Sites zakudala eRashiya nakwamanye amazwe. Types of ezikhumbuzo zakudala

iziza zakudala - ibeyindawo real amangqina cwaka of zaphawula elidlulileyo. Zibonisa umsebenzi umntu owayephila ngaloo mihla, xa kwakhiwa kukho into ethile yelo xesha. Izazinzulu zonke ezikhumbuzo bohlulwa babe ngamaqela kuxhomekeke injongo eyenzelwe ukwakha.

Types of ezikhumbuzo zakudala

kufuneka nje ukuba wenze ubhukisho - ulwahlulohlulo yi ngokwesigqibo esicalanye. imithombo eyahlukeneyo zokuhlela sibhalwe ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo kwaye zahluke kakhulu enye kwenye.

• zesikhumbuzo omngcwabo ziquka udonga lokungqinga, imihlaba yokungcwaba, amangcwaba, cenotaphs, izakhiwo isikhumbuzo kunye nezinye izakhiwo ezininzi. Ezi sayithi zakudala aba kwiintlobo ezininzi. Xa sifunda nabo, izazinzulu akakwazi ukubuyisela izithethe yezizwe, iinkolelo zabo. Kufuneka ke ukuba iindonga zibe yindawo yokungcwaba abantu - oku iziza zixhaphakileyo ngabembi bezinto zakudala kuloo mmandla weRashiya, ingakumbi kwimimandla emathafeni kunye ihlathi.
• Umfiki ohlala zesikhumbuzo ezifana kwisixeko samandulo, yokupaka, umqolomba, iindibano zocweyo mveliso, imigodi, iindlela, iinkqubo zokuzisa amanzi zibonisa ubomi babantu bemihla ngemihla kwaye ulwazi obaluleke kakhulu malunga nendlela yokuphila yabantu oluthile. Chaza zokuhlala abantu, wafumana ngenxa ukombiwa, ngamanye amaxesha eyahlukileyo kakhulu enye kwenye. Ukwakhiwa yeendawo apho abantu ayehlala kwakuxhomekeke ngethuba ehleli e kule ndawo, umsebenzi omkhulu, endingowakhe ukuya umgangatho womntu othile, kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi.
• zesikhumbuzo zonqulo ukunika ingcinga yokuba amasiko, eyenziwe kwiitempile, ooAshera kunye nezinye iindawo bahlonipha umntu. Xa ndisitsho ndithi ezikhumbuzo ziquka imifanekiso ilitye ezikhoyo zonke iindawo ehlabathini. Maxa wambi baba yinxalenye kwisakhiwo yesikhumbuzo, kodwa kwezinye iimeko, zazide indima ezizimeleyo ikhomishini kwezithethe ezithile.
• art bakudala imizobo umqolomba, imizobo, ukukrola. Ezi ntlobo kweziza ze-archaeology afumaneka onke amazwekazi nazo kulo mhlaba. ahluke kuphela umxholo, indlela ngokubulawa. Kwaye kwakuxhomekeke kwixesha ekudalweni imizobo, indawo umntu ahlala kuyo, inkcubeko yawo yokomoya. A isici esasenza amangcwaba olu hlobo kukuba eziphezu komhlaba, yaye umsebenzi okhethekileyo ezinxulumene ifunyanwe, oko akukho mfuneko ukwenza.
• Cave ezikhumbuzo nibagqithile ixabiso elikhulu zembali. Oku kungenxa yokuba umntu kakhulu ixesha elide babesebenzisa nomqolomba njengendawo yakhe yokuhlala okanye indawo yokuhlala engozini. Ke emikhosini ehlelo zaye zabanjwa kuzo. Esikhumbuzo, efumaneka emiqolombeni, ithwale ubutyebi ulwazi malunga nobomi elidlulileyo enzulwini.
• Kuba iqela elikhethekileyo ezikhumbuzo ziquka ezifunyanisiweyo ezingalindelekanga, iintshabalalo, isixeko, ubutyebi kunye nezinye izinto. Ngokutsho kwakhe, nawe, unako ukubuyisela elidlulileyo yembali yabantu.

Khondo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu, waphila amashumi, amakhulu amawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo, nangengqwalasela enkulu khona, yinto inyani. Ezinye zezi iziza zakudala baziwa kakuhle ukuba izazinzulu, uluntu jikelele, ukuba zisetyenziselwa iinjongo ezithile ngumntu mihla. Kwelinye ezenziwe lesintu kodwa ukufunda. Kule meko, iindidi iziza zakudala zahlulwe zibe awaziwayo nangaziwayo. Uhlobo lokuqala Izifundo, bakhuselwe ngumthetho kwelizwe apho ikhona, yaye ngaloo ndlela, ukusa kumkhamo othile ezikhuselweyo ekutshatyalalisweni. Kwifom yesibini ezikhumbuzo, nto leyo ngokuqinisekileyo khona, abantu akazi nto, okoko nje ifihlakeleyo kuthi.

Ixesha yomntu eyayingekaphuhli

Site zakudala ngexesha eyayingekaphuhli ibonisa ukuba ubomi babantu buxhomekeke kakhulu kwi iimeko zemozulu awayephila kulo. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, malunga 35-40 namawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo, inxalenye ebalulekileyo yale mihla European Russia waye kwindawo ezikhubekisayo le glacier.

Uhlobo engundoqo yomsebenzi zabantu kweli xesha kuzingela, njengoko kummandla periglacial, ngezantsi nto vodilos inani elikhulu lezilwanyana. Banika iingubo kuphela kunye nokutya kodwa yokuhlala nazo. Ababhali-mbali baye bafumana iintsalela zokuhlala, apho iintsika axhasayo, iziseko zezakhiwo izakhelo zabo eyenziwe amathambo ezilwanyana ezinkulu. Mammoths, adle, iingonyama umqolomba, imikhombe ezinoboya kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezininzi ziye zazingelwa indoda yamandulo.

Ngexesha ukwakhiwa kwezindlu amelwe yanxitywa ngokunqabisekileyo amathambo kunye, kuba oku ukuba nizenze imigodi vee. izakhiwo Iwagquma ezinjalo izikhumba zezilwanyana efudumeleyo. Amaninzi Sasihlala imilo setyhula kunye nophahla etsobhileyo.

Kwakhona wafumana yokungcwaba abantu - iziza zexabiso zakudala ngexesha lokuqala. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba amathambo ilitye kunye yezilwanyana nezinto eziphambili sokwenza izixhobo, izixhobo kunye izihombo Indoda yakudala. Ngenxa inguqu kwiimeko zemozulu betshintsha enezityalo nezilwanyana, kwakunye neentlobo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Indawo ephambili baba amathafa konogumbe, iindawo eziselunxwemeni okugcina amanzi. Kulapha oosonzululwazi rhoqo ukufumana iziza zakudala, ezinceda ukuhlola indlela yobomi womntu kokubhalwa kwembali.

Kodwa ukufumana umfanekiso opheleleyo kwembali yabantu, izazinzulu kufuneka ukufunda isixa esikhulu sezixhobo zokufunda zembali. Kunye nokuziphatha kakuhle yokomba ngembali rhoqo emsebenzini awukwazi ukufumana iziza zakudala ngoweqela ngamaxesha ahlukahlukeneyo ubomi babantu. Zizo ezi iziphumo zenzululwazi ebaluleke kakhulu.

yobudala itshe

iziza zakudala ye Stone Age kukhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba isiphelo sale xesha, umntu sele ithatha indawo enkulu kunye zokuhlala yayo zibekwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo Umhlaba. Ukwakha kwabantu ngenxa yobushushu kwemozulu, kokurhoxa ezihambayo. Ngayo enezityalo nezilwanyana - kukho amahlathi coniferous, umiwe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezilwanyana. Inani elikhulu kwamachibi ezincinane nezinkulu, apho vodilas intlanzi, wabanika amandla okuqhubela kuphuhliso loshishino lokuloba. Kwaye abazingela izilwanyana zehlathi zahluke sele ebesenza ngayo ngaphambili. Izixhobo kunye nezixhobo efumaneka kwiindawo abahlala kuzo abantu, nangona kwenziwe ngamatye, kodwa waba iifom ezingaphezu ogqibeleleyo kunye neendlela zonyango lo mbandela.

iziza zakudala ye Stone Age baphawula ukuba abantu kukho nasekuthwaseni Nezinqulo, ubugcisa ngamnye. Ukutshintsha iindlela zokuphila zoluntu. iziza zakudala ye Stone Age Russian wafumana phantse kulo lonke elo lizwe. Kwezakhiwo isifundo esifumaneka yintoni na ngoku eKaliningrad, eMoscow, ukulungela ukusebenza kunye yaseTver iingingqi, ummandla Ussuri kunye nezinye iindawo.

Izinto ukwenza kwixesha elidlulileyo

Ukuze kube lula abaphandi kunye nokuqaliswa yodidi oluthile kulo msebenzi kuzo zonke iziza zakudala yehlabathi zibhalwe zize zifakwe kuluhlu ekhethekileyo. Isalathisi kumakishwa uyafumana lilungu kwixesha elithile. Ukongeza, ubalula iindidi iziza zakudala, ichaza kwabo uluhlu ezifunyanisiweyo eziphambili. The degree of kumisiwe kwagqitywa ngexesha efumanise into zembali. Eenzululwazi, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukhankanye indawo ngqo ze-site lesikhumbuzo.

Kule ekwandiseni ungafumana ulwazi malunga nengqokelela zoluntu kunye neemyuziyam ehlabathini jikelele agcinwe izinto afumaneka kwiindawo zakudala. Nawuphi umntu onomdla unalo ithuba lokuba baziqhelanise uluhlu iincwadi, enika inkcazo epheleleyo nangokuchanekileyo iziza zakudala, imbali ukufunyanwa yayo, inkqubela imisebenzi enxulumene yokwemba. Kunokuba ezoncwadi, ezigciniwe kunye nemithombo zenzululwazi.

A Ukongeza elikhulu uluhlu labobalawuli kukho iimaphu zakudala ukuba, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuvumela ukuba ubone ukuba iindawo Emhlabeni nangoku kancinane ufundwa mbali.

Guides kumaziko zakudala zikhona kwilizwe ngalinye. ezikhumbuzo zakudala kwi kummandla Russia ifakiwe nayo kuluhlu ezizodwa, apho ehleliweyo njengolwazi olutsha kubonelelwe zizazinzulu.

ezikhumbuzo Russian zakudala

ezafunyanwa ngabembi bezinto zakudala kummandla eRussia ingaqhelekanga. Abaninzi kubo obalulekileyo kwihlabathi, kwanyanzeleka ukuba izazinzulu ukutshintsha imbono kwekhosi wophuhliso kwaye ubukho impucuko ezahlukeneyo.

Umzekelo, kwi Khakassia, kwintlambo i-White Iyusa, ingcwele yakudala yavulwa ngo-1982. Isakhiwo waphawula yi embhoxo Observatory. Emva kokuhlolisisa okufunyenweyo bezinto zakudala baye bafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ebudeni bexesha le Bronze Age abantu ababehlala yintoni na ngoku eSiberia, bakwazi ukusebenzisa ikhalenda kunye ngokuchanileyo okumangalisayo ixesha.

Nkqu ezingaqondakaliyo isimanga ngakumbi kwindawo Achinsk. Intonga enkulu yophondo lwendlovu isale onepateni yinqobo elingekho ngaphantsi kwe-18 iminyaka eliwaka. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba lo mba kwakhona uhlobo ikhalenda kwenyanga-elanga. Oku kubonisa ukuba khona i nokuba yamandulo ngakumbi impucuko ngaphezu yaseSamariya, umYiputa, Hindu, basePersi, Chinese.

Xa sifika ophezulu Yenisei, zeAltai, yaziwa phakathi abembi Kurgan Arzhan. Into enikisa umdla kukuba imithetho yokwakha yalo kunye nelungiselelo zifana ncam nezo apho izakhiwo yokungcwaba zakhiwa kwenye indawo kunye nangamanye amaxesha.
Ngomhla kummandla Central Asia, kwezona emazantsi eSiberia, zaseCaucasus, iintsalela kweenkqubo zonkcenkceshelo, iindlela, iindawo ukunyibilikiswa yafunyanwa ngama abembi kwi eCrimea.
zesikhumbuzo zakudala Russian ibekwe kulo kurhulumente. ESiberia, eMpuma Ekude kunye nenxalenye yaseYurophu kweli lizwe, i Urals, neCaucasus, zeAltai - imimandla apho ezafunyanwa ezizodwa nembali zisaqala. Kwiindawo ezininzi kwezi nkalo, zamaqula namhlanje.

Kwintsimi Urals yamandulo

iziza zakudala ye Urals wayebhula ngokwenene. Ubukho zokuhlala yamandulo kwezi ndawo, ababhali-mbali bathi ambalwa eminyaka eyadlulayo. Kodwa kuphela ngo-1987, uhambo onqatyisiweyo yokuhlala ekhethekileyo Arkaim wafunyanwa. Le ibekwe kwi-Southern Urals, phakathi ikhondo aphezulu imilambo Tobol kunye nemvelo.

Le hambo wamiselwa ngenxa izicwangciso zokwakha kwezi nkalo ichibi enkulu. abembi squad yayiquka oosonzululwazi ezimbini, kukho abafundi abambalwa. Akukho yenkokheli kunye namalungu hambo wayengenayo ingcamango ubukho enokwenzeka yokuba ilitye lesikhumbuzo yezembali kwimimandla emathafeni lommandla phambene ezizodwa. Iifom uphawu isiqabu iye yabonwa ngengozi.

Ehlabathini isixeko samandulo, izazinzulu baye bafumanisa 21 ngaphezulu zokuhlala zamandulo, nto leyo ibonisa ubukho uhlobo izixeko elizweni. Ukongeza, oku kubonisa kwakhona ukuba iziza zakudala le Urals ezikhethekileyo ngokwenene.

Kwezi ndawo, oosonzululwazi baye bafumana ukuhlala abantu ababehlala apha 8-9 engamawaka eyadlulayo. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, wafumana iintsalela izilwanyana zasekhaya. Oku kubonisa ukuba nokuba umntu wayenza ukulima zabo.

I-minus kuphela kukuba kwimingxuma lwenziwa ngenxa yokungakhathali, besaphula imithetho eyamkelekileyo kunye nemimiselo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, inxalenye yeendawo zokuhlala yamandulo kutshatyalaliswa. Isimo sengqondo esinjalo malunga ngembali ukuba isiqinisekiso sokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ukhuselo iziza zakudala kufuneka wenziwe kwinqanaba likarhulumente kulo.

Imbali Arkaima ngeziphumo waqhubeka. Ngu isicwangciso zokwakha dama, intsimi lonke, nto leyo lesikhumbuzo yembali, waba ukuya ngaphantsi kwamanzi. Noko ke, ngenxa imigudu amanye amalungu oluntu kunye izazinzulu into ekhethekileyo babenokulikhusela.

Ngowe-1992, le ndawo yonke, apho Arch, waya Ilmen Reserve State, abe isebe layo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, siqhuba isifundo ngokupheleleyo lesikhumbuzo. Oku zisetyenziselwa le njongo hayi kuphela indlela yokwemba, kodwa ezinye iindlela zale mihla yenzululwazi ukufunda izinto.

Xa isayithi ye-lesikhumbuzo zokwakha wafumanisa iintsalela abantu kunye nezilwanyana. Safumanisa ukuba ihashe sele isetyenziswe njengento intshukumo yabantu. ikwenze uyaziwa, izixhobo ezisetyenziswa xa isenziwa.

izinto zibe kunye zomdongwe - omnye ubungqina ngakumbi ebonisa inqanaba entsha yophuhliso obugcisa bezandla. Yotolo, izahlulo ezibengezelayo izixhobo ubaqononondise efanayo.

Eyona Akumangalisi ukuba umntu mihla kubonakale ukuba inkqubo yogutyulo namanzi kwafumaneka nqaba.

Samara kunye ngaphambili elikude

iziza zakudala yommandla Samara lwaya engaqhelekanga kuhlobo kunye nezixa ixesha elithile. Oku kungenxa yokuba kummandla Samara mihla kwakuhlala abantu eminye iminyaka eli-100 engamawaka eyadlulayo. Umntu umdla iimeko zendalo zivuma ukuba ezendeleyo kwindawo emathafeni kunye ihlathi-emathafeni.

Namhlanje, izazinzulu wazi malunga namawaka amabini zesikhumbuzo zamandulo, leyo esafunyanwa mmandla. Abanye babo ezikhoyo namhlanje, ngoxa abanye baye zanyamalala ngenxa ukuboniswa kwabo izinto zendalo okanye ngenxa yezenzo zabantu. Kukho zesikhumbuzo ezininzi, ubukho eyaziwa, kodwa umsebenzi zakudala isifundo sawo alikafiki iqalile. Ukongeza, kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba kumbiwa litye lesikhumbuzo kungekudala kuya kukhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni kwalo. Oku kwakhona ixesha imisebenzi kwaye emva aphelela, xa nezakhiwo zamandulo zibethwa yemeko ezisingqongileyo. Ngoko ke, ngesisombululo imfuneko eyombiweyo kufuneka ukulungelelana yaye ziqwalaselwe.
iziza zakudala yommandla Samara ziquka iziza zokuhlala yakudala needolophu, nto leyo ezazakhiwe ngabantu ngamaxesha kamva. Mines, imigodi apho izimbiwa zitsalwe ekuveliseni izixhobo neentonga emkhosini, nabo imithombo yolwazi malunga nemisebenzi ushishino lookhokho bethu.
zokungqinga yokungcwaba beskurgannye - iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezimbini iziza zakudala. Zikwafumaneka kukuninzi kwi kummandla Samara. Ngenxa ngeziphumo equlethwe amangcwaba, wabuyiselwa umfanekiso indoda eyayiphila apha, watyhila iimbono zakhe, ukuba sihlolisise inqanaba lophuhliso kwenkcubeko kunye nobugcisa. Izazinzulu baze bakwazi ukumisela yano kubantu bolunye uhlanga oluthile.

Izityebi elidlulileyo yembali Kazakhstan

iziza zakudala of Kazakhstan nazo zingumthombo otyebileyo ulwazi malunga kunikwe abantu kweli lizwe. Ngenxa yokuba kumaxesha amandulo kwakungekho ezikhumbuzo ezibhaliweyo kuqwalaselwa phantse ubungqina kuphela kwixesha elidlulileyo.

Enye izakhiwo yesikhumbuzo idumileyo - Besshatyr udonga - ibekwe kwi kummandla Kazakhstan yanamhlanje. Ukwakhiwa ukunyanzela kunye isikali yaso - liquka 31 yokungcwaba. ubukhulu sangqa inkulu oziimitha ezili-104, yaye ukuphakama - 17 eemitha. izakhiwo ezinjalo kwezinye iindawo zeli lizwe.

izizwe Saks

Abantu besive kwisebe okwimpuma kwizizwe zamaSkitiya ephila kwaye semi-ephila, ebizwa ngokudibeneyo - Saks. Xa BC nkulungwane yokuqala, ukuba imiwe kwintsimi ikhoyo Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Southern eSiberia, emdeni kuLwandle Aral.

iziza zakudala Saks wavula ezizayo indlela yabo yokuphila, uphuhliso kwinqanaba nenkcubeko kunye namasiko. Iindonga bebekelwa ikakhulu endle yezizwe yokupaka ebusika. Zizo ezi iindawo Saks ngokukhethekileyo kakhulu.
Izinto ezembiwayo kwenziwa zokuhlala ezahlukeneyo izizwe, kwakhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba imisebenzi yezoqoqosho ephambili kaSara izizwe amadlelo eenkomo, semi-ephila kunye amavila. Izizwe sajika iigusha, iinkamela, amahashe. Ngokutsho izinto ezifunyenwe ngethuba yokomba, kwaba nokuba nako ukuchonga zeziphi izilwanyana yabola uhlobo Saks.

Ukongeza, kwafunyaniswa ukuba abantu abangabakhe ngokwezizwe, yahlulwe ngokweendidi - ababingeleli, amadoda kunye abaqhelekileyo. Phakathi amajoni kwaba kumkani, ngubani umlawuli izizwe limanyane imibutho.

Phakathi yesayensi sites kakhulu kaSara zakudala - ezifana Issyk yokungcwaba, Uigarak, Tegisken. Besshatyr and Chiliktinskaya zokungqinga eyaziwa kude ngaphandle Kazakhstan, eRashiya kunye namazwe ico.

Ngexesha kumbiwa ndulana Issyk isidumbu afunyanwa, naye egumbini yokungcwaba bekukho izixhobo osisityebi, kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi zekhaya. Phakathi kwabo, izazinzulu ekuthini malunga namawaka amane amaqhosha egolide. Kusenokwenzeka, indawo ephakamileyo umntu lowo waphumla uthi, nokuba abantu bakholwa ubukho kokufa.

Ukukhusela iziza zakudala

Oosonzululwazi kunye nemifanekiso karhulumente amanye amazwe sele iminyaka emininzi isandi alarm malunga nolo tyelelo ngokungekho nezinto zakudala ibangela umonakalo omkhulu. Ngenxa yomsebenzi esebenzayo aba bantu uluhlu lwamanxuwa zakudala, apho amaninzi baboniswa bonakaliswe.
Ezi zezinto imbali aseNtsho Krasnodar kunye Primorsky Krai, Perm, Karachay-Cherkessia, Astrakhan kunye ummandla Penza, Kislovodsk kunye neminye imimandla emininzi yaseRashiya. Nje lo luhlu buhlungu ekhoyo malunga zesikhumbuzo zaba ngamashumi omathandathu, ogama isiphelo ixhomeke kwesikhokelo lizwe, yaye ukususela kokulula abemi balo.