Materials inzululwazi netheknoloji izinto. Technology zezixhobo zokwakha

Elithile "Materials Science and Technology of Materials" yenye yezona iinkalo ezibalulekileyo phantse kubo bonke abafundi zobunjineli. Ukudalwa ezintsha anokuba bakhuphisane kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuphumeza ngaphandle nolwazi olunzulu lwe sifundo.

Funda i uluhlu izinto ezahlukeneyo ekrwada kunye neempawu zezixhobo inxaxheba kule khosi. iimpawu ezahlukeneyo izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo ukujonga uluhlu ngokusebenzisa yabo ubugcisa. Isakhiwo lwangaphakathi intsimbi okanye edityanisiweyo ingxubevange iba nefuthe ngqo kwi kumgangatho kwimveliso.

iipropati key

Materials inzululwazi netheknoloji zezixhobo zokwakha bathi iimpawu ezine ibaluleke gqitha kuyo nayiphi intsimbi okanye ingxubevange. Eyokuqala iimpawu zomzimba kunye mechanical ukuba ukuqikelela umgangatho nokusebenza kunye netheknoloji kweemveliso elizayo. Iipropati mechanical Basic apha amandla - oko kuchaphazela ngqo nokungonakali lwemveliso ogqityiweyo phantsi kwempembelelo nomthwalo. Imfundiso sentshabalalo kunye namandla yenye yeendima eziphambili ikhosi yabaqalayo "Materials Science and Materials Technology". Le isayensi isiseko theoretical okufumana aluminium ezifanelekileyo zokusebenza kunye namacandelo ukuba nokuveliswa kwamalungu kunye iimpawu amandla afunekayo. iimpawu kwezobugcisa kunye nezokusebenza kuvumela ukuqikelela ukuziphatha lwemveliso ogqityiweyo kule yokusebenza kunye kakhulu imithwalo, ukubala amandla ngokupheleleyo, ukuvavanya phakade yonke indlela.

izinto ngqo

Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane yokugqibela, izinto esisiseko yokuvelisa oomatshini yi metal. Ngoko ke uqeqesho "Izixhobo" byi ingqalelo enkulu kwinzululwazi metal - inzululwazi lwesinyithi kunye aluminium zabo. A igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso yalo zizazinzulu yiSoviet: Anosov P. P., Kurnakov NS, Chernov D. K. kunye nabanye.

materials Iinjongo

Imithetho Izinto ezifunekayo isifundo lweenjineli elizayo. Ngapha koko, injongo ephambili yokubandakanywa olu qeqesho kule khosi yoqeqesho kukuqeqesha abafundi bezenjineli ukwenza isigqibo esisiso zezixhobo iimveliso eyenzelwe ukwandisa ixesha umsebenzi wabo.

Ekufezekiseni le njongo iza kunceda iinjineli elizayo ukusombulula ezi ngxaki zilandelayo:

• Kakuhle nokuhlola iimpawu zobugcisa izinto ngokuhlalutya iimeko wokwenziwa imveliso inkonzo ubomi.
• Ngaba kakuhle ibunjwe-zenzululwazi amathuba okwenene endlela kukhona okanye ingxubevange iipropati ngokutshintsha ubume bayo.
• Ukuze ukwazi zonke iindlela zokuqinisa izinto ezinokuthi ukuqinisekisa elide kunye nokusebenza kwezixhobo kunye nemveliso.
• Ngaba phambili ulwazi amaqela aphambili ngezinto ezisetyenziswayo, iimpawu kula maqela kwaye isicelo.

ulwazi oludingekayo

Ikhosi "Materials Science and Technology zezixhobo zokwakha" ilungiselelwe abo bafundi sele ingaqondwa ngubani, akwazi ukuchaza indlela intsingiselo iimpawu ezifana ombane, umthwalo, iplastiki kunye deformation ilastiki imo mba, i-atom ngesakhiwo crystal zesinyithi, iintlobo imixokelelwane kwemichiza, iimpawu ezingundoqo emzimbeni izinyithi. Ngexesha sifundo, abafundi bafumana uqeqesho olusisiseko ukuba kuya kufuneka ukuba ukoyisa iinkalo iprofayili. indlela abadala uphonononga iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuvelisa kunye nobuchwephesha, apho indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa izinto inzululwazi kunye nezinto nobuchwepheshe.

Ngubani ukusebenza?

Ulwazi iimpawu zolwakhiwo kunye nokubalulwa lwesinyithi kunye aluminium luncedo namachule, iinjineli okanye abayili abasebenza kwicandelo ukusebenza koomatshini mihla. Iingcali endle ubugcisa izinto ezintsha indawo yomsebenzi ukufumana kubunjineli, izithuthi, aerospace, amandla, ishishini sithuba. Kutshanje, kukho ukunqongophala leengcali kunye idiploma ye 'izinto inzululwazi netheknoloji zemathiriyeli "kwishishini zokhuselo kwaye kuphuhliso lwe iindlela zonxibelelwano.

uphuhliso Materials

Njengoko uqeqesho, izinto ngumzekelo isayensi eqhelekileyo kubantu, echaza ekwakhiweni, isakhiwo neempawu zesinyithi ezahlukeneyo kunye aluminiyamu zawo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukileyo.

Ukukwazi ukuvelisa isinyithi kunye aluminium ukuvelisa umntu ezahlukeneyo abazifumene ithuba lokwanda kuluntu kwakudala. Kodwa eyahlukileyo materials science inzululwazi neteknoloji izixhobo baqalisa ukuba kufundwa iminyaka kancinane ngaphezu kwama-200 eyadlulayo. Le ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-18 - ixesha lwezona ye French Scientist-Isazinzulu Reaumur, ngubani kuqala wazama ukufunda isakhiwo yangaphakathi sentsimbi. izifundo ezifanayo lwenziwa umenzi IsiNgesi Grignon, ngo-1775 wabhala umyalezo encinane watyhilelwa kubo isakhiwo columnar, nto leyo akhiwa Ukuqinisa yentsimbi.

In uBukhosi Russian, imisebenzi yokuqala yezenzululwazi entsimini ngentsimbi obuphezu M. V. Lomonosovu, ngubani, xa kwisikhokelo wakhe wazama ukuba achaze ngokufutshane uhlobo kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo metallurgical.

A sitsibe insimbi enkulu phambili eyenziwe Ngenkulungwane ye-19 kusasa, xa sele ziphuhlisiwe iindlela ezintsha zophando izinto ezahlukeneyo ziye. Ngowe-1831, imisebenzi P. P. Anosova wabonisa ukuba kungenzeka ukuba bahlole i isinyithi phantsi ngemicroscope. Emva koko, izazinzulu ezininzi ukusuka kumazwe aliqela utshintshwano zezakhiwo ziye angqiniweyo ngokwezenzululwazi ukuba iintsimbi xa lungapholi oluqhubekayo.

elikhulu Kwiminyaka kamva ixesha iimikroskopu ezamehlo iye yaphela. Technology zezixhobo zokwakha nako ukwenza izinto ezintsha, usebenzisa iindlela lixesha. Endaweni izixhobo ze-elektroniki ukuba yokukhanya. insimbi wenyama babhenele iindlela ngekhompyutha lokuqaphela, ingakumbi, diffraction neutron kunye electron diffraction. Ngezi lobuchwepheshe emitsha ukwandisa amacandelo lwesinyithi kunye aluminium ukuya ku 1000, nto leyo ithetha ukuba izizathu kwizigqibo zenzululwazi nengozi enkulu.

mfundo malunga isakhiwo izinto

Xa inkqubo ukufunda uqeqesho, abafundi bafumana ulwazi theoretical malunga nesakhiwo lwangaphakathi zesinyithi aluminium. Emva kokugqiba lo abafundi khosi ezi zakhono zilandelayo kufuneka ifunyanwe:

• zangaphakathi isakhiwo crystalline ngamatye ;
• i anisotropy kunye isotropy. Yintoni eyabangela ukuba le mihlaba, nendlela kungachaphazeleka;
• isakhiwo iziphene zesinyithi ezahlukeneyo kunye aluminium;
• iindlela zophando sombutho-sakhiwo yangaphakathi eziphathekayo.

izifundo ezisebenzayo Materials ingqeqesho

Materials nguSihlalo ifumaneka kwikholeji nganye zobugcisa. Ngexesha sicatshulwa ye zifundo, umfundi efunda obu buchule bulandelayo:

• Imithetho insimbi - imbali kunye neendlela zale mihla zokwenza aluminiyamu yesinyithi. Imveliso zentsimbi kunye nentsimbi emlilweni kukhala mihla. Ukugxothwa zentsimbi kunye nesinyithi, neendlela zokuphucula umgangatho weemveliso ngentsimbi. Ucalulo nokufaka sentsimbi, iimpawu zayo zobugcisa ngokwasemzimbeni. Ukunyibilikiswa izinyithi ayoni kunye aluminium zabo,-aluminiyam, ikopolo, titanium, kunye nezinye zesinyithi nonferrous. Faka nale izixhobo.

• Materials iziseko ziquka isifundo Foundry imveliso, mihla imeko yayo, jikelele flowsheets ukufumana castings.
• Imfundiso deformation zeplastikhi, umahluko phakathi deformation ebandayo kunye eshushu, ukuba lukhuni, eli kwanokwenza eshushu, iindlela nokwakhiwa ebandayo, isicelo izixhobo uluhlu sokunyathela.
• Yacaca: uhlobo nkqubo kunye nemisebenzi esisiseko. Yintoni na imveliso ematyeni ukuziqengqa, kwaye kusetyenziswa apho kuyo, kufuneka ukuba izixhobo yerenti zokuzoba. Indlela ukufumana kweemveliso ezigqityiweyo kule lobuchwepheshe, kwaye kusetyenziswa apho.
• Segesi imveliso, iimpawu zayo jikelele kunye nethemba yophuhliso, lucalulo ukuwelda izinto ezahlukeneyo. iinkqubo Physico-lweekhemikhali apha welds zemveliso.
• izinto Composite. Iiplastiki. Iindlela zokufumana iipropati eqhelekileyo. Iindlela zokusebenza kunye nezinto ahlanganisiweyo. isicelo Outlook.

Uphuhliso Modern kwezinto

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izixhobo inzululwazi iye yafumana umfutho enamandla yophuhliso. Imfuneko yeziveliso ezintsha iye ukuba izazinzulu ukuba bacinge malunga nokufumana izinyithi ehlambulukileyo kwaye ultra-nyulu, sisebenza ekudalweni izinto ezahlukeneyo ekrwada ngoba ekuqaleni a yokusebenza abaliweyo. izinto zokwakha Modern iteknoloji inika ukusetyenziswa izinto ezintsha endaweni metal oluqhelekileyo. ingqalelo ngakumbi ehlawulwa ngokusetyenziswa iiplastiki, iseramikhi, izinto edityanisiweyo, zona ezi parameters amandla, ehambelana ne-hardware, kodwa akukho nanye kubakho iingxaki.