Ubume be-Baikonur Cosmodrome: inkcazo, imbali kunye neenkcukacha ezithakazelisayo

I-baikonur cosmodrome, apho i-spacecraft ye-1,500 yaqaliswa kwinqanaba leminyaka elidlulileyo, inokukhokelela kwinani lokuqalisa. Ngombulelo kuye, i-Soviet Union yakwazi ukuthatha isikhundla esiphambili ekuphuhliseni imboni yendawo kunye nesayensi, ishiya i-United States. Intaba yaseKyzylkum yaba yindawo yembali apho i-cosmonaut yokuqala yehlabathi uJuri Gagarin yaya kwi-space, eyabeka abangaphezu kwekhulu abajikelezileyo kwi-orbit yoMhlaba, abangama-62 kubo bangaphandle.

Ngento eyaqala ngayo iBaikonur

Inkulungwane yama-50 yekhulu lama-20 yabhalwa ngokunyanisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwe-USSR kunye ne-USA kummandla wemikhosi, ngokukodwa, ukudalwa kwemibhobho ye-ballistic intercontinental. Ukwakhiwa kwe-cosmodrome yeBaikonur kwakungenye yezigaba zokubambisana, ngexesha apho i-missile yokuqala ye-Soviet intercontinental blastist yayiza kuvavanywa.

Ekubeni uluhlu lweendlela zokuhamba luhamba ngaphezu kweekhilomitha eziliwaka ezisibhozo, kwakukho imfuneko yendlela entsha yokudlula kwinqanaba lase-Asia le-USSR kwaye ngexesha elifanayo elinemihlaba yenkangala efanelekileyo ekupheliseni iibhola eziye zasebenza izigaba zazo kunye nokwakhiwa kwamanqaku okulinganisa.

Ikhomishini ekhethekileyo ekhethiweyo ithathelwe ingqalelo ezininzi: I-Dagestan, i-Mari ASSR, i-Astrakhan ne-Kyzylorda oblasts. Inketlu yokugqibela ngaphezu kweminye idibene neemfuno zabaphuhlisi be-missile ye-R-7, kuba ivumelekile ukuba ibe neendawo zokulawula i-redio kunye ne-missile ye-ballistic kwaye isebenzise ukujikeleza koMhlaba ekuqaleni.

NgoFebruwari 1955 iBhunga labaPhathiswa be-USSR lamkela iMiselo No. 292-181, echaza ukuqala kokwakhiwa kwesibonelelo. Ngoko kwintlango yaseKazakhstan ibonakala "iPolygon No. 5" - i-future cosmodrome Baikonur.

Indawo ye-cosmodrome

Emva kokubhengezwa kwemimandla ye-USSR ecetywayo yokwakhiwa kwe-cosmodrome, ikhomishina karhulumente yakhetha inxalenye yenkangala yaseKazakhstan, ekhohlo laseLwandle lwe-Aral, kufuphi nedolophana yaseBaikonyr. Isayithi esabiwe sasikhona phakathi kwamaKazalinsky kunye neZuzhusaly - amaziko ezithili zesithili saseKyzylorda.

Lo mmandla ubonakaliswe indawo eplani kunye nabemi abancinci. Ukongezelela, kwakukho umgwaqo kunye nomzila woololiwe waseMoscow-Tashkent (iqela laseTura-Tam), kunye nomlambo wase- Central Asia waseSy Darya. Ezi zizathu zixazulula iingxaki ngokunikezelwa kwezixhobo zokwakha, nakwixesha elizayo - iimfono kunye nezixhobo.

Kodwa into eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukufumanisa into esondele kufuphi ne-equator, eyayiququzelela ukuqaliswa kweemfono, kuba kulo mzekelo ukukhawuleza kokujikeleza komhlaba kwandiswa.

Ukususela kwi-barrack yokuqala ukuya ekuqaleni

Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1955, oovulindlela - abakhi bemikhosi beebhozo ezisibhozo - bafika kwindawo yeBaikonur cosmodrome.

Umsebenzi wokuqala weengcali ezifikayo kwakhiwa kwezindlu. Kwakhiwa izakhiwo zokuqala zomthi.

Emva koko, abakhi bezempi nabasetyhini babeza kuseka isiseko semveliso, esabandakanywa izityalo zekhonkrithi, amaqhina omdaka, izinto zokugcina iimpahla zokwakha, kunye nokusebenza kwemithi kunye ne-sawmilling.

Ekupheleni kwe-1956, izinto zokuqala ze-cosmodrome zakhiwe. Umsebenzi wokulungela ukuvavanya iinkqubo zamatyala waqala.

Ngentwasahlobo ka-1957, ubunzima bokulinganisa kwadalwa kulo lonke ummandla waseBaikonur. Ngomhla ka-5 kuMeyi 1957, inkqubo yokuqala yokuthunyelwa komsebenzi yayithunywe nguKhomishina kaRhulumente. I-spaceport yayilungele ukuqaliswa kwe-missile ye-intercontinental.

Isisombululo salolu msebenzi ngethuba elifutshane lidibene neengxaki ezinkulu.

Ubunzima kwindlela eya endaweni

Okokuqala, abakhi badibene nesimo sezulu esibuhlungu saseKazakhstan kunye nokungazinzi kokuphila. Ekuqaleni babe iintente, ngoko, ngokuza kwentwasahlobo, i-dugouts. Iinqonga zokuqala zokhuni zavela kuphela ngoMeyi.

Ekupheleni kukaJulayi ka-1955, kwakhiwa i-pad No. 1 yokuqalisa. Ukwakhiwa kwaqhutyelwa ngehora, njengoko ixesha elide lokunikezelwa kwezibonelelo lifutshane.

Ekuqaleni, kwakungekho ukunqongophala kwezixhobo. Ngokomntu othabatha inxaxheba kwisakhiwo sokwakhiwa kwe-cosmodrome Colonel, uSergei Alekseenko owayethathe umhlalaphantsi, ekulahleni kwabakhi kwakukho kuphela ama-scrapers ama-5, ama-2 bulldozers, abasafuyi aba-2 kunye namaloli okulahla ama-5. Ngoncedo lwale mali bekufuneka ukuba wenze umxokelelwane wesiseko i-50 metres ngokukhawuleza ngexesha elifutshane. Kwaye oku kungaphezu kwesigidi se-cubic metres!

Kwakukho nobuninzi bomdongwe, okwakungenakwenzeka ukuba kuthathe umkhumbi. Le meko igcinwe ngama-toni angamashumi amabini. Umngcipheko wawuninzi, kuba ukutshabalaliswa kwakungavunyelwe. Kodwa yonke into eyenziwe ukuqaliswa kokuqala kwe-rocket.

Kuqala kuqala

Ukuqaliswa kokuqala kwi-cosmodrome yeBaikonur kwenziwe iintsuku ezili-10 emva kokusayina kwesenzo sokwamkelwa kwe-cosmodrome yikomishoni yelizwe.

Ngomhla we-15 kuMeyi 1957 wamisa ngokuphumelelayo imishini ye-ballistic misticle ye-interconnental 8K71 № 5L, eyayiba ngumboniso weR-7 i-rocket "Soyuz". Nangona kunjalo, ngo-Oktobha 4 wonyaka ofanayo wokuqala we-Earth satellite satellite waqaliswa kwindawo .

Kwaye kukho ubuninzi bokuqala kohlobo lwayo:

• NgoSeptemba 14, 1959 - ukuqaliswa kwesitishi-othomathikhi "Luna-2", wehla kwi-satellite satellite;
• Oktobha 4, 1959 - ukuqaliswa kwe "Luna-3", wathwebula umva ojikelezayo wenyanga;
• Ngo-Agasti 19, 1960 - ukuqaliswa kwe-rocket yeVostok, eyayiphethe i-capsule ngeenja;
• Ngo-Apreli 12, 1961 - ukuqaliswa kwezithuthi zeVostok kunye ne-cosmonaut yokuqala u-Yuri Gagarin.

Iingcaphuno: "iBaikonur Cosmodrome", "UkuLahla iMissile", "I-Flight Manning" ngokukhawuleza yaqhelana nabemi belizwe lethu.

Uphuhliso lwe-cosmodrome

Esinye isakhiwo sokwakha sasingaphelelanga ekwakheni i-cosmodrome yeBaikonur. Kwixesha elizayo, izakhiwo zakhiwe iinqwelo zezigaba ezahlukeneyo zokuthwala umthwalo: i-Cyclone-M ukukhanya, i-Soyuz, i-Zenit, iMidiyaya, i-Proton enzima kunye ne-Energia yeklasi ephezulu.

Kwiminyaka emine emva kokuqala kokuqaliswa kokuqaliswa kokuqala, esinye sakhiwa i-Soyuz, efana neyokuqala.

Ngowe-1965, umthumeli wokuqala weProteton wayethunyelwe, kwaye emva konyaka, okwesibini. Ukufakela ezimbini kwi-rocket ye-Cyclone ye-cyclone yanikezwa ngo-1967. Ukongeza, ukwakhiwa nokuthunyelwa kwezibonelelo ezintsha kuphelile de kube ngo-1979. Ngowe-1979, eKyzylorda oblast, apho i-cosmodrome yaseBaikonur ikhona khona, ezinye iinkqubo ezimbini zeProteton ziqaliswa.

Isiseko esihamba kunye ne-cosmodrome siyaqhubeka nokuphuhlisa.

Ubume obubanzi be-cosmodrome

Ukwahlula kweBhaikonur Cosmodrome evela emoyeni kuyamangalisa kwaye ivumela ukuba siqikelele umlinganiselo wayo. Okokuqala, indawo yayo iyamangalisa - i-6717 km yeekhilomitha ezili-square. Ubungakanani ukusuka kumzantsi ukuya enyakatho ngu-75 km, ukusuka empuma ukuya entshona-90 km.

Kule meko, kuchanekile ukuthetha malunga ne-Baikonur complex, equkethe i-cosmodrome kunye nesixeko esifanelekileyo.

Isiseko seziseko zomhlaba sinezixhobo zokuqala ezilishumi elinesibini. Enyanisweni, kuphela ezintandathu ezisebenza: i-Soyuz, iZenit, iProton, i-Energia, i-Energia-iRebhanethi.

Kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezilishumi elinanye zokufaka nokuvandlakanywa, apho iinqwelo ze-rocket (RN) zilungiselelwe, izigaba eziphezulu zokuqaliswa. Kukho ubunzima bokulinganisa kunye neziko lekhompyutheni, isityalo se-oxygen-nitrojeni ekuveliseni iimveliso ze-cryogenic.

Amanqaku okulinganisa asasazeka kwintsimi yaseRashiya naseKazakhstan ngokweendlela zokuhamba kwee-rockets kunye neendawo zokuwa kwamanyathelo.

Iinkcukacha ezithandayo

Yintoni enye ingathethwa ngento enjengeBhaikonur Cosmodrome? Imbali ye-cosmodrome iye yalondoloza amaqiniso amaninzi ngaloo xesha.

Kuyithakazelisa kuqala kuyo yonke imvelaphi yegama layo. Kwindawo yesantla esenyakatho ye-Alatau yayikufutshane kwidolophana yaseKazakh yeBekkonur (ngesiRashiya itywina njengeBhaikonur).

Ekubeni isayithi yokuvavanywa komsila yayisisitrato esiyimfihlo, kwagqitywa ukuba iqale ukwakha i-cosmodrome yamanga kufuphi nale dolophu kwaye ibize iBaikonur ukuze idibanise i-intelligence yase-Amerika. Amajelo aseSoviet asetsaleni kwidolophu yaseBaikonur njengendawo yokuqaliswa kwezidalwa ze-satellites, nangona ngokwenene kuqhutywe kwi-site yesi-test esingu-5, okwakunexesha elithile lalinomxholo ogunyazisiweyo othi "iTaiga".

Kuyathakazelisa ukuba "i-cosmodrome" yayilondolozwe kude kube sekupheleni kweminyaka engama-60.

Ngethuba lokumba komnye umgodi phantsi kwepedi yokuqalisa, kwafunyanwa abantu basekuqaleni (i-age of the find was from 10 to 30 years years). Xa uGreener Korolev efundile ngale nto, wabiza le ndawo ukuba uyavuya xa kuqaliswa i-rocket.

Kwakukho amaqiniso evela kwintsimi "yeengcambu ezivela ebomini." Ngandlela-thile, 12 (ezilishumi elinesibini!) Iitoni zotywala zakhutshwa ukulungiselela iinkqubo. Enyanisweni, ukuhlamba kweenkqubo kwathatha iitoni ezi-7 kuphela. Ukuze ungagcini isicwangciso sokubonelela ngexesha elizayo, unqume ukucima ngasese utywala oseleyo uze ulale.

Nangona kunjalo, le mfihlakalo yayibonakaliswe ngandlela-thile ngabasebenzi bokwakha, kwaye umthetho "owomileyo" owawubusa kwisiza wawukhawulwa ngokukhawuleza. Enyanisweni, le ngxaki yaxazululwa ngokukhawuleza yi nkokheli yeBaikonur cosmodrome: utshwala esihogweni satshiswa.

IBaikonur emva kokuwa kwe-USSR

Emva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, i-cosmodrome yayingaphandle komda we-USSR owawuthatha isikhundla kwi-Russia waza waba yipropati yaseKazakhstan. Ngokwemvelo, kwakukho ubunzima ekusebenzeni kwayo. Iimeko zobomi kunye nomsebenzi wabakhi bomkhosi baye bahlahloka ngokukhawuleza. Oku kwabangela ukuqhuma kwabo. Abaninzi babo, befumene ikhefu, abazange babuyele.

Ibali elifanayo lenzeke ngo-1993 kunye namajoni alungiselela iProteton LV. Isizathu sokuqhayisa kwabo sasingengxenye engaphelelanga. Ama-rocketeers kufuneka asebenze ezintathu.

Ngo-2003, abakhi bomkhosi baphinde bavukela. Ngeli xesha isizathu saloo mbambano sasiyimpumpo yokuba emva kokwakhiwa kwe-cosmodrome "iVostochny" i-Baikonur - indawo ye-spaceport, isayithi esasetyenziselwa ukuqalisa ama-rockets aseRashiya, iya kuvalwa, kwaye umkhosi wayo wezempi uza kuthunyelwa eSiberia.

Ngenxa yesiphumo sokungalawulwa kweenkonzo, abantu besixeko saseBaikonur bancipha. Uninzi lwezindlu zazingenanto. Abaqeshi basuka ngaphandle ngaphandle kokuthatha ifenitshala. Abemi beendawo ezikufuphi, amafulethi angenamntu ayehlala ngokubamba okanye ukubiwe.

Isivumelwano phakathi kweRashiya neKazakhstan ngokuqeshisa i-landfill, ephethwe ngo-1994, igcine imeko. Ukukulungisa, iimali ezinkulu zabiwe.

IBaikonur namhlanje

Namhlanje abemi bamazwe amabini bahlala kwisixeko: iRashiya neKazakhstan. Kukho iingxaki kunye ne "communal". I-Baikonur ephilileyo inikezela ukuqaliswa kwe-LV.

Ukususela ngoJanuwari 2016 ukuya kwangoku, iinqwelo zokuqalisa ezisibhozo ziye zaqaliswa ngempumelelo kwi-Baikonur Cosmodrome. Izicwangciso ezithandathu zokucwangciswa zicwangciswe.

Nangona kunjalo, akubona zonke izicwangciso zaseRussia ezidibanisa ukuqonda kwecala laseKazakh.

Umba wukuthi ukusuka kwi-"Baikonur" i rocket "Proton", esebenza kumafutha atyhefu.

Kule nkalo, ukuqaliswa ngalunye ku-Baikonur cosmodrome kubangela ukunganeliseki kwinqanaba labasemagunyeni baseKazakh, ngakumbi xa ukuqaliswa kungaphumeleli. Kwaye ekubeni umonakalo ongqongileyo uphathwe, iKazakhstan ihambisa iindleko ezinkulu eRussia.

Ihlazo likaBaikonur

Xa ungena kweso sixeko ungabona isikhumbuzo esinomfanekiso wabasebenzi basezimayini abavela ebusweni kwicala elingaphantsi kwalo, nakwindawo ephezulu ye-satellite yokuqala. "Ukusuka emqolombeni - ukuya kwindawo" - eli gama linikezelwa kwisikhumbuzo ngabemi baseBaikonur.

Kukho kwisixeko kunye ne "Japanese Islands", kunye ne "Land Small", kunye ne "Damansky" - ezi ziinkalo zayo ezincinci. Akunzima ukuqagela oko kubangela ukuba la magama avele. Ewe, loo meko nzima apho abahlali baseBaikonur bafuneka khona-abakhi be-cosmodrome yeBaikonur.