Uphi i-Central Forest Reserve? I-Central-Forest State Biosphere Reserve: inkcazo, uhlobo kunye neenkcukacha ezithakazelisayo

Kukulungele ukuba kwilizwe lethu elilodwa lendalo ligcinwe kwizizukulwana ezikhoyo kunye nezizayo, apho ungayithanda khona uhlobo lwalo lwangaphambili, ukugcina izilwanyana ngokubanzi, ukuphefumla impepho enikezela ubomi ubomi beentyantyambo kunye nemifuno! Enye yezona ngqungquthela iCentral-Forest State Nature Reserve. Unolwazi olungavamile, oludlulileyo oludlulileyo kunye nento enhle. Oososayensi baqhuba uphando lwabo olubalulekileyo, ngaloo ndlela baqinisekise ukuba kukho ezinye iindawo zaseRussia eziphilayo. Kodwa i-reserve ivulelekile kubo bonke abathandi bemvelo. Abantwana bayonwabile ngakumbi apha. Kubo, imisebenzi yokuzonwabisa yangaphandle kunye neendwendwe ziqhutyelwa, kwaye uBaba Yaga, ohlala ehlathini, ulungiselela ukuba i-botanists abancinci kunye ne-zoologists bahlolwe ngokwenene.

Indawo

I-Central-Forest State Nature Reserve ikhona kumazwe aseTver esifundeni ukuya ngasentshona-ntshona ukusuka eTver. Kwimifanekiso, indawo yakhe malunga nezixeko ezinkulu ezikufuphi zibukeka kanje:

• Ukusuka eMoscow kumgama ochanekileyo ukuya kwi-285 km;
• Ukusuka eKaluga 274 km;
• Ukususela kwiVitebsk 212 km;
• Ukusuka kwiSmolensk 175 km;
• Ukususela kwiTver 167 km;
• Ukusuka eRzhev 75 km.

Ngama-68 km ukusuka kumazwe agciniweyo, iLake Seliger inqabileyo ihamba.

Indawo, i-Central-Forest State Reserve ihlala kwi-Valdai Upland, emanzini amaninzi (iCaspian-Baltic) efikelela phezulu kwimifula yaseVolga ne-Western Dvina. Ephantse kwimida yommandla, okanye ngqo kwimimandla yayo, imithombo yamanzi iMezh, Tyudma, Tudovka, kunye neZhukop iphuma emhlabeni.

Imbali yokugcina

Iindawo apho i-Central Forest Reserve yesithili saseTver ifumaneka kakuhle kuze kube yile nkulungwane ye-20 kuba ukubunjwa komhlaba kunye nemimoya yamahlathi kubangele ubunzima kwezoqoqosho. Ngekhulu le-18 babizwa ngokuba yi-Okovsky okanye i-Volkonsky Forest. Kwakukho ukuthulupha apha. Iidolophana ezimbalwa kuphela ezazikhusela emifuleni yaseTudovka naseZhukop. Kwihlathi lase-Okovsky kwakukho iindawo zokuzingela i-General Romeyko, i-Count Sheremetyev kunye nabanini bezindlu. Bonke beza ukuzingela kwaye besasetyenziselwa ihlathi, kwaye i-Romeiko nayo yavelisa imiyalelo yokukhusela kwihlathi layo, inqabela ukukhusela nokungena, nangona kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezahlukileyo apho kwakungekho manzi angenawo amanzi, abalimi bahlutha okanye baqhumisa iindawo, balima Zadalwa ngamakhaya okuhlala.

Ngowe-1905, ukwesaba kwe-revolution, abanikazi bokuqala baqala ukuthengisa izabelo zabo, kwaye abanini abatsha ngenxa yengeniso bakha into ababeyifunayo. Iimeko azizange zitshintshe nangemva koMkhulu we-Oktobha ka-Okthoba we-1017. Ngowe-1920 kuphela urhulumente waseSoviet wayejongene nokulondolozwa kwemithombo yendalo.

Izigaba zesiseko

I-Central Forest Reserve yeTver Region yasungulwa kumaphepha ngo-1931 ngehora leeholide elitsha, ngo-Disemba 31. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kwendalo yakhe kwaqala ngonyaka we-1925. Emva koko uprofesa oncedisayo weziko lootitshala kwiSmolensk, iGrigory Leonidovich Grave, wahombisa uhambo lokufunda izixhobo zemvelo kufuphi neMoscow kwaye wenza isigwebo sokuba ilizwe leTver phakathi kweVolga kunye neNorthern Dvina ezifanelekileyo kakhulu ukugcinwa. Oku kwachaswa ngabenzi bokungena kwezi ndawo kwaye banqumla ngokukhawuleza imithi ebalulekileyo, ukuze amazwe alahlekelwe yixabiso lonke. Ngowe-1930, iGrave yaququzelela uhambo olutsha kwaye ichaza intsimi entsha kwindawo egcinwe kuyo. Ukususela kumanqaku alo omdala kwakuquka kuphela iihektha ezingama-3000. Siyabulela kwimigudu yaloo mntu, indawo yabonakala, kwaye uGrave waba ngumlawuli wayo.

Bunzima

Kwiminyaka yama-30 kunye no-40 indawo yokugcinwa kweHlabathi eliMkhulu kufuphi neTver yasebenza ngokuphumelelayo kwaye ivelise kakuhle - yakha izakhiwo zolawulo, ii-laboratories, izindlu zabasebenzi, iindlela. Kusebenza apha abantu abangama-61, ababenabo abasi-15 bezokhuseleko kunye nabasebenzi abaphando abangama-21. Inzame eninzi yanikezelwa kulondolozo olutsha oluthile lwezilwanyana uVladimir Stanchinsky, oye wahlela indlela ehlangeneyo yokusebenza. Kodwa le ndoda yanyunjwa ngowe-1941, iphethwe, iphoswe entolongweni, apho yafa khona emva konyaka.

Urhulumente uxhaswa ngemali kakuhle, okwenza ukuba kube lula ukwenza uphando oluninzi kwaye kuphunyezwe iiprogram ze-eco, kodwa yonke imfazwe yaphuma. Abaninzi abasebenzi baseburhulumenteni okanye abavolontiya phambili, ababesele bazama ukukhupha ummandla, kwaye abantu basekuhlaleni abangenakuziphendulela bathabatha konke abakwaziyo. Ngomnyaka we-1941, iqela lokuxhatshazwa lisebenza kwindawo yendawo yokugcina. Ama-fascists kunye neendlebe zabo, iipolisa, babesaba ukungena ehlathini, kodwa baphanga i-manor kunye neyamyuziyamu, bachithe iqoqo kunye nemibhalo yesandla, babonakalise i-ruble engama-265,000, eyona nto yayingumlinganiselo omkhulu kwixesha lamaSoviet.

Ngaphambili kuphela ukufudukela entshonalanga, ukugcinwa kwamahlathi aseMbindi weHlabathi kwaqala kwakhona umsebenzi walo. Abasebenzi bakhe babenabantu aba-13 kuphela. Abantu bakha ngokutsha bavuselela ii-laboratories ezilahlekileyo, zenziwe kwakhona. Kodwa ngo-1951 indawo yokuvuswa yavuswa yavalwa, kwaye abasebenzi baxoshwa. Kuphela emva kweminyaka engama-9, ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaphangwa kwaye yalahleka, yaphinde yavuselelwa. Ngowe-1985, lo mhlaba wawugcinwe kwiinkonzo zamazwe ngamazwe ezikhuselekile ze-UNESCO. Ngoku kukho isebe lenzululwazi, abasebenzi basebalindi, i-laboratory ye-craniological, ingongoma eqinile ekufundeni ubomi beebhere ezibomvu, idolophana yabasebenzi, indlu yindwendwe kunye nehostele yezokhenketho yakhiwa.

Ulwakhiwo

Indawo egcinwe kwiCentral Forest ihlala kwindawo engamahektha angama-70 500. Ikwahlula kwiindawo:

• Ugcinwe ngundoqo;
• I-Buffer;
• Ukusetyenziswa ngokulinganayo.

Kwimimandla engundoqo (indawo engama-24415 hektare), nayiphi na into eyenza ulwaphulo lwemvelo kuluntu luvumelekile. Kukho ummandla woxolo olupheleleyo apha, ukulungiswa kweZapovedny kufumaneke.

Ummandla wesikhombisi ngumhlaba womhlaba kunye nomda we-core, 1 km ububanzi kunye nommandla opheleleyo ukuya kuma-130 km2. Kukho iindawo zokuhlala ezinobumba, iindawo zokugcina amanzi, iindawo zokugcina, amaphecana anemvelo, izikhumbuzo zendalo.

Kulo ndawo yokusetyenziswa okunengqiqo kukho iindawo zokugcina kunye nemigodi yamagumbi. Ukongeza, kukho izikwere apha ezivunyelwe ukuqokelela amakhowe, i-cranberries kunye nezinye iibroji, ukuxuba i-hay, intlanzi ngeentonga zokuloba.

Impawu zendalo

I-Central Forest State Biosphere Reserve ihlala ecaleni elincinci apho iifom zoluhlu lwezahlulo zihlala khona. Ngaphezulu kwinqanaba lolwandle, uphawu lwalo luyi-220-280 yamitha. Intsimi yesigxina imelwe yimigodi ye-moraine. Kukho izitya zelitye apha. Ngokubanzi, kukho izibonelelo ezininzi zamanzi - kuzo zonke iikhilomitha ezili-1 ezikhoyo ezi malunga nemitha engama-750 yemilambo nemilambo. Amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba anemitha engama-3 ukusuka phezulu. Iindawo ezinkulu (6323 hektare) zihlala kwiimvula. Phakathi kwabo, "iVerkhovsky moss", "i-Staroselsky moss", "iDiskovsky moss" kunye neyona nto inkulu "i-Katin moss".

Isakhiwo somhlaba sendawo yokugcinwa kwempahla senziwa ngokubanzi. Apha kukho i-sod, i-podzolic, i-marsh, i-peat, i-humus, i-alluvial, inhlabathi ye-gley kunye nokudibanisa kwayo eyahlukeneyo, umzekelo, i-sod-podzolic, i-peat-podzolic-gley.

Imozulu ehlala kwindawo egciniweyo ipholile kwaye ipholile, ehlobo iqondo lokushisa liphakathi kwe-+16 ° C, ebusika -10 ° C, kwiintsuku zelanga ezingama-45%.

Flora

I-Central-Forest Reserve inehlabathi elincinci lokulima, elidibene neenkcukacha zemozulu kunye nenhlabathi. Nazi iziqhamo zaseYurophu ezithintekayo, ziintlobo ezingama-546 kuphela, ezikhula kakhulu emthunzini. Phakathi kwazo i-herbaceous - i-490 iintlobo, izihlahla kunye ne-semishrubs - iindidi ezingama-34, imithi - iintlobo ezili-16, inkcubeko - iintlobo ezi-6. Kwindawo yokugcina i-birch, i-aspen, i-elm, i-ash, ipineyini, i-spruce (kukho indawo yehlathi elisemzantsi i-taiga spruce), i-linden, i-oak, i-alder.

Phakathi kwezityalo ezihlambulukileyo apha zikhona abameli abaninzi beBlack Book, umzekelo, i-groin, i-lunnik evuselelayo, i- Venus slipper. Ukusuka kwimifuno kunye neentyantyambo kwiindawo ezigcinwe kuyo ungabona i-daisies, i-mallow, i-Ivan-da-marju, i-bell, i-fern, i-calla, i-veronica, i-medinitsu, i-gravel, kunye namanxweme kunye nabo bayakhula i-blueberries, i-cranberries, iifereberries, ama-blackberries.

Zezilwanyana

Kubazalwana bethu abancinci, i-Central Forest Reserve yaba yiparadesi. Izilwanyana apha zimelelwa ziintlobo ezingama-335. Izilwanyana ezinxweme zikhulu (iibhere, izimpungushe, i-lynx, iimpungutye, izilwanyana, izibhokhwe zasendle, i-roe deer) kunye namancinci (iindonga, izilwanyana, i-beaver, i-mink, i-ferrets, i-badgers, i-moles, i-hedgehogs) - iindidi ezingama-56. Kwakhona kwintsimi yendawo yokugcina indawo i-amphibians (ama-frogs, ii-toads, newts), iilzards, inyoka. Kwiimilambo nemifudlana ejikeleza kwimimandla yolondolozo, kukho iintlobo ezili-18 zeentlanzi. Kodwa iyona ntlobo enkulu kunazo zonke apha, ewe, iintaka. Iintlobo ezingama-250 zabhaliswe. Amasebe agqitywa ngamacwecwe, i-goldfinches, i-Orioles, i-thrushes, i-flycatchers, iifente, i-chiffchaff, i-dawns kunye nookumkani. Ebusuku, amaqebunga kunye neebhokhwe zihamba zizingela, ii-Falgons zePeregrine, ama-eagle, ama-wings eagles kunye ne-cobs. Malunga namadada amadada, i-woodcocks, i-waders, iikrane, iinqwenga. I-reserve ihlotshiswe ngamanqwanqwa enkuni, okukhuselwe ngokukhethekileyo kubazingeli.

Ukutya kwezininzi zeentaka yizinambuzane, ezikulo ndawo zigcinwe ziintlobo ezingama-600. Akunabo bonke abameli babo abanomdla ukujonga kunye nokungenakubungozi, kodwa akukho bani ophikisana nobuhle bamabhotela. Kukho iintlobo ezingama-250 apha. Eyona ndlela iphumelelayo yi-admiral, ijuba, umama-pearl, i-lemongrass, i-angler.

Iindlela zokujonga

I-Central-Forest Biosphere Reserve iyavuya kwaye abantwana, kunye nabantu abadala. Kukho iindlela ezininzi zabathandi bemvelo. Ezo zintathu zazo zifutshane, malunga neekhilomitha ubude, kodwa ziyanomdla. UBaba Yaga ulinda apha kubahambi, kodwa kungekhona ukuwadla, kodwa ukulungiselela uviwo malunga nolwazi lwaloo ndawo. Iindlela:

1. "Iimfihlelo zehlathi lase-Okovsky." Nantsi ikhula ipineyini eneminyaka engamakhulu amathathu kunye nobude beemitha ezingama-46, iipulatifomu zokuqwalasela zifakwe, kwaye yonke indlela ipapashwe ngamabhodi.
2. "I-alfabhethi yehlathi". Kule ndlela uthakazelisa ukufundisisa imimandla yabemi behlathi, iisampulu zazo ezibekwe kwiiplate.
3. "Staroselsky moss." Le ndlela ihamba ngeempampu, kodwa umendo uphelelwe ngamabhodi. Ngaloo ndlela ungazibonga nje iintaka (i-chibis, i-waders, i-wagtails, i-cranes) kodwa i-moose, i-bears, edla ngezinye iindawo ekudleni ama-berries.

Kubantu abadala kwiindawo ezigcinwe kuyo, iindlela ezide malunga ne-25 km zenziwe. Ziye zazingena kwihlathi kwaye zenziwa kunye nokuhamba. Yilo "iSitulo esiBomvu", "iBaruchikha" kunye "neSiberia". Kwiindlela zilungiselele iindawo zokuhlala, apho ungakwazi ukuphumla khona, ube ne-snack uze usebenzise ubusuku.

Ishedyuli yomsebenzi kunye namaxabiso

Indawo yokugcina iHlabathi eliMkhulu kwiTver esifundeni ivuleleke kwiindwendwe ngeveki (ngaphandle kweMigqibelo kunye neCawa) ukususela ngo-10 ukuya kwe-12 ukuya kwe-12, emva kweeyure zeemini, kwaye kwakhona umsebenzi uqhubeka ukususela ngo-13: 00 ukuya ku-16: 00. Ixabiso lokungena li:

• Ubuneminyaka eyi-10 ukuya kwi-ruble engama-50;
• Ukufikelela kwiminyaka eyi-16 - ii-ruble ezingama-75;
• Abantu abadala - ii-ruble eziyi-150.

Ukuhambela kwiindlela ezingama-25 kwikhilomitha ubude bubiza i-ruble 1000 ngosuku.

Ukutyelela iindleko zemyuziyamu ukusuka kuma-ruble ama-250 ukuya kuma-400 (kuxhomekeke kubukhulu beqela).

Kuyakwazi ukuchitha ubusuku kwindawo yokugcina i-ruble ama-300 ngosuku (kwi-zaimka nakwihostele) kunye ne-ruble 600 kwindlu yeendwendwe.

Ukutshintshela kwisixeko saseNelidovo (42 km ukusuka kwidolophana yaseZapovedny) kwindleko enye ukusuka kwii-ruble ezingama-600 ukuya kuma-3000, kuxhomekeke kwiklasi yeyunithi yothutho.