Yaphula Ukungqingwa iLeningrad ngoJanuwari 1943: i amanqaku ngembali

Ngokuba umyalelo wabongamela Wehrmacht isixeko kwi Neva River akazange kuphela ukubaluleka ebalulekileyo yomkhosi-qhinga. Ukongezelela capturing yonke emdeni Gulf of Finland kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwiBaltic Fleet sisacengwa yokwandisa kude okungenelela. Ukuwa nelaye lasisiseko mbuso eyabangela umonakalo noqhekeko yokuziphatha yonke kubantu Soviet aze kujongela kakhulu isimo salo imikhosi exhobileyo. Xa umyalelo we-Red Army kwaba enye: lokurhoxa kwaye anikezele umzi ngaphandle umlo. Kulo mzekelo, ziyahlelwa nabemi kwakuza kuba buhlungu kakhulu. Hitler wayezimisele ukosula isixeko off kwimephu lokoqobo yeli gama.

Leningrad Wayengqongwe ngokupheleleyo amajoni aseJamani kwaye Finnish Septemba 8, 1941. I abanya iLeningrad yathatha iintsuku 872. Ukongeza kwiiyunithi wamajoni omkhosi kunye wenqanawa ekungqingweni nasekuxinweni laba abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu - iimbacu ezivela eLeningrad kunye aseBalti neengingqi ezikufuphi. Leningrad ngexesha kwafa ayaba ngaphezulu kwama-600 lamawaka. Le umphakathi, apho ekhulwini abantu bebebathathu kuphela abantu ababulawa iziqhushumbisi yaye neziqhushumbisi, kwaye abanye ngenxa yendlala nezifo. Kuye bakhutshwe abantu ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sesigidi.

Iinzame ukuba ndimaphule ukuqapha ngo-1942

Nkqu nakumaxesha anzima imfazwe izame ukuqhekeza encirclement. NgoJanuwari 1942 nomkhosi lasungula iyamcaphukisa ukudibanisa umzi ukuvimbile 'nemisinga' 'kufuphi kwilali Lubz. Ukuzama elandelayo kwenziwa ngo-Agasti - Oktobha, kwicala le lali kunye isikhululo Siniavino Iiklip. Ezi imisebenzi ukuba atyhudise wayethimba iLeningrad ayiphumelelanga. Nangona Sinyavinskaya okuhlaselayo ayiphumelelanga, kodwa oku kushenxa wathiywa rhoqo Wehrmacht iceba ukumbamba umzi.

ngumba qhinga

Le ngokoyiswa amaNazi kwi iVolga River ngokupheleleyo batshintsha intsalela imikhosi qhinga obuxhasa nomkhosi. Phantsi kwezi meko, i Umyalelo High Wamitha ukwenza umsebenzi phezu kweengqukuva deprotected wasentla. imisebenzi okusebenza ebandakanya imikhosi imiphambili iLeningrad, Volkhov, kwiBaltic Fleet kunye Ladoga wayenothotho wafumana igama ikhowudi '' Iskra ''. Ukuxhasa imisebenzi ekhubekisayo kumhlaba waba kwexesha elide mboni. Ukukhululwa Leningrad yaye kuvalwe, nangona buso, kwenziwa kwenzeka ngenxa miscalculations ezinkulu umyalelo waseJamani. UHitler phantsi ukubaluleka izinga ukuqokelelana zolondolozo. Emva izimpi kwindawo eMoscow kumazantsi eli lizwe ukusuka Army Group 'North' ', ezimbini kurhoxiswa iyantlukwano vehicles kunye nenxalenye evisayo leeyunithi nomkhosi lulungisa ngokuyinxenye ukulahleka iqela. Ngu ekuqaleni kuka-1943 eLeningrad kwi abahlaseli wayengekho iiyunithi ezinkulu imishini ukuba ukuthintela ukuhlaselwa waseSoviet Army kunokwenzeka.

amacebo eethenda

Operation "Iskra" engekakhawulwa ekwindla ka-1942. Ekupheleni November, kwekomkhulu iLeningrad Front Ikomkhulu wacebisa ukuba alungiselele ekhubekisayo entsha kwaye kwizixekoapho ring yotshaba ngeendlela ezimbini: Shlisselburgsky kunye Uritskom. High Umyalelo iye ogqibe ukuba ugxininise kuso omnye, nokuzila ukudla, kufutshane-Siniavino Shlisselburg.

November 22 Umyalelo thaca isicwangciso se counter amanyathelo imikhosi oludibeneyo Leningrad kunye Volkhov ezimbalwa. Lo msebenzi waye wamkelwa, ukulungiswa yanikwa ngaphantsi ngenyanga. Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuphumeza lohlaselo ecwangcisiweyo ebusika: intwasahlobo swampland waba ivaleke. Ngenxa nobudlelwane yaqala ngasekupheleni Disemba ndibutshitshise kwafa laye lamiselwa iintsuku ezilishumi. Igama ikhowudi umsebenzi sasibangelwa Stalin. Kwisiqingatha senkulungwane eyadlulayo, VI Ulyanov, ukudala yoshicilelo umzimba yamaBolshevik Party, ebizwa iphephandaba "Iskra" ngenjongo yokuba yintlantsi ndiphembe umlilo wotshintsho. oko Stalin wasondela isifaniso, sigqibe ukuba kushenxa okusebenza ekhubekisayo iza kuphuhlisa ibe yimpumelelo ephambili. Ulawulo jikelele wayenikwe ukulawula K. E. Voroshilovu. Ukunxibelelanisa imisebenzi kwi-Volkhov Front wathunyelwa Marshal G. K. zhukov.

Ukulungiselela lohlaselo

NgoDisemba mkhosi ngokunzima, elungiselwe imfazwe. Zonke iiyunithi zaye aboneleyo kunye nabasebenzi kunye nezixhobo nekhulu ekhulwini, accumulated ukuya kwemijikelo 5 emthethweni ngeyunithi nganye kwezikhali esindayo. Leningrad ngexesha kwafa wakwazi ukunika phambi zonke izixhobo eziyimfuneko zomkhosi neengalo ezincinane. Yaye eyenzelwe ngeeyunifomu umdla kumashishini kuphela ezikhethekileyo, kodwa abemi abase oomatshini bokuthunga ukusetyenziswa lobuqu. Xa Ezomva sappers oomelezwa iibhulorho ezikhoyo ezintsha kwakhiwa. Ukuqinisekisa indlela ukuya Neva zakhiwa malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-50 iindlela.

ingqalelo ekhethekileyo yahlawulwa ukulungiselela ngabantu; kufuneka bafundiswe ukwenza imfazwe ebusika ehlathini ndiwahlasele kwindawo enqatyisiweyo, baxhotyiswa ngamanqaku omeleleyo pillboxes. Xa ngasemva compound ngalinye eneepoligoni amalungiselelo simulating nemiqathango ngamaqhinga ukuhlasela abekwa. Kuba zobunjineli ukuphumelela iinqaba amaqela ezizodwa ukubetha zadalwa. izicatshulwa Minefields kwakhiwa. Zonke iinkokheli ukuya agadwe amaqela ebandakanya afakelwa kunye neemephu refined lokushicilela kunye nemizobo. Nokuhlelwa ngokutsha iveliswa kuphela ebusuku okanye kwimozulu embi. Umsebenzi ingqondo phambi-line. Kuye kwasekwa kakuhle indawo ngoyaba iithagethi yotshaba. Zamagosa zakhiwa imidlalo imfazwe. Isigaba sokugqibela yaba kuqhuba imisebenzi live-mlilo. Amanyathelo ukuze kudanjiswe ukusasazeka olungelulo, izinto ziyimfihlo engqongqo ndithwele iziqhamo. Utshaba wayesazi malunga nokuhlaselwa izicwangciso kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa. Ngakumbi ukuphucula kwicala liyingozi amaJamani akazange abe nexesha.

Sibangwa imikhosi

Ukuqulunqwa kwe iLeningrad Front njengenxalenye yama-42, 55, 67 Army egcinwe ukuziphendulela sixeko engaphakathi kwicala womzantsi-mpuma icici kumgca Uritsk - Kolpino, iindawo ekunene-elunxwemeni Neva - Ladoga. 23 Army baqhube imisebenzi Uyalwa kwicala langasentla Karelian Isthmus. Force ezontathu wayebunjwa 13 Air Army. ukuvimba ukuphumelela ukuba itanki 222, kunye 37 vehicles. Front umthetho yi uLieutenant-General L. A. Govorov. iiyunithi elihamba ngenkxaso umoya we-14 Air Army. 217 kwamatanki zaye bagxila kule ndawo. Volkhov Front umthetho ngu General K. A. Meretskov umkhosi. Le ulwalathiso Breakout, esebenzisa oovimba kunye nokusebenzisa nokuhlelwa ngokutsha, kufikelelwe ukongama lokuSetyenziswa kwaMandla oLuntu izihlandlo ezine ezinesiqingatha, zokudubula - izihlandlo ezisixhenxe, amatanki - izihlandlo ezilishumi, moya - kabini. guns lexinene mortars yi iLeningrad yaba iiyunithi 146 1 km phambi nganye. Kwakhona nokuhlasela zokudubula igcinwe Baltic iFleet Ladoga wayenothotho (88 imipu ukuvuleka ukusuka 100 ukuya 406 mm) kunye moya moya izithuthi.

On Volkhovsky ulwalathiso imipu mninzi zazisuka iiyunithi 101 ukuya-356 leesenti ngekhilomitha. Inani lilonke amandla strike ezivela macala omabini zafikelela 303 lamawaka amajoni kunye namagosa. Utshaba umzi ngamaqela amabini-ezintandathu 18 Army ( 'North' Army Group) kwaye ukuyilwa izahlulo ezine Finnish emntla. Amajoni ethu wenza idabi le yaye kuvalwe, kwakufuneka ahlasele ndawo kakhulu enqatyisiweyo Shlisselburgskaya-Sinyavinskaya, nto leyo sirhelele ngokwezahlulo ezintlanu, ibekwe, anamanci asixhenxe ngemipu kunye mortars. ngokwamaqela umyalelo Wehrmacht Jikelele G. Lindemann.

Battle Shlisselburgsky kwinqwanqwa

Ngobusuku 11 moya Januwari 12 Volkhov Front kunye 13 Air Army of the iLeningrad Front kwaye kwasetyenzwa a iziqhushumbisi enkulu phezu iinjongo pre-kuchaziwe kule ndawo Breakout ekucwangciselwa yena. NgoJanuwari 12, kwi ezidlulileyo yethoba kusasa isiqingatha baqalisa ukulungiselela zokudubula. Bechuba izikhundla utshaba zathatha iiyure ezimbini nemizuzu elishumi. Kangangesiqingatha seyure phambi kokuba gunships ukuhlasela ayihlasela eziphumelela enqatyisiweyo neebhetri zokudubula ka amaJamani. Kwi 11,00 i 67 Army ukusuka Neva kwaye iyunithi yesibini yokothuka kunye imikhosi yesibhozo Volkhov Front lasungula ekhubekisayo. kuhlaselwa elihamba inkxaso zokudubula ukudutyulwa ukwenza kubunzulu umngxuma emlilweni ngekhilomitha enye. amabutho Wehrmacht wamelana ngobundlobongela, nomkhosi eSoviet ingako kunye ezimagqagala.

Kwiintsuku ezimbini zokulwa, umgama phakathi kwamaqela phambili zancitshiswa leekhilomitha ezimbini. Nje kwiintsuku ezintandathu kamva le-phambili ye-Soviet Army kwaba nako ukudibanisa kule ndawo zokuhlala zabasebenzi, inombolo 1 kunye nenombolo 5 Januwari 18 Shlisselburg (Petrokrepost) isixeko wakhululwa kwaye lisuswe lotshaba, bonke ezikufutshane ukuya elunxwemeni kwingingqi Lake Ladoga. Ububanzi kwiipaseji komhlaba lwenziwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwiikhilomitha ezingama-8 ukuya 10. Ngosuku zokwaphula kuvalwe iindlela iLeningrad ethembekileyo link ilizwe umzi 'nemisinga' 'ke labuyiselwa. United Group 2 nemikhosi 67 azamile ukuphuhlisa impumelelo lohlaselo nokwandisa bridgehead ukuya ezantsi. AmaJamani wawanyusa koovimba babo. NgoJanuwari 19, xa amacandelo eziyingozi umyalelo German iintsuku ezilishumi lathunyelwa ngamaqela amahlanu kunye nenani elikhulu zokudubula. Lohlaselo kwindawo Siniavino igwebu. Ukuze ugcine Kumda oyisa, abantu baya phezu ukuzithethelela. Oko laqala empini. Umhla olusemthethweni ukusebenza ngumhla we-30 Januwari.

Iziphumo ze lohlaselo

Ngenxa imikhosi Soviet le Wehrmacht zaye ayegqatse umva ukusuka elunxwemeni of Lake Ladoga, kodwa sixeko kwindawo ngaphambili. Le kwizixekoapho ukuqapha ngexesha ukusebenza '' Iskra '' wabonisa bokudlala zomkhosi ingcinga umyalelo omkhulu. Le ngokoyiswa imikhosi yotshaba kwindawo enqatyisiweyo ngokupheleleyo elungelelanisiweyo ukuhlasela edibeneyo ukusuka ngaphandle kwaye ngaphandle sele umzekelo kwimizobo domestic zemfazwe. Le imikhosi exhobileyo zifumene amava ebalulekileyo ekuqhubeni imisebenzi ekhubekisayo kwindawo enehlathi ebusika. Ukoyisa inkqubo wokhuselo sekhombuya utshaba wabonisa imfuneko ucwangciso ngokucokisekileyo yokuqhuba komlilo zokudubula, kwakunye intshukumo zokusebenza kweeyunithi ngokulwa.

iilahleko amaqela

Nje indlela igazi kwakukho imilo, ngokutsho isibalo. 67 and 13 Leningrad Front Army salahlekelwa kwabulawa abalimele amawaka 41,2. Abantu, kuquka ilahleko ongenakulungiseka yaba 12.4 lamawaka. Abantu. Volkhov Front walahlekelwa 73,9 kunye 21.5 amawaka. Abantu ngokulandelelanayo. izahlulo zibe sixhenxe utshaba yatshabalala. lahleko German yaba ngaphezu kwama-30 amawaka abantu, deadweight -. 13 amawaka abantu .. Ukongeza, njengoko kwimbasa ye nomkhosi wafumana guns malunga ezine mortars, 178 imipu umatshini, 5000 afohlela, yanikwa emthethweni, ikhulu elinamanci mahlanu neemoto. kwamatanki ezimbini ezintsha enzima zafakwa yi T-VI "Tiger".

enkulu ahlula

Ukusebenza '' Iskra '' ukuze ndimaphule kwafa iphumelele iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo. Kwiintsuku ezilishumi zendlela kaloliwe ubude umgca kweekhilomitha engamashumi amathathu anesithathu avuliweyo elunxwemeni of Lake Ladoga. Februwari 7 uloliwe wokuqala bafika eLeningrad. Yathi yabuyiswa uhlale yesixeko kunye neeyunithi zomkhosi, unikezelo lombane liye landa. Kuqaliswe kwamanzi. Kakhulu ngcono imeko umphakathi, amashishini mveliso, kunye noqhagamshelo phambi kwiBaltic Fleet. Xa ezilandelayo iinyanga zonyaka ukusuka iLeningrad babalekiswa kwiindawo bakhulise ngaphezu kwamakhulu asibhozo amawaka abemi.

Ukukhululwa iLeningrad ukusuka yaye kuvalwe ngoJanuwari 1943 yaba umzuzu ephambili ukuziphendulela mzi. imikhosi yiSoviet kule ndawo ekugqibeleni bababamba inyathelo qhinga. It lwapheliswa ingozi compound German kunye nemikhosi Finnish. Januwari 18 - imini zokwaphula kuvalwe iindlela Leningrad - isixeko bagqiba Sikwithuba elibaluleke yodwa. Ukugqitywa ngempumelelo utyando lube ezibalulekileyo zabantu gqitha abantu belo lizwe. Hayi idabi elikhulu-isikali Second World War wawurhola ingqalelo le-Elite kwezopolitiko yolwandle. US uMongameli Theodore Roosevelt uvuyisene ubunkokheli eSoviet ngempumelelo emkhosini, yaye abahlali sixeko bathumela ileta, leyo wavuma nobukhulu feat, nesibindi alawule kunye nesibindi.

waphula kuvalwe iindlela Leningrad Museum

Kuyo umgca ngxabano i wamisa zezikhumbuzo kwinkumbulo iziganeko ezibuhlungu nokobuqhawe loo minyaka. Ngowe-1985 kwisithili laseKirov yommandla kufuphi kwilali Marino yavulwa diorama '' Yaphula abanya eLeningrad '. Kungenxa kule ndawo ngoJanuwari 12, 1943 iiyunithi umkhosi 67 wawela Neva kwi kulengqele waphuncuka eziphumelela yotshaba. Diorama 'Leningrad kwafa yama' ' imele umzobo kubungakanani 40 8 yeemitha. On the ngelaphu ichaza iziganeko ukuhlaselwa ukhuseleko German. Phambi ilaphu isicwangciso substantive, kunye ezinzulwini ezisuka kweemitha-4 ukuya ku-8, recreates a imifanekiso-ntathu zithuba enqatyisiweyo, imisele zonxibelelwano, izixhobo zomkhosi.

Unity Ukwakhiwa ngelaphu yayingumfuziselo kunye noyilo bayawarhawula kudala isiphumo phambi kakhulu. Ngomhla elunxwemeni Neva kukho isi- '' ukwaphula ukuqapha '. Monument i T-34 Itanki, ekhwele phezu kwamanqwanqwa. Ukulwa isithuthi odlula ezifana ukudibanisa ku Volkhov Front. Kwindawo evulekileyo phambi lolondolozo lwembali nayo kuboniswa izixhobo ebudeni bemfazwe.

Okukunyusa yokugqibela kuvalwe iindlela eLeningrad. 1944

Zalisa ukususwa singqingiwe njalo ke isixeko kamva ngonyaka ngenxa yokubhuqiswa iLeningrad-Novgorod ekhubekisayo. Abendlu ka-Volkhov, kwiBaltic naseLeningrad fronts woyisa imikhosi eziyintloko 18 Army of the Wehrmacht. January 27 mini esemthethweni yokususwa zokungqinga imini 900-phantse. A 1943rd Yabhalwa kwi historiography kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II njengonyaka sesona sisombululo le kuvalwe iindlela eLeningrad.