Tsar uMikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Iminyaka yomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente

UMikhail Fedorovich waba le tsar yokuqala Russian le Romanov ubukhosi. Ekupheleni kukaFebruwari 1613 nguye owayekhethwe kumlawuli zobukumkani ukuya Russian Zemsky Sobor. Waba ngukumkani lemveli hayi generic, kungekhona ekuthatheni ngamandla, yaye hayi iminikelo yakhe. UMikhail Fedorovich Wanyulwa nguThixo kunye nabantu, yaye ngelo xesha wayeneminyaka eli-16 kuphela ubudala. wobukumkani bakhe kwaba nzima kakhulu. UMikhail Fedorovich njengoko isiphelo kwafuneka ukuba sijongane neengxaki ezinzulu zezoqoqosho nezopolitiko: ilizwe ngaphandle isiphithiphithi apho emva kokuba Troubles, kuphakanyiswe nokomeleza uqoqosho, ukuba agcine ummandla ezweni, qwengile umntwanam. Kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo - ukubamba aze alungise indlu Romanov etroneni Russian.

Romanov Minor. Mihail Fedorovich Romanov

Usapho Romanov baye Boyar Fedora Nikiticha, owathi kamva waba uBhishophu Filaret, kunye Xenia Ivanovna (Shestova), July 12, 1596 wazala unyana. Bathi igama Michael. Romanov ntsapho ezinxulumene ne indlu Rurikovich yaye ke ibisisityebi kakhulu kwaye kakuhle owaziwayo. Oku iintsapho boyar eziphantsi nempahla enkulu, hayi nje kuphela kweli inxalenye kumantla yaye umbindi Russia, kodwa kwakhona kwi-Don kunye Ukraine. Ekuqaleni, uMichael wayehlala nabazali bakhe e Moscow, kodwa 1601 intsapho yakhe umusa yaye phantsi ukuhlazeka. Ukulawula ngoxa Boris Godunov waxelelwa ukuba Romanovs ukulungiselela sebali yaye bafuna ukumbulala yena ngoncedo umxube magic. Kubulawa balandela nangoko - ezininzi amalungu entsapho Romanov babanjwa. NgoJuni 1601 entlanganisweni ye Boyar Duma isinqumo: Fedor Nikitich nabantwana bakhe: Alexander, uMikayeli, Vasily kunye Ivan - kufuneka ngokungonyamelwa ipropati, anyanzelwa ukuba avune yimonki, elubhacweni entolongweni kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kude kwikomkhulu. Fedor Nikitich wathunyelwa Antony uSiya Monastery, nto leyo ibekwe kwindawo engasese, senkangala, neekhilomitha ezingama 165 ukusuka iNgelosi, phezu komlambo Dvina up. Kwaba khona ukuba uyise uMikhail Fedorovich zalungisa ngayo iimonki kunye ogama Filaret. Unina nguzwilakhe elizayo, Xenia Ivanovna, watyholwa nokuhambisana kwi-mthetho nxamnye umbuso wamthumela ekuthinjweni kwisithili Novgorod, e Tol-Egoryevsky yamangcwaba abenaso Vazhitskomu monastery. Apha iinwele zakhe elixholwe nhloko, ogama uMarta, yaye bavalelwa kwisakhiwo encinane, engqongwe kocingo olude.

Ilinki uMikhail Fedorovich ku Byelozero

Little Michael, lowo ngelo xesha kunyaka wesithandathu, asekuthinjweni kunye nonyaka esibhozo-bakhe udade Tatyana Fedorovna kunye anti, Marfoyu Nikitichnoy Cherkassky, Ulyanoy Semenovoy kunye Anastasia Nikitichna on Beloozero. Apho, inkwenkwe Ndakhulela kwindawo ezinzima kakhulu, ukungondleki, ubunzima nobunzima kunye okuye. Ngowe-1603, Boris Godunov asimbongozanga isivakalisi wavumela Michael nonina, uMarta Ivanovna, kuza ebantwaneni Beloozero. Kungekudala emva koko nguzwilakhe bavunyelwe ukuba resettle kubathinjwa kwisithili Yuriev-Polsky, kwidolophana Klin - Romanovs fiefdom lweenkobe. Ngowe-1605, wasebenzisa amandla lobuxoki nguDmitry I, efuna ukubonisa nomini lwabo ifani Romanov wabuyela kumaxhoba eMoscow abameli balo ekuthinjweni, kuquka nentsapho kaMikayeli, kunye naye. Fedor Nikitich wanikwa Rostov WASE.

Smoot. Imo zokungqinga e Moscow, ukumkani elizayo

Kumaxesha nzima ukususela 1606 ukuya kwiminyaka 1610, imithetho Vasiliy Shuysky. Ngeli xesha iziganeko ezininzi ezinkulu kwenzeke eRashiya. Kufakwe yazibonakalisa wakhula intshukumo "amasela", kwimvukelo umlimi, nto leyo eyakhokelela I. Bolotnikov. Emva kwexesha elithile, Washumayela kunye pretender entsha, "Tushino" Wamanga nguDmitry II. waqala ungenelelo Polish. imikhosi Commonwealth wayithimba ESmolensk. Izinduna Shuisky yabhukuqwayo etroneni ngenxa yokuba Waphololoza awawenza ikhontrakthi Sweden Vyborg. Phantsi kwesi sivumelwano, i balwa wavuma ukunceda eRashiya kulwa nguDmitry mavunwa, yaye imbuyekezo bafumana Kola Peninsula. Ngelishwa, isiphelo kwesivumelwano Vyborg akazange ukusindisa Russia - izibonda woyisa umkhosi Russian-Swedish edabini Klushinskoy waza wavula ngokwayo iindlela eMoscow. Ngeli xesha, i izinduna, ekulawuleni ilizwe, zibonakalisa ukuwugqalela unyana wokumkani ye-Commonwealth eyathatha, Vladislav. Eli lizwe bakhawuleza bangamaqela amabini. Kweli xesha ukusuka kwiminyaka 1610 ukuya 1613 of uphakamo anti-Polish yabantu uvukile. Ngowe-1611 lenzeka umkhosi wamajoni phantsi kokukhokelwa Lyapunov, kodwa woyiswa emaphethelweni eMoscow. Ngowe-1612 kudala athathwe yesibini. Kuye elikhokelwa nguDmitry Pozharsky kunye Kuzma Minin. Ngasekupheleni kwehlobo ka-1612 kwakukho idabi eyoyikekayo, apho waphumelela abendlu Russian. Hetman Chodkiewicz lihambe liye ezintabeni Vorobiev. Ekupheleni kuka-Oktobha umkhosi Russian Wahlahla eMoscow ukusuka izibonda akhuselweyo kuwo, elindele uncedo eyathatha. izinduna Russian, kuquka uMikhail Fedorovich nonina uMarta, yathinjwa, ungcikivwe yindlala nokuswela, sakhululwa ekugqibeleni.

lokuzama ukubulala of Fyodor Mikhailovich

Emva angqingo nzima Moscow, uMikhail Fedorovich waya Kostroma fiefdom. Apha, uKumkani elizayo wasinda ekufeni ezandleni lemiguvela leepali ezahlala Railway-Borovsky eMonastri kwaye efuna indlela eya Domnino. Spa of uMikhail Fedorovich umlimi Ivan Susanin, ngubani ngokuzithandela ukubonisa amasela indlela kukumkani elizayo ndisiya kwelinye icala, ukuya imigxobhozo. Ukumkani elizayo wazimela woonongendi le Yusupov. Ivan Susanin wahlukunyezwa, kodwa yena akazange abayityhilela indawo ye Romanov. Yiloo kanzima neni ke ukumkani elizayo, oneminyaka eyi-5 ubudala, ukuba sisuswe ngolunya ekuxhamleni kubazali babo abahlala noyise nonina wakhe waba inkedama, uye waba ubunzima amakheswa kwihlabathi ngaphandle, umvambo nasekuxinweni, nendlala.

Zemsky Sobor 1613 unyulo uMikhail Fedorovich

Emva kokuba ukugxothwa abahlaseli izinduna kunye wamajoni ikhokelwa ngu-Prince Pozharsky kwenziwa isigqibo sokuba ukhethe ukumkani omtsha. Februwari 7, 1613 kwi kunyulo lokuqala igosa lakomkhulu ukusuka galich ecetywayo wabeka unyana wakhe Filaret, uMikhail Fedorovich. Kubo bonke abaviwa ukuba nomini yaba esondeleyo intsapho Rurik. Kwizixeko ezininzi wathumela abathunywa ukufumana izimvo zabantu. February 21, 1613 unyulo zokugqibela ziye zabanjwa. Abantu bagqiba: "Ukuba bazimele uMikhail Fedorovich Romanov." Ngesi sigqibo, loo Embassy projectile azise unyulo uMikhail Romanov tsar. Matshi 14, 1613 izigidimi, kunye umngcelele, weza Ipatiev Monastery kwaye wabethwa nebunzi ndela uMarta. Ekugqibeleni ukweyisela Long ukuza ophawulekayo, kunye Mihail Fedorovich Romanov wavuma ukuba abe ngukumkani. nini, ngokwembono yakhe, ikomkhulu, yaye yesicelo wayekulungele ukuyamkela - 2 Kuphela May 1613 ente yokungena omangalisayo kasabatha eMoscow geqe. Julayi 11 ngo ebukumkanini kwenkosi entsha - uMikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Lo msitho emisiweyo yaqhutywa Kwingcingane Cathedral.

Ukuqala kobukumkani * uKhesare

UMikhail Fedorovich wathabatha izintso eqwengiweyo, luyatshatyalaliswa ize sisazama eli lizwe. Kumaxesha nzima abantu kufuneka nje nguzwilakhe enjalo - sobubele, uyathandeka, babe nokuthantamisa, ububele, yaye nesisa ngexesha elifanayo kwi iimpawu komphefumlo. Yiloo nto abantu bambiza "mnene." Ubuntu ukumkani wanceda ukomeleza amandla Romanovs. Domestic Politika Mihaila Fedorovicha ekuqalekeni kobukumkani bakhe, yayijonge wokubuyisela ukuze kweli lizwe. Umsebenzi ebalulekileyo ekupheliseni elalicheba baphangi ayentumeka yonke indawo. Nge isikhulu Cossack uIvan Zarutsky Alwa imfazwe yokwenene, iyinto eyazala kuthinjwe amabanjwa kunye nokubulawa elandelayo. iingxaki zale abalimi. Ngowe-1613, ukusasazwa kumazwe zoluntu mfuneko iye yenziwa.

izigqibo qhinga Okubalulekileyo - sokubeka ne Sweden

Politika Foreign Mihaila Fedorovicha iye yayigxile ekuqukunjeiweni ukuxolelana kunye Sweden kunye nokupheliswa imfazwe kunye Poland. Ngowe-1617 ukuba ihonjiswe Stolbovsky isivumelwano. Olu xwebhu yaphela imfazwe kunye Sweden, eyathatha iminyaka emithathu. Ngoku amazwe Novgorod ziye zohlulwa phakathi yoBukhosi Russian (wayibuyisela mzi kuthinjwa: Veliky Novgorod, Ladoga, Gdov, Porkhov, ummandla Staraya Russa kunye Sumerskaya) kunye uBukumkani Sweden (wavuka Ivangorod, Koporje, Yam, Korela, Oreshek, Neva). Ngaphezu koko, eMoscow kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule isixa esikhulu Sweden - 20 amawaka engange zesilivere. ihlabathi Stolbovsky kunqumle lizwe ukusuka kuLwandle lweBaltic, kodwa ngenxa eMoscow lesi isgqibo avunyelwe ukuba aqhubeke imfazwe zabo ePoland.

Ukugqitywa yemfazwe Russian-Polish. Ukubuya kasolusapho Filaret

imfazwe Russian-Polish sasithatha, ezishiyanayo impumelelo, ukususela 1609. Ngowe-1616 imikhosi yotshaba, elikhokelwa Wladyslaw Vasa kunye hetman Yanom Hodkevichem, yahlasela ummandla Russian, enqwenela ukuba abawise itrone Tsar uMikhail Fedorovich. Oku banganokufikelela Mozhaisk kuphela, apho umisiwe. Ukususela 1618 ukuya umkhosi wajoyina umkhosi Ukrainian Cossacks Hetman P. Sahaidachny uyaphi. imikhosi Joint ukuba iyangena Moscow, kodwa yena aluphumelelanga. amabutho Polish lweMedia bahlala kufutshane Emnye-uSergiyo Monastery. Ngenxa yoko, amaqela avumelene ukuba thethwano kwaye ukuxolelana satyikitywa kwilali Deulina ngoDisemba 11, 1618, nto leyo eyaphela imfazwe Russian-Polish. Ngokwemiqathango yesivumelwano baba ntle, kodwa urhulumente Russian wavuma ukwamkela nabo ukuze uyeke xenga zangaphakathi ukuba bayakhe lizwe. Phantsi isivumelwano, Russia libe lisalele ngasemva Rzeczpospolita Roslavl, Dorogobuzh, ESmolensk, Novgoro-Seversky, Chernigov, Serpeysk kunye nezinye izixeko. Kwakhona ngexesha iintetho kwavunyelwana ukuba bacebisane amabanjwa. Julayi 1, 1619 phezu komlambo Polyanovka banikana amabanjwa kunye Filaret, inkosi uyise ekugqibeleni wabuyela ekhaya. Emva kwexesha elithile, wamiswa solusapho.

Diarchy. Isigqibo osisilumko kwabalawuli ababini bomhlaba Russian

Ubukumkani Russian buya kumiswa ekuthiwa-power ezimbini. Ekunye noyise wakhe, usolusapho uMikhail Fedorovich waqalisa ukulawula. Yena, efana ukumkani, wanikwa isihloko "umlawuli enkulu". Kwiminyaka 28, uMikhail Fedorovich watshata Maria Vladimirovna Dolgoruky. Kodwa kamva ngonyaka wafa. Okwesibini, Tsar uMikhail Fedorovich watshata Evdokii Lukyanovne Streshnevoy. Ebudeni beminyaka yomtshato wamzalela abantwana abalishumi. Ngokubanzi, Politika Mihaila Fedorovicha kunye Filaret iye ejoliswe lonke igunya, ukubuyiselwa uqoqosho uzalise yobuncwane. NgoJuni 1619 kwagqitywa ukuba irhafu umhlaba eziphanzileyo baya kuthatyathwa yi sentinel okanye cadastres. Kuye kwagqitywa ukwenza ubalo lwabemi kwakhona ukumisela ubungakanani ngqo wesabelo zerhafu. Kule ndawo ziye ababhali kunye dozorschiki ithunyelwe. Ebukumkanini Mihaila Fedorovicha Romanova ukuphucula inkqubo yerhafu wokuqulunqa iincwadi umbhali wavelisa kabini. Ukususela 1620 endle banyulwe neerhuluneli kunye namadoda amakhulu, ukuba ugcine umyalelo.

ukubuyisela eMoscow

Ebudeni bolawulo uMikhail Fedorovich Ngokuthe ngcembe elikomkhulu kunye nezinye izixeko, itshabalale ngexesha Troubles. Ngowe-1624 yayakhiwe intente Stone kunye iwotshi umxhelo phezu Spasskaya kwinqaba belfry wakha Filaret. Kwiminyaka 1635-1636 kwakhiwa zokuhlala ngamatye ukumkani kunye nenzala yakhe indawo zomthi endala. amabandla 15 nakhelwe phezu kummandla Nicholas ukuya kwiSango Spassky. Ukongeza kuvuselelwa izixeko kutshatyalaliswa, umgaqo-nkqubo Mihaila Fedorovicha Romanova lwalujoliswe kubukhoboka ngakumbi abalimi. Ngowe-1627, umthetho wadalwa olwaluvumela ukuba nabanumzana lokuwunika labo umhlaba (ukumkani yasetyenziswa ukwenza oku). Ukongeza, uluhlu of ukuhlola ezintlanu abalimi engalawulekiyo, nto leyo 1637 yandiswa ukuya kwiminyaka-9, yaye ngo-1641-m - ukuya kwiminyaka-10.

Ukudala regiments umkhosi entsha

Umsebenzi obalulekileyo uMikhail Romanov yaba kukudala umkhosi wesizwe rhoqo. In imi--30. ngekhulu XVII kwakukho "ezishelifini kwinkqubo entsha." Phakathi kwabo wabhalwa abantwana izinduna 'kunye nabantu simahla, abolunye uhlanga zaye zamkelwa isikhundla sokuba amagosa. Ngowe-1642 oko waqalisa ukuqeqesha abantu zomkhosi phakathi kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu koko, baqala ukwenza amajoni Reitarska kunye regiments dragoon mahashe. Kwakhona kunyulwa zadalwa regiments ezimbini Moscow, leyo kamva ngokuba Lefortovo kunye Butyrsky (emizini, apho eGibheyon).

uphuhliso kushishino

Ukongeza ekudalweni-mkhosi, ukumkani Mihail Fedorovich Romanov wazama ukuphuhlisa yezandla ezahlukeneyo kweli lizwe. Urhulumente ukuba ikhwelo abenzi amazwe (abafuna, Abaseki, gunsmiths) ngokwemimiselo kakuhle. E Moscow, amatyotyombe yaseJamani eyasekwayo, baphila kwaye wasebenza yinjineli kwaye zomkhosi amazwe apho. Ngowe-1632 isityalo ekubunjweni umphakathi nemipu kufuphi Tula yakhiwa. Ukuphuhlisa noshishino lwempahla eyolukiweyo: Velvet iyadi wavula eMoscow. kuthwalelwa phandle ityala uqeqesho velvet. In Kadashevskaya Sloboda sungula textile mveliso.

endaweni yesiphelo

Tsar uMikhail Fedorovich Romanov wafa eneminyaka engama-49. Kwathi July 12, 1645. Isiphumo yemisebenzi yayo karhulumente yaba karhulumente ezolileyo, Iingxaki elugcwabevu ngumsindo, ukusekwa nokumanyana, ubutyebi, kuvuselele, buyisela uqoqosho, urhwebo kunye norhwebo. Ngexesha lolawulo Romanov yokuqala yayeka imfazwe kunye Sweden kunye ePoland, yaye ukongezelela, unxulumano lobuchule kunye amazwe aseYurophu ziye zasekwa.