Irula Russian "Rokot": inkcazelo, iimpawu kunye namanqaku anika umdla

Rocket "Rokot", - i-Russian carrier rocket, onako ndiwanikela komzila payload ukukhanya kunye neziphakathi. On the eliphezulu inqanaba "Breeze-KM ', libonisa ukuya ku 2150 kg payload ukuya ezinobude ka-200 km.

History of indalo

Yintoni rocket carrier 'Rokot "? Oku kusekelwe enjalo enomjukujelwa wokuhlolwa iUre-100N, okwabizwa ngokuba SS-19 Upper. uphuhliso Ur-100N yaqala ngo-1970 ngenjongo yokuphucula ICBMs iUre-100 kwaye udale i-moya enkulu ukuba unako imithwalo enzima.

iimvavanyo moya ziye zaqhutywa ngethuba elisusela kwi-1973 ukuya 1975, kunye nenkqubo yaqalisa ukusebenza ngo-1974 Ngo-1978, yena wenza i-inventri iyonke imijukujelwa 190. Inguqulelo oluphuculweyo, esibizwa ngokuba yi Uri-100UTTH, wayethunywe ngowe-1979 kwaze endaweni yawo imifuziselo ubudala, lafikelela isitokhwe ubuninzi leeyunithi 360.

Isihlangu nuclear

Uri-100 imijukujelwa ntli ukuya ezase ezintandathu ngokuzimeleyo targetable ezizimeleyo uluhlu km 10,000. Ingalungiswa ukubaleka imizuzu-25 ngalo naluphi na ezikhabhathini unyaka-22. Intercontinental enomjukujelwa wokuhlolwa ur-100 yaye luyasebenza.

Emva kokuba ekupheleni kweMfazwe abandayo izixhobo Khrunichev Khrunichev zaye ngokutsha kwaye axhotyiswe avionics mihla kunye eliphezulu kwinqanaba "Breeze-KM ', nto leyo wamvumela ukuba ukusebenzisa izithuthi zokuqalisa isithuba. NGOs "Engineering" Kwakhona yaguqula i eUre-100 isithuthi sungula, kodwa ngaphandle uguqulelo ebonakalayo, ukudala izixhobo ngaphantsi bhetyebhetye, kodwa ngaphantsi ezibizayo kokususa payloads ezincinane zibe Earth orbit eliphantsi. Kule uqwalaselo, kuba yaziwa ngokuba "Arrow".

Ukusuka Baikonur cosmodrome in Plesetsk

Ukuphehlelelwa yokuqala launch "Rokot" yabanjwa ngoNovemba 20, 1990 ukusuka kwi Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan. Lo moya wokuqala Orbital senzeka ngoDisemba 26, 1994. Kwaye ngo-1995, inkampani Eurockot, ngoncedo apho yenethiwekhi Russian ngexabiso "Rokot" lamiswa yabekwa okhoyo emalikeni ukuba uqala zorhwebo.

Le nkampani iye yafumana 45 baxhomekeka. Ngo-2000, Astrium bathenga esibondeni 51% Eurockot. I-49% ophethwe Khrunichev. NgoMeyi 2000, ukususela cosmodrome "Plesetsk" "Rokot" laphehlelelwa hayi evela sam, njengoko kwenzekayo i "Baikonur", kunye isikhongozeli zothutho komhlaba.

Rocket "Rokot": Iimpawu

Kwisiphekepheke le ezimbini-iqonga "Breeze KM" Zhidkotoplivnyy lokomeleza lidla nezixhotyiswe kwinqanaba lokugqibela, onako ukunikezela payload ukuya ku 2140 kg emhlabeni eliphantsi orbit kwaye 1200 kg ilanga-yolunye.

Iimpawu ze rocket yenethiwekhi "Rokot" zezi zilandelayo:

• ukuphakama 29.15 m,
• netoti enkulu ka-2.5 m,
• ukuqala ubunzima 107 000 kg,
• Amafutha - dimethylhydrazine unsymmetrical (heptyl) kunye nitrogen tetroxide.

isigaba sokuqala

Inqanaba lokuqala ophethe irula iklasi ukukhanya "ngokuxokozela" m 17.2 ubude kunye 2.5 m ubukhulu. Itanki nitrogen tetroxide ibekwe ngaphezu isitya kunye dimethylhydrazine unsymmetrical. itanki eqhelekileyo ezimbini ezahlulwe sisithuba isahlulelo. Ukuphakamisa ubunzima - 77.200 kg, 5700 kg inertnaya-.

Izigaba ezintathu zokuqala zisetyenziswa RD-0233 kunye RD-0234 kuphela. yoyilo zabo ezifanayo, kodwa RD-0234 sele sokufudumeza onikezela irhasi abe kwiitanki amafutha ukuzigcina xi efunekayo kulo kwisigaba sokuqala moya.

Zonke ii-injini - injini iimpompo kunye loop ezivaliweyo. Nganye inika 470 KN amahlanza ukuba ezingama-1.870 KN okanye 190.700 kg. Zidle Intonga Isigaba sokuqala - 2070 KN (211.100 kg) injini 520 KN.

Control ibonelelwa ekunqunyanyisweni ngamnye gimbal ngamnye iinjini ezine. Iiyure - 121.

Le okuhlamba oluqhutywa iimeko ezishushu. Vernier motor sesibini isigaba ilunyekwa phambi inyathelo ngokwahlukana. Izivingco wathumela nemilomo ezine jet. Emva kokuqala mechanism pyrotechnic vernier zeemoto utyhala wachitha kwinqanaba lokuqala. Ukongeza, lixhotyiswe ezine okuqinileyo Motors ngexabiso ibangelwa emva yokuzahlula ukuyisusa ukuya kumgama ekhuselekileyo.

Isigaba sesibili

Inqanaba lesibini yi-3.9 m ubude ne-2.5 m ubukhulu. ubunzima bayo ngu 1,500 kg dibanisa 10.700 kg zamafutha. Itanki kunye oxidant kunye itanki yezibaso ibekwe ngasentla yaye bahlukana ngayo ukwahlukanisa eqhelekileyo.

Eli nqanaba libizwa lixhotyiswe iinjini kwiinqwelo yomjikelo evaliweyo: intloko RD-0235 kunye RD-abane-zawo vernier 0236 ukulawula indlela yokubhabha.

RD-0235 abe elapha lugxile eliphambili KN 240 (24,470 kg), ngokunika i ubume 320 p.

RD-0236 ibonelela ibambelele KN 15.76 (1,607 kg) kunye 293 isebenza. Ngalinye nemilomo ezine injini ngokusebenzisa gimbal inga siwa ecaleni axis mnye, ngokubonelela kokufundiswa yolawulo enomjukujelwa kwisigaba sesibini ukubhabha. Kukho kwakhona kusetyenziswa inkqubo igesi eshushu ukwenza uxinzelelo kuyimfuneko kwiitanki.

isigaba eliphezulu

"Ngokuxokozela" rocket kufakwa eli nqanaba eliphezulu, equka amacandelo ezintathu eziphambili - mafutha, encapsulation eli gumbi kungekwamthwalo gumbi eliphakathi, lahlangana sesibini isigaba.

"Breeze KM" yi-2.6 m ubude,-2.5 m ubukhulu kunye nobunzima ka-1320 kg. itanki Heptyl ofumaneka ngaphezu kwe-container kunye oxidant. Le yokugqibela unohlobo etsobhileyo kunye elitywinwe ukulungiselela injini engundoqo. "Breeze KM" inokuthatha 1665 kg kwaye 3310 kg UDMH oxidant. Ukugcina uxinzelelo ezifunekayo amatanki kunye nolawulo womoya usebenzisa helium nehigh.

Inxalenye ngundoqo ibloko iquka container kunye oxidant, owamisa itanki amafutha ngasentla. Zombini iitanki baxhotyiswa iinkqubo kubunzulu baphantsi komhlaba kunye womoya, kwaye ushiye lwangaphakathi ukuthintela ulwelo ukubetha udonga lwesakhiwo. Zinelungelo imilo toroidal kunye lekhefu ngezantsi inkqubo engundoqo isimiso, uvumela ukuba kuncitshiswe ubude kweqonga. Apha ngezantsi gumbi kunye iinjini eziphambili basafunda nokuzinziswa kunye nesifundo, kunye namatanki ungqukuva kunye helium kwaye wako. Izixhobo ugqunywe yokugquma thermal ukunqanda Ukupholisa ngokugqithisileyo amafutha echaphazela viscosity wayo, kwaye kungakhokelela amazinyo yemibhobho kunye namatanki.

izixhobo bay

Kwinxalenye ongentla kwibloko ngendlela omfusa thumbanails cone ibekwe izixhobo egumbini equka lezakhelo, ukubonelela ukufakelwa izilawuli ezahlukeneyo, iimodyuli telemetry, iibhetri kunye neenkqubo zonxibelelwano. amaqhoshana ehambelanayo ukuya 2,49 m ubukhulu.

Emazantsi yi-60 cm iadaptha osuka "Breeze KM" nakowesibini eqongeni, kwakunye nokubonelela ukuyinyusa le fairings.

In umfutho iinkqubo amafutha unit ezimbini ziyaphunyezwa: a xi ephantsi injini engundoqo kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu injini uzinzo kunye yokuqhelaniswa nezifundo. Kuzo zombini wasebenzisa chetyrohokis dimethylhydrazine unsymmetrical ne-nitrogen, nto leyo ibangelwa ngoko nangoko emva kokungena adibane nabanye.

iinjini booster

iinjini ulawulo sengqondo osetyenziswayo "Breeze KM" ezi 17D58E isihloko kunye nokunika ahlabe obungu 13.3 N. ibloko ngasinye ubude-14 cm, kwaye inobunzima 550 g micromotor lovukelo liqhutywa kwi ngokomlinganiselo ngokuxuba-1: 1,85 kwaye igalelo ababezibiza ukulinyanzela ibha 14.7, kodwa iyakwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo aphezulu asusela 7.8 ukuya bar 34.3. Kwiinkqubo nezingenayo yolawulo sengqondo ezisetyenziswa kwimo idaleka ngexesha yokusebenza ubuncinane 0.03 s, kodwa 17D58E kwakhona eqinisekisiweyo ukusebenza ngokuqhubekayo imizuzwana ukuya ku 10,000. Injini unako ukumelana 450.000 mijikelo.

Inkqubo supply amandla booster

"Breeze CM" lixhotyiswe inkqubo yonikezelo igunya lakhe eyenziwa ibhetri kunye nokuhanjiswa kwamandla neenkqubo ezibonelela ukuya kwiiyure 7 Inqanaba operation ukuba ukujikeleza. Isixhobo gumbi iquka izixhobo telemetry kunye zidlulisele kunye eriyali, kwaye iteyipu yokugcina idatha transmission. isikhokelo, navigation kunye ulawulo inoxanduva moya kuzo zonke izigaba. Siqulathe iqonga kunye ulwalathiso inertial kuqulethe gyroscope axis-3 ngeekhompyutha ekwinqwelo. Le nkqubo komsebenzi triple kunye kwezigqibo sesininzi. Kuyinto lizimele ngokupheleleyo kwaye abakwazi ilawulwe evela ngaphandle.

cowling

"Rokot" enomjukujelwa ifakwe fairing, leyo eyenzelwe ngokukodwa koguqulelo lwe kwisiphekepheke. It efakwe kwisixhobo gumbi kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Liphethe amaqhosha amabini ka-7.8 m ubude, leyo kunye abe uhlobo okweqanda ka-2.5 ukuya 2,62 m ubukhulu. Beka payload ngu 5.9 m ubude.

Le fairing sikhusela isiphekepheke kwiimpembelelo ashukimisayo, thermal kunye ive bafakela phezu kwakhe ngexesha ebezityalwe kwi-atmosfera. Xa ushiya lo fairing irula alahlwa ngokuvula kumise mechanical, i eqwalasele nesiqingatha iqokobhe ezimbini ecaleni komgca nkqo yokuzahlula yi isixhobo pyrotechnic obekwe kwi impumlo le fairing. Ke phezu umgca oxwesileyo yokuzahlula kutolwe nezitshixo eziliqela umonakalo, esivumela fairing lisasazwe yokuxazulula ngokusebenzisa intonga entwasahlobo. Yomtya esisekweni ukujikeleza kwicala lwesithuthi kunye nokwahlukana ecacileyo.

inkqubo Ukugcinwa uqalise

Ngokungafaniyo SS-19, nto leyo luzakuqala ukusuka emigodini, bekusungulwa rocket umthuthi "Rokot" uveliswa yokuthwala sungula isingxobo kwi cosmodrome Plesetsk, eRashiya. Le izikhali zigcinwe ixesha elide, oko kufuna kolawulo iimeko zemozulu nokulondoloza nitrogen emoyeni. Zokuhamba kunye nofakelo kwi pad yokuqalisa kwakhona yavelisa olungaphakathi kwisikhongozeli. Ngaphezu koko, isikhongozelo iquka indlela kumalungiselelo-inxelo yaphambi kunye nokhuselo lokusingqongileyo.

Phambi kokuqala oko kwandiswa, kwaye somelezi ukubeka payload, iqonga eliphezulu kunye fairing. To connect umgqomo ngenxa kokufaka ujongano kwakunye namandla kunye ngentambo yeenkcukacha. Xa indawo irula tye "ngokuxokozela" iqamele ijikazi kwi ezantsi kwisikhongozeli. Ngexesha isuka ezihamba discontinuous ukuba luqhawulwe iinkqubo mechanical. Ngethuba lokwaziswa ifowuni lukhokelwa iziporo ezimbini. Le isikhongozeli ukhusela iphedi bekusungulwa ukukhutshwa injini, kwaye isetyenziswa kanye.

anika umdla

Kwasungulwa of imijukujelwa "Rokot" uya kuvingcwa 2017 emva kokuba ukuphunyezwa kuphehlelelwa ngokusesikweni ebicwangciselwe federal nezorhwebo.

Igama SS-19 Upper - NATO ligama olu hlobo ICBM. SS imela inkqubo 'emhlabeni-phantsi "kunye nenombolo 19 yaye igama" Upper "eyabelwe olu hlobo imijukujelwa enjalo weave. ERashiya, igama ezisemthethweni SS-19 - RS-18 kunye ur-100N.

Eyona nto intle malunga irula isithuba "Rokot" utsho Ukuthembeka wayo, nto leyo kuqinisekiswa yi kuphehlelelwa ngokusesikweni 27 yimpumelelo ngaphandle kwe 29 ka 150 esazisa SS-19 3 kuphela ezibe yimpumelelo ekuqaleni ukusebenza ngo-1970. uqala Uvavanyo lwe SS-19 kunye "Rokot" zibanjwa qho ngonyaka njengenxalenye kokuhlola ukuthembeka kwisiphekepheke kunye neemfundiso zemikhosi cosmic.