu lwezenzululwazi, kwabakho kuhlaselwa ecacileyo bomsebenzi zemfundo. Ukuba ubale imfundiso "New Maxesha" oyinyaniso, kubonakala ukuba zonke izazinzulu badlala nje kule yesanti kwaye ukuqonda ezinye izinto ezisisiseko ntoni. Singasathethi ingqiqo.

izazi Kungani nokuchaza

Owona mqobo usisikhubekiso yaba "Almagest". Ukuba ulahle abo iinkwenkwezi, nto leyo esekelwe (zingabi yomhla enye) kwi kwithiyori Fomenko, ukufumana umfanekiso, ngexesha ngokupheleleyo kunabaphathi be window yakwantu.

Ekuqaleni ezingamashumi amabini ananye iziganeko ngenkulungwane intshukumo ukukhanya kwenziwe ngoncedo ubuchule kunye neekhompyutha zamvanje. Yonke idatha kwePtolemy kunye Hipparchus kubo kwaqinisekiswa.

Ngenxa yoko, zibangele Ndilicukuceze nokuhlaselwa eze kwi enomkhondo yi amateurs epheleleyo.

Phendula mbali, iingcali zeelwimi bezinto zakudala

Kule ndawo eziphembelela kwezi nkalo shushu mpikiswano. Okokuqala, siye wema ngenxa dendrochronology kunye uhlalutyo Radiocarbon. Xa iingxelo ze Fomenko, yena nezibalo 1960. Ezi izifundo zenzululwazi kudala Wasondela. iindlela zabo inkxaso imbali zemveli naqiniswa ngeendlela ezinxulumeneyo. Ezi ziquka ibhanti ngodongwe, iindlela paleomagnetic nepotassium-argon, njalo njalo.

ithuba Upheliso abe birchbark. Xa into yokuba ichaza "Chronology Entsha", imbali Russian kuchasene ingcaciso evela kule mithombo. Le yokugqibela, ngokuzenzekelayo, kuqinisekiswa kuphela dendrochronology, kodwa nezinye iinkcukacha ezininzi ukusuka iinkalo zezifundo ezinxulumeneyo.

Kwakhona umdla ukungaluxabisi epheleleyo Arab, isiArmenia, IsiTshayina, kunye namanye amaxwebhu elibhaliweyo, qinisekisa imbali yemveli Europe. Iphawula kuphela ezo izibakala ukuqinisekisa le ngcamango.

Ugxininiso kwimithombo zokubalisa ubeka abalandeli "New Maxesha" kwindawo nzima. iingxoxo zawo kuqhiphuka umbilini ababambana ngawo iirekhodi eqhelekileyo zolawulo kunye noqoqosho.

Ukuba ukhangela ubungqina kweelwimi Fomenko, ngoko, ngokutsho Zaliznyaka A. A., "yi amateurism okupheleleyo kwi kwinqanaba impazamo kwitheyibhile phindo." Umzekelo, isiLatini wathi owayeyinzala Old Church and "Samara" kwi ukufunda umva uba "lwaso igama pronunciation eRoma".

Imihla kunye namagama zemali, iimbasa, amatye ukuqinisekisa ngokupheleleyo data zemfundo. Ingakumbi inani le nto azibandakanyi nje ithuba womgunyathi.

Ukongeza, loo maxesha yeemfazwe labalobi alunge kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, ingqamana ikhalenda siphelise zifana. Kukho data kwanoko kumaXesha Aphakathi zaye nje ayaziwa, wazivula kuphela kwimingxuma kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini.

Umqukumbelo izazinzulu "New Maxesha"

Okokuqala, namhlanje wentsingiselo uphulaphula imisebenzi Scaliger kangangoko zingqinwa kuphando yakutshanje.

Kwelinye icala, kwi Fomenko Nosovskaya kwimisebenzi iqulathe kuhlaselwa kuphela kule ulindayo kwinkulungwane yeshumi. Kodwa akukho esemazantsi okanye izikhombisi kwi umthombo izimemo okanye ebonisa amanyala walo ulahlekiso.

Okwesibini, ukungabi epheleleyo ukulungiselela iirekhodi zoqoqosho. Zonke isiseko ubungqina yakhelwe phezu yeziKronike ezikhethiweyo kunye namanye amaxwebhu, ezo kuphela macala show iziganeko. Ukungabikho isifundo ezibanzi.

Okwesithathu, babizwa ngokuba "ukuthandana eqhubekayo" shwaka ngokwalo. Oko kukuthi, abaxhasi "New Maxesha" uzama ukubonisa ukuba, ngokusekelwe kwizakhiwo ekuqaleni ubuxoki, uninzi neendlela phinda nje impazamo. Kodwa oku akuyonyaniso, njengoko kuchasene iindlela zabo, leyo unsubstantiated kunye angamanga rhoqo.

Nowokugqibela. I notorious "alalanisayo iyelenqe". It is eyakhelwe bonke ubungqina, kodwa xa usiya kuthetha ukusuka kwindawo ngembono yokuba nengqiqo, kwiimpikiswano ivuthu- ngathi endlwini amakhadi.

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba kuqokelela ngasese zonke iincwadi, nemimiselo, iileta, uzibhale ngendlela entsha kwaye abuyele ebaleni. Ukongezelela, imali elikhulu zakudala ufumana nje fake ngokwenene. Kwakhona, ingqiqo umaleko yenkcubeko, stratigraphy kunye neminye imiba ngumntu zakudala engaziwayo ngokupheleleyo nkolelo, i "New Maxesha".