Isifo eRussia ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-17: izinto, izigaba, iziphumo

Iinkathazo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVII, le imiqathango, amanyathelo eziza kuxoxwa kamva - ixesha zembali, ephelekwa ziintlekele zendalo, ngeentlekele enzulu zentlalo-qoqosho kunye noluntu-nezopolitiko. Imeko enzima kwelo lizwe sibi kunye Polish-Swedish ungenelelo ngoncedo.

Iinkathazo kwenkulungwane ye-17 eRashiya: Oonobangela

Iingxaki zabangelwa eziliqela. Kwenzeke ingxaki yokuqala, ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, kuba ngokunqunyanyiswa i Rurik ubukhosi yaye umzabalazo phakathi umbuso kunye izinduna. Last kanzima ukulondoloza nokomeleza impembelelo kwezopolitiko kunye nophuculo amalungelo emveli. Utyatyadule wathi, phezu koko, wazama ukuba okunciphisa ezi magunya. Izinduna, ukongeza, ukuba ngoyaba linikeza Zemstvo. Indima le eklasini ziphononongwa ngabaphandi abaninzi kakubi. Ababhali-mbali ukucacisa ukuba amabango kartel ibuye ibe umzabalazo ngqo ngokuchasene norhulumente tsarist. ubuqili yabo nefuthe elibi kakhulu kwi indawo nokumkani. Yiloo nto udale umhlaba ochumileyo apho kukho ingxabano eRashiya. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVII laba ukusuka kwindawo kwezoqoqosho ngayo kuphela. Imeko kweli lizwe kwakunzima gqitha. Kamva kule ntlekele ziye zadibana iingxaki zopolitiko nezentlalo.

Imeko yezoqoqosho

Isifo eRussia ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-17 kungqamane nemikhankaso ngokoyisa Grozny kunye War Livonian. La manyathelo afuna yimikhosi imveliso ntshikilelo lowukulu. An nefuthe elibi kakhulu kwi imeko yezoqoqosho yokubhuqwa e Veliky Novgorod, yaye ukubana ngenkani ngokukhonza abantu. Ngoko ndaqalisa utsha Iingxaki eRashiya. Ukuqala kwenkulungwane ye-17 Kwakhona iphawulwe baziphatha yindlala. Ngowe-1601-1603 zonakale amawaka iifama ezincinane nezinkulu.

kabi kwabantu

Isifo eRussia ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-17 ngamandla ukwaliwa inginginya umyalelo okhoyo abalimi mbaleki, abantu bendawo Sivikivekile, amapolisa Cossacks kunye nabanumzana Cossack, kukho inani elikhulu servicemen. Ibe oprichnina, ngokutsho kwabaphandi, kubukela kakhulu intlonipho kunye intembeko abantu umthetho negunya.

Isiganeko sokuqala

Njengoko Smoot waqala ukuba eRashiya? Ukuqala kwenkulungwane ye-17, ngamafutshane, kuye kwenzeke ngexesha ngokutsha bezimpi izangqa sigqibo. Ezimbi kuqala indlalifa Fedor akanaye izakhono zolawulo eziyimfuneko. Unyana omncinci, Dmitri, ngelo xesha nangoku nosana. Emva kokufa iindlalifa Rurik ubukhosi iyanqanyulwa. Ukuze amandla iintsapho boyar wasondela - Godunovs kunye Yuriev. Ngowe-1598-m wathabatha itrone Boris Godunov. Ithuba ukususela 1601 ukuya 1603. Oko ebengazali. Ukuqanda zange ayeke ehlotyeni nasekwindla, ngoSeptemba, kwathiwa ikhephu. Indlala kungavulwa athi abantu malunga nesiqingatha sesigidi. abantu zaphela waya eMoscow, banikela apho isonka kunye nemali. Kodwa la manyathelo kubaxa kuphela iingxaki zoqoqosho. Le benani abazange babe nako ukondla kubakhonzi kunye namakhoboka, waza wabakhupha. Ekhohlo ngaphandle ukutya nendawo yokuhlala, abantu baba inxaxheba iyanyuka kunye nokuphanga.

Lzhedmitry kuqala

Isifo eRussia ngenkulungwane ye-17 kungqamane ukusasazeka amarhe ukuba Tsarevich nguDmitry ephila. Kwathi Boris Godunov waba phezu kwetrone ngokungekho mthethweni. Pretender Dmitrii isaziso imvelaphi yakhe Adam Wiśniowiecki, isikhulu Lithuanian. Emva koko, wayedibana Ezhi Mnishekom, magnate Polish kunye Ragon, lo nuncio loopopu. Ekuqaleni kuka-1604 Lzhedmitry 1 ezifunyenweyo ukubonana uKumkani Poland. Emva kwexesha injoli bhedengu kubuKatolika. amalungelo Falsdmitry kuye kwaqatshelwa yi uKumkani eyathatha. YoMlawuli wavumela wonke ukunika uncedo kwi-Russian Tsar.

Emnyango eMoscow

False nguDmitry wangena esixekweni ngo-1605, unyaka we-20 kweyeSilimela. Izinduna, ekhokelwa Belsky wavuma esidlangalaleni Prince yakhe eMoscow indlalifa. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, False nguDmitry wawuqondiswa ngu Poland kwaye bazama ukwenza thile. Noko ke, asingabo bonke izidwangube ukuba siqaphele ukufaneleka wobukumkani bakhe. Phantse nangoko emva kokufika nguDmitry False, Shuya waqalisa ukusasaza amarhe malunga sokuzenza yakhe. Ngowe-1606, phakathi kukaMeyi, inkcaso ye izinduna babesebenzisa emiboniso abantu ngokuchasene izama Polish, ebize eMoscow ukuze umtshato Falsdmitry, uvukelo. Ngexesha mkhohlisi wakhe wabulawa. Ukuza ku amandla Shuya, emele Suzdal isebe Rurik, uxolo urhulumente kuye. Kumzantsi besuka nemvukelo Bolotnikov, esalinikwayo intshukumo "amasela." Iziganeko 1606-1607 biennium. uchaza RG Skrynnikov. "Russia ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-17 Smoot." - incwadi ukuba wadala ngokusekelwe isixa esikhulu sezixhobo zokufunda obubhaliweyo.

NguDmitry False II

Noko ke, eli lizwe namarhe malunga ukuhlangulwa ngokungummangaliso isikhulu esemthethweni. Ngowe-1607, ehlotyeni, Starodub, a pretender entsha. Isifo eRussia ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-17 kwaqhubeka. Ekupheleni kuka-1608 Lzhedmitry 2 wenze ukusasazeka impembelelo yayo Yaroslavl, Pereslavl-Zaleski, Vologda, galich, Uglich, Kostroma, uVladimir. Pretender sahlala kwilali Tushino. Siye wahlala ethembekile elikomkhulu Kazan, Novgorod, ESmolensk, Kolomna, Novgorod, Pereslavl-Ryazan.

Semiboyarshina

Enye iziganeko ezibalulekileyo kwabantu Iingxaki eRashiya ngenkulungwane ye-17, waba revolution. Shuya waba ngamandla isusiwe. Ibhodi ulawulo lizwe wayemi izinduna ezisixhenxe - Semiboyarshina. Njengoko Russian Tsar , aliqonda Vsevolod, i-Polish Prince. Inani labantu izixeko ezininzi wafunga Falsdmitry 2. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho abo kutshanje abaye wamelana pretender. Le isoyikiso i False nguDmitry II kwanyanzeleka ibhunga ukuvumela izinduna eMoscow imikhosi Polish-Lithuanian. Bekucingelwa ukuba baza kukwazi ukubhukuqa bhedengu. Noko ke, False nguDmitry wayehlatyelwe ngayo kwaye likhawulezile eminqubeni.

athathwe

Isifo eRussia ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-17 kwaqhubeka. Oko laqala eli intshukumo inkululeko yesizwe. Ngayo negalelo ukuyilwa ngabavukeli. Umyalelo wokuqala igosa le-Lyapunov Ryazan. Yayame abaxhasi nguDmitry False II. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho abathetheli Shakhovskoy, Troubetzkoy, Masalskaya, Cherkassy kunye nabanye. Kwicala le ngabavukeli kwaye naye nabanumzana Cossack, intloko ogama Ataman Zarutsky. Intshukumo yesibini iqale phantsi kobunkokheli Kuzma Minin. Yena wamenywa ukuba abe yinkokeli Pozharsky. Ngowe- 1612, entwasahlobo, kufuphi eMoscow uya kuba wamajoni yokuqala bazithoba ukuya mavunwa nguDmitry wesithathu. Abendlu Minin kunye Pozharsky bengakwazi ukuthetha elikomkhulu, ngelixa abaxhasi boyisa apho mkhohlisi. Kulo mba, benza iminquba yabo Yaroslavl. Ekupheleni August, umkhosi wamajoni weza eMoscow. Kuthotho amadabi wakhululwa incwadi yesicelo, ikampu Polish owayehleli kuso bayishiya. Emva kwexesha elithile, ukumkani omtsha wakhethwa. Baba uMikhail Fedorovich.

imiphumela

Thelekisa Iingxaki eRussia ngenkulungwane ye-17 ukuba amandla ayo etshabalalisayo nobunzulu lobunzima kweli lizwe, wena mhlawumbi kuphela kwimeko kwilizwe lonke ixesha Mongol lokuhlasela. Eli xesha anomngcipheko kubomi ngurhulumente lwaphela iilahleko ezinkulu indawo, ukuhla koqoqosho. Iingxaki ezinkulu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-17, iye yabulala ubomi ezininzi. Kuye yayigungxula imizi emininzi, olimekayo kunye needolophana. Labantu yayisathe ixesha elide ukululama kumanqanaba elidlulileyo. imizi abaninzi ocande ezandleni zeentshaba, wahlala ngezandla zabo ezimbalwa kwamashumi ngaphezulu. Ngokuphawulekayo ukunciphisa ndawo komhlaba olinywayo.