I-biotic factor, udidi lwezinto eziphilayo

Igama elithi "biotic" (ukusuka kwisiGrike-biotikos) liguqulelwe njengobomi. Le ntsi ngiselo yegama elithi "biotic factor". Kwifom eqhelekileyo, eli candelo lenzululwazi lithetha isethi yeemeko kunye nemigangatho yeendawo eziphilayo ezichaphazela ngqo umsebenzi obalulekileyo wezinto eziphilayo. I-Sovietistist-zoologist eyaziwayo ye-Soviet VN Beklemishev ichazwe zonke izinto eziphilayo zendalo kunye namaqela aphezulu amane:

Imiba yezinto eziphathekayo - ezo zidibene neenguqu kwimvelo ngokwazo;

- trophic - ezi zizinto ezibonakalisa izimo zondlo zendalo;

Imveliso yefomathi, ebonisa izibophelelo zoshishino apho iintlobo zeentlobo ezifanayo zisebenzisa izilwanyana ezahlukeneyo (okanye iinxalenye zawo okanye iimveliso zomsebenzi obalulekileyo) njengezinto zokwakha;

Ebunzini - linxulumene nokuhamba kwezinto eziphilayo zintlobo enye ngezilwanyana zezinye iintlobo.

Njengomthetho, umphumo wezinto ezicatshangelwayo zibonakaliswa ngendlela yokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo kwindawo ethile kunye nempembelelo abayisebenzelana ngayo. Ubonakaliso obubalulekileyo befuthe lezinto ezibonakalayo zendlela zonke izinto ezichaphazelekayo zichaphazela imeko. Iimpembelelo ezinjalo zichazwe ngokucacileyo ngendalo yezinto eziphilayo .

Kuyo yonke inkoliso yentsebenziswano phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezizalise imo-ngqongileyo, ubudlelwane bwakhiwe ngokuqhelekileyo ukwahlukana ngqo kwaye ngqo. Ukongezelela, ubudlelwane be-intraspecific ne-interspecific bahlukeneyo. Kwimeko yokuqala, ukusebenzisana kunye nemiphumo yabo phakathi kwabameli bezilwanyana eziphilayo ezibonakaliswe kukuncintisana kwe-intraspecific kunye neempembelelo zeqela kunye nemiphumo emininzi ziqwalaselwa. Ubudlelwane obuphathekayo, njengomthetho, bahluke kakhulu kwaye bubonakalisa uluhlu olubanzi kakhulu lwentsebenziswano. Olu lwalamano, ngenxa yohlukahlukana kwabo, luhlelwe kwiintlobo ezinjalo:

- Ukungathathi-hlangothi-uhlobo lolwalamano apho i-biotic factor inqumle ukungathathi hlangothi ngokupheleleyo (ukungabikho inzuzo okanye ukulimala) ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo;

- I-Sinoykia luhlobo lolwalamano apho ummeli wezilwanyana olunye usebenzisa umzimba wakhe ukuba ahlele ikhaya lakhe ngaphandle kokubangela ingozi ethile. Olu hlobo lubizwa nangokuthi indawo yokuhlala okanye ukuhlalisana;

- Ukhuphiswano lubuhlobo obuphikisanayo obuphikisanayo phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo kwindawo ethile kwaye zidibene kunye kunye nale ndawo. Apha kukho umzabalazo ngqo "kwindawo phantsi kwelanga", ngokutya, izindlu kunye nezinye izibonelelo;

- ubudlelwane-uhlobo lobudlelwane obuphathekayo apho i-biotic factor ithi "kuphela inzuzo" ngokuzibandakanya kwezinto eziphilayo;

- Iprotooperatsiya luhlobo lolwalamano apho ubomi, ubuncinane kwexesha elithile, benokuyenza ngaphandle komonakalo omkhulu kubomi babo;

- kunye ne-commensalism, i-biotic factor inikeza ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo, apho enye isebenzisa enye njengendlu ngaphandle kokubangela ingozi enkulu. Umzekelo wale nto unokuba yi-bacteria, ezikhoyo kwisixa esikhulu kwisigxina somntu esiswini;

- ukuxhaswa kwemvelo - uhlobo lolwalamano oluthile, olubonakaliswe ngolu hlobo, apho inzuliso eveliswa yinto enye kwenye, ayikhathaleli;

- uhlobo lolwalamano apho iilwanyana eziphila ngeendleko zezinye izidalwa, ziyingozi kwale mihla, zibizwa ngokuba yi-parasitism;

Ukudalwa.

Njengomthetho, zonke iintlobo zobudlelwane obuchaseneyo ziqinisekisa ukulondolozwa kweentlobo zabantu kunye nokugcinwa kwamanani abo.