I-Carbide: ifomu, isicelo kunye neepropati

Uninzi lweemveliso zeekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo ziyaziwa kwihlabathi: malunga namakhulu ezigidi. Kwaye bonke, njengabantu, ngabanye. Awukwazi ukufumana ezimbini izinto ezinokwakheka kweekhemikhali kunye nezixhobo zomzimba ezahlukeneyo.

Enye yezinto ezinomdla kakhulu ezithandekayo ezikhoyo kwihlabathi i-carbides. Kule nqaku, siza kuxubusha isakhiwo sabo, izixhobo zomzimba kunye nemichiza, isicelo kunye nokuhlaziya iinkcukacha zemveliso yabo. Kodwa okokuqala, ncinane malunga nembali yokufumanisa.

Imbali

I-carbides ye-Metal, iifomula esiza kunika ngazo ngezantsi, aziyizixhobo zemvelo. Oku kubangelwa ukuba iamolekyu zabo zithinteka xa zidibanisa namanzi. Ngoko ke, oku kulungile ukuthetha malunga nokuzama kokuqala ukwenza i-carbides.

Ukususela ngo-1849, kuye kwabakho iingxelo kwi-synthesis ye-silicon carbide, kodwa ezinye zale mizamo azihlali zingabonakali. Imveliso emikhulu yemveliso yaqala ngowe-1893 ngu-chemistry waseMelika u-Edward Acheson ngendlela eyabizwa emva kwayo emva koko.

Imbali ye-synthesis ye calcium carbide nayo ayifani kakhulu. Ngomnyaka we-1862, wathola isazi samakhemikhali saseJamani, uFriedrich Wöhler, ukufudumala kufutha i-zinc kunye ne-calcium ngamalahle.

Ngoku ma siqhubekele kumacandelo anomdla amaninzi: iimveliso zamachiza kunye nemvelo. Emva koko, yinto ebalulekileyo ekusebenziseni le klasi yezinto.

Iipropati zomzimba

Ngokuqinisekileyo zonke i-carbide zihluke ngobunzima bazo. Ngokomzekelo, enye yezona zinto eziqinileyo kwizinga le-Mohs yi- tungsten carbide (9 kwi-10 ebonakalayo). Ukongezelela, ezi zinto ziyakhankanya kakhulu: i-melting point of some of them reaches two degrees.

Uninzi lwe-carbides lusetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwemichiza kwaye ludibanise nexabiso elincinci lezinto. Azinakuncibiliki kuyo nayiphi na i-solvents. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenzisana namanzi kungathathwa njengokutshatyalaliswa, ngokutshabalaliswa kweebhondi kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-hydroxide yentsimbi kunye ne-hydrocarbon.

Impendulo yokugqibela kunye nezinye izinto ezinomdla eziguqukayo ezibandakanya i-carbides ziya kuxutyushwa kwicandelo elilandelayo.

Iimpawu zeChimpi

Phantse yonke i-carbides isabela ngamanzi. Ezinye zilula kwaye zingabikho ukufudumeza (umzekelo, i- calcium carbide), kunye nezinye (umzekelo, i-silicon carbide) - xa umphunga wamanzi uphelelwa kuma-1800 degrees. Ukusetyenziswa kweli phepha kuxhomekeke kwimeko yobophelelo kwinqanaba, esiza kuthetha ngalo kamva. Ekuphenduleni ngamanzi, ii-hydrocarboni ezahlukeneyo zenziwa. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba i-hydrogen equlethwe emanzini ifakwe kwi-carbon kwi-carbide. Ukuqonda ukuba yiyiphi i-hydrocarbon ifunyenwe (okanye zombini inkunkuma kunye ne-unsaturated compound ingafumaneka), enye inokuqhubeka isuka kwi-valency ye-khabhoni equlethwe yinto yokuqala. Umzekelo, ukuba sinayo i-calcium carbide, ifom ye-CaC ₂ , sibona ukuba iqulethe i-ion C ₂ ^2- . Oku kuthetha ukuba ioni ezimbini ze-hydrogen kunye nentlawulo + zinokuqhotyoshelwe kuyo. Ngaloo ndlela, sithola i-C ₂ H ₂ -acetylene. Ngendlela efanayo, ukusuka kwinqanaba elinjenge- aluminium carbide, ifom ye-Al ₄ C ₃ , sifumana i-CH ₄ . Kutheni ungayi C3 H ₁₂ , ubuza? Emva koko, ion ine-12-. Inyaniso kukuba inani eliphezulu lamathom e-hydrogen lichongwa ngu-formula 2n + 2, apho n inombolo yee-athomu ze-khabhoni. Ngenxa yoko, kunokukho kuphela i-compound ene-formula C ₃ H ₈ (propane), kwaye ion nge-12-decays kwi-ions ezintathu kunye nentlawulo ye-4, abayinike yona xa idibene neeponononi ze-molecule.

Inomdla yindlela yokuphendula nge-oxidation ye carbides. Ziyakwenzeka zombini phantsi kweempembelelo ezixutyanisiweyo zemixholongwane, kunye nokuvutha okuqhelekileyo kwimoya ye-oxygen. Ukuba i-oksijeni yonke into icacile: i-oxide ezimbini zifunyenwe, ngoko ke ezinye i-oxidizers ziyathakazelisa. Yonke into incike kwiimeko zetsimbi eyingxenye ye-carbide, kunye nangokwemvelo ye-oxidant. Ngokomzekelo, i-silicon carbide, ifom ye-SiC, xa isebenzisana nomxube we-nitric ne- hydrofluoric acid, iifom hexafluorosilicic acid kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-carbon dioxide. Kwaye xa senza impendulo efanayo, kodwa nge-nitric acid kuphela, sithola i-silicon oxide kunye ne-carbon dioxide. I-oxidizers ingaquka i-halogen kunye ne-chalcogenes. Nabo, nayiphi na i-carbide interacts, ifomula yokusabela incike kuphela kwisakhiwo sayo.

I-carbides yensimbi, iifomula esiye sazicingisisa, azikho nje abameleli beli klasi yamacandelo. Ngoku siza kujonga ngokukhawuleza kwintsebenziswano nganye ebalulekileyo yezo mphuhliso zeklasi kwaye ke sithetha ngesicelo sabo ebomini bethu.

Ziziphi i-carbides?

Kuvela ukuba i-carbide, ifom ethi, i-CaC _2, ihluke kwisakhiwo esuka kwi-SiC. Kwaye ukwahlukana ngokukodwa kwimeko yokubopha phakathi kwama-athomu. Kwimeko yokuqala, sijongana ne-carbide yetyuwa. Eli klasini lamacube luthiwa ngokuba liziphatha njengetyuwa, oko kukuthi, liyakwazi ukuhlukana kwiion. Ubuhlobo obunjalo be-ioni bubuthakathaka kakhulu, okwenza kube lula ukwenza ukuphendula kwe-hydrolysis kunye nezinye iinguqulelo eziquka ukusebenzisana phakathi kweeon.

Olunye, mhlawumbi uhlobo olubaluleke kakhulu lwe-carbide luhlobo lwe-carbide e-covalent: njengokomzekelo, i-SiC okanye i-WC. Ziye zibonakaliswe ngokunyaniseka okukhulu kunye namandla. Kanye kunye nokukhankanya kunye nokuzama ukuphucula iikhemikhali.

Kukho i-carbides zetsimbi. Kungakumbi kunokuthiwa njengengqungquthela yesinyithi nekhabhoni. Phakathi kwezi, sinokuhlukanisa, umzekelo, i-cementite (i-carbide yensimbi, ifom echaphazelekayo, kodwa ngokulinganayo ifana neyodwa: Fe ₃ C) okanye i-iron cast. Benza imisebenzi yamakhemikhali, ephakathi kwinqanaba layo phakathi kwe-ionic kunye ne-carbides ephihliweyo.

Ngalunye lwale micimbi yeklasi yeemveliso zamakhemikhali esixubushayo sinokusetyenziswa kwayo. Ngokubhekiselele ekusebenzeni kwazo kunye nokuba kuphi, siya kuthetha kwicandelo elilandelayo.

Ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwecarbides

Njengoko sele sixoxe ngazo, i-carbides edibeneyo inezona zixhobo ezininzi. Ezi zinto ziquka izinto ezihlaziyiweyo kunye nezixhobo zokusika, kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo (umzekelo, njengenye yezinto ezifakwe kwisigqeba somzimba), kunye neengxenye zomoto, izixhobo zombane, izinto zokufudumala kunye namandla enyukliya. Kwaye akusilo uluhlu olupheleleyo lwezicelo zala ma-carbide angaphezulu.

Ukusetyenziswa kancinci kwenziwe ngetyuwa-eyenza i-carbide. Indlela abasabela ngayo ngamanzi isetyenziswe njengendlela yebhubhoratri yokufumana i-hydrocarbons. Oku kwenzeka ntoni, sele sichitshiweyo ngaphezulu.

Kanye kunye ne-covalent, i-carbides zensimbi zine-widest application kwishishini. Njengoko sithe satshilo, uhlobo olunjalo lwezinyithi lweemveliso esizixubushayo zithenda, ziphosa iintsimbi kunye nezinye izixhobo zentsimbi kunye nokufakwa kwekhabhoni. Njengomgaqo, isinyithi equlethwe kwizinto ezinjalo zikwinklasi yeesinyithi ze-d. Kungenxa yoko uzimisele ukwenza iimbopheko ezingavumelekanga, kodwa njengoko kwakungeniswa ukungena kwisakhiwo sensimbi.

Ngokombono wethu, zikhona izicelo ezingaphezulu kokwaneleyo kwezi zinto ezikhankanywe ngasentla. Ngoku makhe sijonge kwinkqubo yokufumana.

Ukuveliswa kwecarbides

Iintlobo zokuqala ezimbini ze-carbides esicacileyo, ezibizwa ngokuba zi-covalent kunye neetyuwa, zidla ngokufumaneka ngendlela enye elula: ngokusabela kwe-oxide ye-elemental kunye ne-coke ekushiseni okuphezulu. Ngexesha elifanayo, inxalenye ye coke elinekhabhoni idibene ne-athomu yezinto kwi-oxide kwaye ifake i-carbide. Elinye inxalenye "ithatha" i-oksijini kunye nefom carbon monoxide. Le ndlela inamandla kakhulu, kuba ifuna ukugcina ukushisa okuphezulu (malunga nama-1600-2500 degrees) kwindawo yokuphendula.

Ukufumana ezinye iindidi zee-compounds, ukusetyenziswa kwamanye okusetyenziswa kusetyenziswa. Umzekelo, ukuchithwa kwekhampani, ekugqibeleni kunika i-carbide. Inkomfa yokuphendula ixhomekeke kwinqumle ethile, ngoko asiyi kuxubusha.

Ngaphambi kokugqiba i-article yethu, siza kuxubusha ezinye i-carbides ezithakazelisayo kwaye sithethe ngazo ngokubanzi.

Iimpawu ezinomdla

Carbide ye sodium. Ifom yeli candelo liyi C ₂ Na ₂ . Oku kunokwenzeka ukuba umele ukubonakaliswa njenge-acetylide (oko kukuthi, umkhiqizo wokutshintshwa kwee-athomu ze-hydrogen kwi-acetylene kwi-athomu ye-sodium), kwaye ingabi i-carbide. Iifomula yeekhemikhali ayibonakali ngokucacileyo ezi nkcukacha, ngoko kufuneka zifunwe kwisakhiwo. Le yintsimbi esebenzayo kwaye, nayiphi na inxibelelwano yamanzi, iyayiphendula kakhulu kunye nayo ukwenza i-acetylene kunye ne-alkali.

Magnesium carbide. Ifomu: iMgC ₂ . Izindlela zokufumana eli qulunqwa ngokwaneleyo lenza umdla. Omnye wabo ubonisa ukukhanda i-magnesium fluoride nge-calcium carbide kwindawo ephezulu. Ngenxa yoko, kukho iimveliso ezimbini: i-calcium fluoride kunye ne-carbide esiyidingayo. Imfomula yale mpendulo iyinto elula, kwaye unako, ukuba ufuna, uyifunde kwiincwadi ezizodwa.

Ukuba awuqinisekanga malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphathekayo kwinqaku, kwinqanaba elilandelayo lilandelayo.

Oku kunokuba luncedo njani ebomini?

Ewe, okokuqala, ulwazi lweemichiza zamakhemikhali alunakuze lube lukhulu. Kuhlala kukulungele ukuxhobela ulwazi kunokuhlala ngaphandle kwayo. Okwesibini, xa uyayazi ngakumbi ngobukho beemveliso ezithile, bhetele uqonde indlela yokubunjwa kwawo kunye nemithetho evumela ukuba babe khona.

Ngaphambi kokuya ekupheleni, ndingathanda ukunika ezinye iingcomo ekuhloliseni le ngcaciso.

Ndingayifunda njani le nto?

Kulula kakhulu. Le yecandelo nje lemakhemikhali. Kwaye kufuneka kufundwe ngokweencwadi zezifundo ze-chemistry. Qalisa ngolwazi lwesikolo uze uqhubeke ngokubanzi, ukusuka kwiincwadi zeyunivesiti kunye neencwadi zokubhaliweyo.

Isiphelo

Esi sihloko asiyinto esilula kwaye sinomtsalane njengoko kubonakala ekuqaleni. I-Chemistry inokuhlala inomdla xa ufumanisa injongo yakho kuyo.