Space irula. imijukujelwa space Russian kunye US

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-Russian Federation uye kushishino isithuba sinamandla kakhulu ehlabathini. Russia yinkokeli ekuzibonakaliseni kummandla vaakelani va swi va kananjalo ubo kunye eUnited States kwimiba navigation isithuba. Ezinye ongekenziwa welizwe lethu, kukho izifundo ezikude kuphela yendawo omncane, ngokunjalo ekuphuhliseni isekude yomhlaba.

indaba

Space irula wayezelwe kuqala zizazinzulu Russian Tsiolkovsky kunye Meshchersky. Bathi ngo-1897-1903 wadala ngobhalo indiza yayo. Kamva, oku waqala ukuphuhlisa zesayensi amazwe. Yaba amaJamani von Braun kunye Oberth kunye American Goddard. Xa uxolo phakathi iimfazwe, umbuzo ye jet basafunda, kwakunye nokudala amathuba ukwenzela le njongo eqinileyo kunye iinjini lulwelo ababandakanyekayo amazwe amathathu kuphela ehlabathini. Yaba iRussia, i-USA ne Germany.

Yi minyaka ingama-40 th zenkulungwane yama-20, ilizwe lethu libe nebhongo impumelelo efunyenweyo umthamo iinjini okuqinileyo-propellant. Oku ukuba ukusetyenziswa isixhobo esiyingozi ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II njenge "Katyusha". Ngokumalunga ekudalweni imijukujelwa ezinkulu nezixhotyiswe injini fluid, inkokeli iJamani apha. Kungenxa kweli lizwe Vumelana kwamkelwa i "V-2". Lo imijukujelwa yokuqala weave, leyo ube umgama encinane. Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, "V-2" yayisetyenziselwa iziqhushumbisi of England.

Emva kokuba uloyiso yiSoviet phezu iJamani yamaNazi iqela ongundoqo kuWernher von Braun phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe ngqo liqalise imisebenzi yayo eUnited States. Noko ke, bethabathe nabo bevela kumazwe boyiswa ngaphambili zaye zaphuhliswa imizobo kunye izibalo apho kwafuneka ukuba yakhiwe probe isithuba. Kuphela inxalenye encinane yeqela izazinzulu German kunye iinjineli baqhubeka nomsebenzi wayo eSoviet Union de yee-50 kwinkulungwane yama-20. Zokulenza ezinye iindawo isixhobo inkqubo kunye imijukujelwa ngaphandle izibalo kunye nemizobo.

Kwixesha elizayo, kokubini US kunye imijukujelwa USSR "V-2" (apha ke P-1) ziye iveliswa, kwaye uzimisele uphuhliso rocket, eziyilelwe ukwandisa kuluhlu.

mbono Tsiolkovsky

Le sisazinzulu enkulu Russian kunye Umsunguli obalaseleyo self-wafundisa ingqalelo uyise astronautics. Bade ngqangi yembali "Space Free" yayibhalwe 1883. Kulo msebenzi Tsiolkovsky okokuqala wacebisa ukuba intshukumo iiplanethi kunokwenzeka, kunye nemfuneko yale ezizodwa moya, leyo ibizwa ngokuba "irula isithuba". Ithiyori ngokwaso isixhobo lovukelo kuye kwaba ngowe-1903 Kwenziwa equlethwe umsebenzi othi "Isifundo isithuba ihlabathi". Apha umbhali unika ubungqina bokuba rocket indawo izixhobo apho kunokwenzeka ukushiya koMhlaba. Le ngcamango yaba revolution ngokwenene kwinzululwazi. Emva kokuba ukubalekela Mars, neNyanga kunye nezinye iiplanethi uluntu waphupha ixesha elide. Noko ke, abaphengululi baye bakwazi ukufumanisa kufuneka zilungiswe ngayo indiza ekutyibilikeni kwindawo engenanto ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kwenkxaso, ekwaziyo ukuba ayinike lunikezelo. Le ngxaki isonjululwe Tsiolkovsky owoyiswayo ukusebenzisa le njongo yokuba injini ye jet. Kuphela ngoncedo kwindlela nga koyisa isithuba.

isimiso ukusebenza

imijukujelwa Russian isithuba, i-US nakwamanye amazwe kude waya Earth orbit usebenzisa injini rocket, banikela ngexesha elifanelekileyo Tsiolkovsky. Kule nkqubo, amandla eekhemikhali zamafutha aguqulwa abe kumandla entshukumo ubephethwe jet betekisi ukusuka umlomo. Of inkqubo ethile lwenzeka nasemagumbini ukutshiswa injini ezinjalo. Bona okubangelwa indlela oxidant kunye namafutha ifudumeze. Ngaloo iimveliso ukutshiswa-qhinga, eshushu, olukhawulezileyo umlomo yaye betekisi ngesantya esikhulu. Irula xa uhambisa Bulelani umthetho ulondolozo oluqhubekekayo. Ku olungongezwanga, ethe ngqo kwicala elahlukileyo.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho injini yoyilo efana bekwilift isithuba, iiseyile elanga, njalo njalo. D. Noko ke, ukuba asifake isicelo practice, njengoko kusenjalo phantsi kobhekiso phambili.

Kwisiphekepheke lokuqala

Irula Tsiolkovskii ecetywayo zizazinzulu zazimela kwigumbi ezibengezelayo side. Ngokwangaphandle, wayefana ibhaloni okanye ivele. Front, irula isithuba intloko ibiya abakhweli. Apha, izixhobo zokulawula sele ifakiwe, kwakunye absorbers elondolozwe carbon dioxide kunye nezinto ioksijini. Zokukhanya gumbi kubonelelwa zabakhweli. Inxalenye yesibini iphambili rocket Ziolkowski amalungiselelo ezinokuvutha. Xa kuxutywa yaphuma kwinto yokuba kusekwe kunobukhulu Uyadubula. Kwaba elinyukayo endaweni yakhe elikhethiweyo intliziyo ngexabiso kunye betekisi ukusuka kumbhobho ukwandisa ngesantya omkhulu ngokohlobo zegesi ezishushu.

Kangangethuba elide igama Tsiolkovsky akazange kakuhle Wayesaziwa, phesheya nje kuphela kodwa eRashiya. Abaninzi ingqalelo kuye mphuphi, i idealist kunye ome-mphuphi. Uhlolo kunjalo imisebenzi yalo Isazinzulu elikhulu nokufika kwamandla Soviet.

Ukudala inkqubo enomjukujelwa ye-USSR

amanyathelo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso isithuba omncane ziye zenziwa emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Yaba ixesha xa eUnited States, njengoko amandla enyukliya kuphela, waqalisa ukufaka uxinzelelo yezopolitiko kwilizwe lethu. Injongo yokuqala apho wabeka phambi izazinzulu zethu ziye zokuqinisa ukhuseleko eRashiya. Ukuze la phantsi okwangoku iminyaka imfazwe abandayo ukuba kuyimfuneko ukwakha atomic koko hydrogen. Lo, akukho nzima ngaphantsi msebenzi yesibini wayeza kunikela isixhobo kwitekeni. Kuba oku yaye kwakufuneka imijukujelwa zomkhosi. Ukuze obu bugcisa kwasekuqaleni 1946 urhulumente abayili abaziintloko yezixhobo lempukane zakhethwa, iinjini rocket, iinkqubo zolawulo njalo njalo. D. Ijongene ukwakha iyunithi eyodwa zonke iinkqubo aba SP Korolev.

Sele 1948 lowo wokuqala yaphuhliswa enomjukujelwa yiSoviet ballistic iye yavavanywa ngempumelelo. moya ezifanayo US lwenziwa kwiminyaka embalwa kamva.

Ukuqaliswa kwe-satellite sokwenziwa

Ngaphandle urhulumente yokwakha-Soviet emkhosini lizibekele umsebenzi wokuhlola isithuba. Umsebenzi kule ndlela yenziwa zizazinzulu ezininzi kunye nabayili. Kwanangaphambi umoya uvukile enjalo uluhlu enomjukujelwa, kubabhekisi phambili izixhobo, kwacaca ukuba ngokunciphisa payload-moya, akwazi ukuphumeza omkhulu kunayo Velocity isithuba. Oku kubonisa ukuba amathuba utsale kwimali ukujikeleza umhlaba ngayo i-satellite ngumntu. Esi siganeko eziqaphelekayo-ukwenza kwenzeka 10/04/1957 Yaba sisiqalo isiganeko esitsha ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni.

Ukwenziwa izikhali Soviet

Umsebenzi kuphuhliso lwesicwangciso isithuba airless Umhlaba ifuna inzame enkulu ngakwicala amaqela emininzi abayili, oosonzululwazi kunye nabasebenzi. Abenzi bemeko- imijukujelwa isithuba baba ukuphuhlisa inkqubo moya ujikeleza, emhlabeni isiphene inkonzo, njalo-njalo. D.

Injongo umsebenzi onzima. Kwafuneka ukwandisa ubunzima rocket kwaye kwenza kube lula ukuphumeza yesibini isantya cosmic. Kungenxa yoko le nto ngo 1958-1959, eyongeziweyo lobeko isigaba ezithathu injini ye jet yaphuhliswa kwilizwe lethu. Kunye wakhe wokusungula iye yaba lula ukwenza rocket indawo yokuqala, leyo ekhwela ukujikeleza umntu. iinjini-sigaba ezithathu waza wavula indlela okubhabha ukuya enyangeni.

Okulandelayo, asungule iinqwelo ngakumbi nobunzima kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, i-jet injini-imodeli amane yadalwa 1961. Kunye naye, umjukujelwa kufika nje kuphela inyanga kodwa ukufika Mars okanye Venus.

Lo moya wokuqala andize

Qala irula isithuba nendoda kwi bhodi kuqala ngo 12.04.1961 yenyuselwa ukusuka emhlabeni "Vostok" lwaqalwa yi Yuriem Gagarinym. Lo mcimbi yaba yinto enkulu eluntwini. Ngo-Apreli 1961, ukuhlolwa wafumana lwalo lokukhawulelana nophuhliso olutsha. Akulula xa uqeqeshelwa ukuba moya swi wawufuna ukuba abathungi ukudala moya ezinjalo, nto leyo yayiza kubuyela Earth ngokukhuselekileyo soyise emoyeni. Ukongeza, i irula isithuba bekumele ukuba kubonelelwa kwinkqubo ubomi inkxaso oluquka ngokutsha umoya, ukutya kunye nangaphezulu. Yonke le misebenzi iye yasonjululwa ngempumelelo.

ukuhlola ngakumbi isithuba

uhlobo "Vostok" irula ixesha elide negalelo ukugcinwa indima ephambili ye-USSR kwicandelo wokuhlola kufuphi cleaner. nokusebenzisa kwabo akunika kwixesha langoku. Ukuya ku-1964 moya "East" ngaphezu analogue ezikhoyo umthamo wayo.

Thile emva, kweli lizwe lethu kunye nezithuthi ezinamandla ngakumbi ukuba sidalwe eUnited States. Igama imijukujelwa isithuba hlobo, eyenzelwe kwilizwe lethu - i "Proton-M". American izixhobo efanayo - "Delta-IV». EYurophu, isithuthi launch "esandi-5" yenzelwe, lalo uhlobo kakhulu. Zonke ezi ntaka ukuvumela output iitoni 21-25 of imithwalo ukuya kubude 200 km, nto leyo iphantsi-Earth orbit.

izinto ezintsha

Njengenxalenye yale projekthi ukubhabha swi nasenyangeni zadalelwa DB besive kwiklasi super-enzima. Yiyo leyo US enomjukujelwa isithuba njenge "esinguSaturn-5 'kunye H-1 eSoviet. super-enzima kakhulu ngexabiso kamva eSoviet "Energy" lasekwa, nto leyo okwangoku kusetyenziswa. irula enamandla waseMelika i "Space Shuttle". Le enomjukujelwa ukuba orbit iziphekepheke ngobuninzi tonnes 100.

Abenzi-moya

imijukujelwa Space yenzelwe kwaye wadala kwi-DB-1 (Special Design Bureau) TSKBEM (Central Design Yomfuniselo Engineering Office), kwaye i-NGO (Scientific and Industrial Association) "Energy". Kulapha wabona ukukhanya imijukujelwa Russian ballistic zonke iintlobo. Ngoko safika kunye kwizakhiwo elinanye seqhinga phezu izixhobo zethu umkhosi. Ngenxa yemigudu zezi nkampani abasebenzi yasungulwa kwaye R-7 - rocket space yokuqala, leyo kuthathwa ukuba inokuthenjwa ehlabathini okwangoku. Ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, ezi mveliso aqaliswa kwaye kuqhutywa umsebenzi kuzo zonke iindawo ezinxulumene kuphuhliso cosmonautics. Ukususela ngowe-1994, inkampani wafumana igama elitsha, waba OAO RSC "Energia".

Namhlanje, umenzi imijukujelwa space

RSC "Energia". SP I-Queen i ishishini qhinga Russia. Lidlala indima ephambili kuyilo kunye nokuveliswa kweenkqubo va swi. Ingqwalasela enkulu ihlawulwa ekudalweni ubugcisa obutsha. Apha zenziwa iinkqubo isithuba ezizodwa okuzenzekelayo ngexabiso yokuqalisa moya. Ukongeza, RSC "Energy" eli ukungenisa ubugcisa eziphakamileyo ukuvelisa imveliso akazalani kuphuhliso cleaner.

Njengenxalenye yale linge, ukongeza intloko iziko yoyilo zezi:

- JSC "wokulinga Machine Building Plant".

- JSC "PO" Cosmos ".

- JSC "iVolga Design Bureau".

- "Baikonur" yesebe.

Izicelo nathembisayo lweshishini zezi:

- imiba ngakumbi ukuhlolwa kunye nokudalwa isizukulwana entsha inkqubo yezothutho va swi;

- nophuhliso moya swi, ezinako ukukulumkisela kakuhle isithuba omncane;

- uyilo kunye nokudalwa iinkqubo zamandla kunye nesithuba zonxibelelwano ngokusebenzisa reflectors ezikhethekileyo amancinci-ubungakanani kunye eriyali.