Inzululwazi yentlalo yintoni? Yintoni isifundo sezesayensi zentlalo? INkqubo yeZenzululwazi zeNtlalo

Inzululwazi, njengenye yeendlela zokuqonda kunye neenkcazo zehlabathi, ihlala iguqukayo: inani lamasebe alo kunye nezikhokelo zikhula ngokukhawuleza. Olu phuhliso luboniswe ngokucacileyo ngokuphuhliswa kwezenzululwazi zentlalo, evula izixhobo ezintsha zobomi bomsebenzi wanamhlanje. Ziyintoni na? Yintoni ekufundeni kwabo? Funda kabanzi malunga nale nto kwinqaku.

I nzu lulwazi

Le ngcamango ibonakala ngokutsha nje. Iingcali zenzululwazi zidibanisa ukuvela kwayo kunye nokuphuhliswa kwezesayensi, nto leyo eyaqala ngekhulu le-16 neye-17. Kwakuloo ndlela inzululwazi yaqalisa indlela yayo yophuhliso, ukudibanisa kunye nokuyithatha yonke inkqubo yolwazi olungabonakaliyo lwezesayensi olwakhiwa ngalolo xesha.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inzululwazi yentlalo yinkqubo ebalulekileyo yolwazi lwezesayensi, elinezantsi elineenkalo zoluleko. Umsebenzi wokugqibela uphando olubanzi loluntu kunye nezinto zalo.

Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo kunye nokuqulunqwa kweli candelo kule minyaka emininzi edlulileyo lenza imingeni emitsha kwisayensi. Ukuvela kwamashishini amatsha, inkxalabo yobudlelwane boluntu kunye nobudlelwane kufuna ukuba kusetyenziswe amacandelo amasha, ukusekwa kwezixhomekeke kunye nokuhlala rhoqo, nokuvula amasebe amatsha kunye namacandelo amacandelo alolu hlobo lwesayensi yolwazi.

Yintoni efundayo?

Impendulo yombuzo woluphi umxholo wezentlalo zentlalo sele ubeke kuyo. Le nxalenye yolwazi lwezenzululwazi igxininisa imizamo yayo yokuqonda kwiinkalo ezinzima njengoluntu. Ingundoqo yeyona nto ibonakaliswe ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yokuphuhliswa kwezentlalo.

Esi sihlandlo sivame ukuhanjiswa njengesayensi yoluntu. Nangona kunjalo, ukutolika okubanzi kwesi sifundo asivumeli ukuba sifumane umfanekiso opheleleyo.

Yintoni uluntu kunye noluntu?

Impendulo yalo mbuzo yazama ukunika abaphandi abaninzi, kwimihla yamandulo neyadlulayo. Inzululwazi yanamhlanje ingakwazi "ukuqhayisa" inani elikhulu leenkcazo kunye neengcinga ezichaza intsingiselo yegama "loluntu". Oku kungenakukwazi ukuhlala kuphela komntu omnye, imeko efunekayo apha yile nxalenye yezidalwa ezininzi ekufuneka zibe yinkqubo yokusebenzisana. Yingakho namhlanje izazinzulu zimelela uluntu njengoluhlobo "lwe-clot" yazo zonke iintlobo zonxibelelwano kunye nentsebenziswano ejongene nehlabathi lolwalamano lwabantu. Kukho iimpawu ezihlukeneyo zoluntu:

• Ubukho bentlalo ethile yoluntu, ebonisa uhlangothi loluntu lobomi, ulwalamano lwentlalo kunye nolwahlulo lwentsebenziswano.
• Ubukho beemibutho zolawulo, abahlali bezentlalo zibiza ii-social institutions, ezi zilandelayo zizinxulumano ezizinzileyo kunye nolwalamano. Umzekelo ocacileyo weziko elinjalo yintsapho.
• Indawo ekhethekileyo yentlalo. Iindidi zezizwe azisebenzi apha, ekubeni uluntu lungahamba ngaphaya kwazo.
• Ukwaneliseka ngumgangatho owenza ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa uluntu nakwamanye amaziko afana noluntu.

Ukuqwalasela ukubonakaliswa ngokubanzi kwecandelo elisisiseko senzululwazi, umntu unokunyusa ingcamango yalo njengesayensi. Oku akusiyo nje inzululwazi malunga noluntu, kodwa inkqubo ehlangeneyo yolwazi malunga namaziko ahlukeneyo oluntu, ubudlelwane, uluntu.

Inzululwazi yezeNtlalo ifundela uluntu, yenze imbono eyahlukileyo. Ngamnye uqwalasela into ecaleni layo: isayensi yezopolitiko - ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho - ezoqoqosho, izifundo zenkcubeko - inkcubeko, njl.

Izizathu

Ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-16, ukuphuhliswa kolwazi lwezenzululwazi kuye kwaba namandla, kwaye phakathi kwe-19, inkqubo yokwahlukana iye yabonwa kwisayensi esaziwayo. Ingundoqo yelokugqibela yayikuthi amasebe ahlukeneyo awakhiwa ngexesha lolwazi lwesayensi. Isiseko sokwakhiwa kwawo kwaye, ngokwenene, isizathu sokuhlukana kwakukhethwa yinto, isihloko kunye neendlela zokuphanda. Ngokweziseko zala macandelo, iinqununu zazijoliswe kwiindawo ezimbini eziphambili zobomi bomntu: indalo kunye noluntu.

Ziziphi izizathu zokuhlukanisa nolwazi lwesayensi nolwaziwa namhlanje njengenzululwazi yesentlalo? Oku kubaluleke kakhulu utshintsho olwenzeka kwintlalo ye-16th-17th century. Ngaloo ndlela ukubunjwa kwalo kuqala kwifom apho kuye kwasinda khona namhlanje. Izakhiwo ezingapheliyo zommandla wendabuko zithatyathwa ngolu bunzima, obunokuba luninzi lwengqalelo, kuba lube luyimfuneko nje kuphela ukuqonda iinkqubo zentlalo, kodwa nokukwazi ukukwazi ukulawula.

Enye into eyabangela ukuvela kwezesayensi zentlalo yayikuphuhliso olusebenzayo lwezenzululwazi zendalo, olwenziwe ngandlela-thile "ukukhupha" kwangoko. Kuyaziwa ukuba enye yeempawu zobunzululwazi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 yinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-nature understanding of the community kunye neenkqubo ezenzeka kuyo. Ubungqina beli ndlela kukuba izazinzulu zentlalo zazama ukuchazela ngaphakathi kwiindidi kunye nezindlela zezesayensi zendalo. Kwaye kukho inzululwazi, eyakhayo, u-Auguste Comte, ibiza i-physics ye-social. Usosayensi, xa efunda uluntu, uzama ukusebenzisa kuye iindlela zendalo -zesayensi. Ngaloo ndlela, inzululwazi yoluntu yinkqubo yolwazi lwezenzululwazi oluye lwaphuhliswa kamva (kwendalo) kwaye lwaphuhliswa phantsi kwefuthe layo ngqo.

Ukuphuhliswa kwezenzululwazi zentlalo

Uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwolwazi malunga noluntu ekupheleni kwe-19 ukuya kwe-20 leminyaka lwenziwa ngenxa yomnqweno wokufumana iinqonga zokulawula kwihlabathi eliguquguqukayo. Isayensi yezendalo, ukungakwazi ukujamelana nenkcazo yeenyaniso kunye neenkqubo zentlalo , zifumana ukungahambisani nokunciphisa. Ukuqulunqwa nokuphuhliswa kwezenzululwazi zentlalo kuvumela ukufumana iimpendulo kwimibandela emininzi yexesha elidlulileyo nelikhoyo. Iinkqubo ezintsha kunye neziganeko ezenzekayo kwihlabathi zifuna iindlela ezintsha zokufunda, kunye nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe kunye neendlela zakutshanje. Konke oku kukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kolwazi lwesayensi luluntu ngokubanzi kunye neentlalo zentlalo ngokukodwa.

Ngenxa yokuba i-stimulus yokuphuhliswa kwezenzululwazi zentlalo iyimvelo, kubalulekile ukufumanisa indlela yokwahlula omnye komnye.

IiNzululwazi malunga nendalo kunye noluntu: iimpawu ezahlukileyo

Uhlobo oluphambili, oluvumela ukuba udibanise ulwazi oluthile kwiqela elithile, ngokuqinisekileyo, into yokufunda. Ngamanye amazwi, yintoni inzululwazi ejoliswe kuyo, kule meko, ezi zimbini iindlela ezahlukeneyo.

Kuyaziwa ukuba izazinzululwazi zendalo zenzeka ngaphaya kwezesayensi zentlalo, kwaye iindlela zabo zathintela ukuphuhliswa kwendlela yokugqibela. Uphuhliso lwayo lwaluqhutyelwa kwisithenjwa esithile sokuqonda - ngokuqonda iinkqubo ezenzeka kuluntu, ngokuchaseneyo nenkcazo isayensi inika ngayo malunga nendalo.

Olunye uphawu olugxininisa ukungafani phakathi kwezesayensi zendalo kunye noluntu kukubonelela ngenjongo yokuqonda. Kwimeko yokuqala, inzululwazi ingaphandle kwesihloko sophando, ukuyiqwalasela "ukusuka ngaphandle." Okwesibini, udla ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo ezenzeka kuluntu. Apha, ukunyanzeliswa kukuqinisekiswa ngokuthelekiswa kunye namaxabiso kunye neenkcubeko: iinkcubeko, ukuziphatha, inkolo, ezopolitiko kunye nabanye.

Ziziphi iinzululwazi zentlalo?

Qaphela nje ukuba kukho ubunzima ekunqumeni ukuba ungabelana nani okanye isayensi. Ulwazi lwangosayensi lwanamhlanje ludlulisela kwizinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-interdisciplinarity, xa izazinzulu ziboleka iindlela. Yingakho maxa wambi kunzima ukuhlukanisa isayensi njengenye okanye elinye iqela: ezenzululwazi zentlalo nezendalo zineenkalo ezininzi ezibahlanganisayo.

Ekubeni isayensi yenzululwazi yenzekile emva kwezesayensi zendalo, kwinqanaba lokuqala lokuphuhliswa kwayo, abaninzi abasosayensi babekholelwa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuphanda uluntu kunye neenkqubo ezenzeka kuyo ngokusebenzisa iindlela zendalo zesayensi. Umzekelo ocacileyo yintlalo-ntlalo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-physics physics. Kamva, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yabo yeendlela, ezentlalo (ezentlalo) zenzululwazi zishiye kwi-sciences yemvelo.

Enye into edibanisa la masebe yenzululwazi kukuba ngamnye wabo ufumana ulwazi ngeendlela ezifanayo, phakathi kwazo:

• Inkqubo yeendlela eziqhelekileyo zenzululwazi njengengqwalasela, imodeli, uvavanyo;
• Iindlela zokwazisa ukuqonda: uhlalutyo kunye nokuhlanganiswa, ukuchongwa kunye nokuncitshiswa, njl.;
• Ukuxhomekeka kwezinto zenzululwazi, ukuhambelana kunye nokuvumelana kwemigwebo, ukungabonakali kweengcamango ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nokuchaneka kwezichaso zabo.

Kwakhona, zombini iindidi zesayensi zihambelana nento ehluke ngayo kwezinye iintlobo kunye neefom yolwazi: ukuchaneka kunye nolwazi oluchanekileyo lwolwazi olufunyenweyo, ukungqinelana kwazo, njalonjalo.

Inkqubo yolwazi lwesayensi yoluntu

Zonke iintlobo zezesayensi ezifundisisa uluntu ngamanye amaxesha zidibaniswa zibe nye, ezibizwa ngokuba yizesayensi yoluntu. Olu qeqesho, oluyinkimbinkimbi, luvumela ukuba lube nombono oqhelekileyo uluntu kunye nendawo kulo mntu. Yakhiwe ngesiseko solwazi malunga nemida eyahlukeneyo yobomi bomntu: ezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko, inkcubeko, ingqondo kunye nabanye. Ngamanye amazwi, inzululwazi yoluntu yinkqubo edibeneyo yezesayensi zentlalo eyenza inkolelo yezinto ezinzima kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo njengoluntu, indima nemisebenzi yomntu kulo.

Ulwahlulo lwezesayensi zentlalo

Ngokweziseko zenzululwazi zezenhlalakahle zingezantsi nawaphi na umgangatho wolwazi malunga noluntu okanye unike ingcamango malunga nawo onke amanqanaba obomi balo msebenzi, izazinzulu ziye zahlula zibe ngamaqela amaninzi:

• Okokuqala kubandakanya ezo zenzululwazi ezinika iingcamango jikelele malunga noluntu ngokwawo, imithetho yophuhliso lwayo, iinjongo eziphambili, njl (i-sociology, ifilosofi);
• Isibini sibandakanya ezo zikhokelo eziphonononga kwelinye icala loluntu (ezoqoqosho, isayensi yezopolitiko, izifundo zeenkcubeko, ukuziphatha, njl);
• Iqela lesithathu liquka i-sayensi ejikeleza zonke iinkalo zobomi bentlalo (imbali, i-jurisprudence).

Ngamanye amaxesha inzululwazi zentlalo zihlukaniswe ngamacandelo amabini: uluntu kunye noluntu. Bobabini baxhamene ngokubanzi, kuba badibene noluntu ngendlela enye. Iyokuqala ibonisa iipatheni eziqhelekileyo zenkqubo zentlalo, kwaye yesibini ibhekiselele kwisigaba esiphezulu esicinga umntu ngokubaluleka kwakhe, iinjongo, iinjongo, injongo, njl njl.

Ngaloo ndlela, singathi inzululwazi zentlalo zifundisisa uluntu ngokubanzi, njengengxenye yezinto eziphathekayo, kunye nendawo encinci - kwinqanaba likarhulumente, isizwe, intsapho, imibutho okanye amaqela oluntu.

Iingcali ezidumileyo zentlalo

Ukuqwalasela into yokuba uluntu lwanamhlanje luyinkimbinkimbi kwaye luyintlobo eyahlukeneyo, akunakwenzeka ukuyifunda kwisakhelo soqeqesho olulodwa. Le meko inokuchazwa ngesiseko sokuba inani lobudlelwane kunye nokudibanisa kuluntu namhlanje lukhulu. Sonke sibhekana ebomini bethu ngeendlela ezinje: uqoqosho, ezopolitiko, umthetho, inkcubeko, ulwimi, imbali, njl. Konke oku kwahlukileyo kubonakaliswa ngokucacileyo kwindlela abantu abaphila ngayo namhlanje. Yingakho kunokwenzeka ukuzisa okungenani ubuninzi bezentlalo zezentlalo ezili-10, ngasinye sichaza enye yamacandelo enkcubeko: inzululwazi, inzululwazi yezopolitiko, imbali, ezoqoqosho, ubugcisa, imfundiso, i-culturology, i-psychology, geography, i-anthropology.

Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, umthombo wolwazi oluyisiseko malunga noluntu luluntu. Nguye obonakalisa intsingiselo yale nto eninzi yokuphanda. Ukongezelela, isayensi yezopolitiko yanamhlanje, eyaziwa ngumbutho wezopolitiko, uye wafumana ukuthandwa okwaneleyo.

I-Jurisprudence ivumela ukuba ufunde indlela yokulawula ubudlelwane kuluntu ngoncedo lwemigaqo yokuziphatha, echanekileyo ngurhulumente ngendlela yemithetho esemthethweni. Yaye i-psychology ivumela ukuba yenziwe ngoncedo lwezinye iindlela, ukufunda i-psychology yesihlwele, iqela kunye nomntu.

Ngaloo ndlela, nganye yesayensi yezeNtlalo i-10 ihlola uluntu ukusuka kwicala layo ngoncedo lweendlela zaso zophando.

Iimpapasho zezenzululwazi zipapasha izifundo zophando lwezentlalo

Enye yezona zidumileyo yincwadi ethi "IzeNzululwazi nezeNtlalo". Namhlanje ingomnye weempapasho ezimbalwa ezivumela ukuba uqhelane nolunye udidi lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zesayensi zenzululwazi malunga noluntu. Kukho amanqaku malunga nenzululwazi kunye nembali, isayensi yezopolitiko kunye nefilosofi, izifundo eziphakamisa iingxaki zesicwangciso seenkcubeko nezengqondo.

Inkalo ebalulekileyo yokushicilela yile nzekayo yokufumana kunye nokuqhelana nophando oluphakathi kwamanye amazwe, oluqhutyelwa kwintsebenziswano yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zesayensi. Namhlanje, ihlabathi lehlabathi jikelele lenza iimfuno zalo: usosayensi kufuneka ashiye isakhelo esincinci kwishishini lakhe kwaye acinge ngeendlela ezikhoyo ngokuphuhliswa koluntu jikelele njengelungu elilodwa.