Ziziphi iipropati zezakhiwo zesisombululo?

Iisombululo ziinkqubo ezihambelanayo eziqulethe ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu, kunye nemveliso ephumela ekusebenzisaneni kwezi zixhobo. Zingaba kwindawo esomeleleyo, eyamanzi okanye yegaseous. Masiqwalasele imeko yesimo sezulu esisisombululo. Ukubunjwa kwawo kubandakanya isisombululo kunye nenkunkuma echithwe kuyo (oku kungaphantsi).

Iipropati ezinobunzima bezombululo ziyimpawu zabo, ezixhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo kwi-solvent kunye nokuxinwa kwesisombululo. Zibizwa ngokuba zihlangene okanye ziqhelekileyo. Iipropati ezinobundlobongela bezombululo zibonakaliswe kwimimandla engabikho ukusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwamalungu athile. Ukongezelela, imikhosi yentsebenziswano phakathi kweengqungquthela ze-solvent kunye neengqungquthela ze-solvent kunye nenkunkuma echithwe kuyo zilinganayo kwizicwangciso ezifanelekileyo.

Iipropati zezithintelo zesisombululo:

1) Uxinzelelo lwe-vapor lusezantsi kwisisombululo kunaphezu kwe-solvent.

2) I-crystallization yesisombululo iyaqhubeka kumgangatho ophantsi kweqondo lokushisa kwe-crystallization ye-solvent kwifomu yayo ecocekileyo.

3) Isisombululo sesithuthumayo kwiqondo eliphezulu ngaphezu kokubilisa kwe-solvent ngokwayo.

4) Ubume be-osmosis.

Cinga ngeemeko ezinobunzima.

Ukulingana emngceleni wezahlulo kwindlela yokuvalwa: umphunga wamanzi ubonakaliswe ngxinzelelo lwe-vapor. Ekubeni kwisicombululo sesahlulo somhlaba siyazaliswa ngama-molecule e-solute, ukulingana kuya kufumaneka ngomsinga womoya ophantsi.

Ipropati yesibini ye-colligative-ukuncipha kwe-crystallization lokusombulula isisombululo xa kuthelekiswa ne-solvent-ngenxa yokuba iinxalenye ze-solute ziphazamisa ekwakhiweni kwezikristali kwaye ngaloo ndlela zikhusela i-crystallization ngeqondo lokunciphisa ukushisa.

Iqondo lokubilisa lomxube liphakamileyo kunelo-solvent ecocekileyo, kuba ukulingana kwengcinezelo yemozulu kunye neengcinezelo zepuphu egcweleyo ifumaneka ngokufudumala okuphezulu, kuba ezinye iamolekyuli zelungulu ziboshwe kwiintlobo zezinto ezichithwe.

Ipropati yesine ehlangeneyo yezisombululo yinto ye-osmosis.

I-phenomenon ye-osmosis yikhono lokusombulula isisombululo ukufuduka kwi-septum elandelwayo kwezinye iindile (i-molecule zelungulu) kwaye zingenakwenzeka kwabanye (iimlekyuli zezinto ezichithwe). Le neseva ihlukanisa isisombululo kunye nomxholo ophezulu we-solute kwisisombululo esingaphantsi. Umzekelo woluhlu olunjalo olunokuthi lube luncedo lungaba ngumlenze wesellu esiphilayo, i-bubble bubble, njl. Ingqungquthela ye-osmosis ibangelwa ukulingana kwamanani emacaleni omabini, ahlukaniswe ngumlenze, owona mthombo onomdla kakhulu. Ngenxa yesiphumo sokususwa kwe-solvent kwisisombululo esiphezulu, ukwanda kwenycinezelo kubonakala kule nxalenye yesitya. Olu xinzelelo lubizwa ngokuba yi-osmotic.

Isibalo seMathematika, iipropati zezithintelo zezinto ezingabonakaliyo zingamelwa ngamanani:

Δ Tkip = Umgca ∙ Sm;

Δ Tcr. = Kzam ∙ Sm;

Π = CRT.

Iipropati ezinobundlobongela ngokwemigangatho yamanani zihluke kwiisombululo ze-electrolytes kunye nezisombululo zezinto ezingabonakaliyo. Okokuqala, zikhulu kakhulu. Oku kubangelwa ukuba i- dissociation ye-electrolytic iyenzeka kuwo , kwaye inani leenqununu landa kakhulu.

Iipropati ezinobunzima bezisombululo zisetyenziselwa kakhulu ubomi bemihla ngemihla kwaye kumashishini, umzekelo, i-phenmoen ye-osmosis isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amanzi ahlanzekileyo. Kwizinto eziphilayo izinto ezininzi zinokwakhiwa kwiipropati ezinobunzima (isibonelelo, ukukhula kweeseli zityalo).