Ingxaki engqongileyo yiyo ... Izizathu zeengxaki zendalo. Iingxaki zezinto eziphilayo zeMhlaba

Ingxaki yendalo yenguqu ethile kwiimeko zendalo yendalo ngenxa yempembelelo ye-anthropogenic ekhokelela ekusebenziseni ukungasebenzi kakubi kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo yemvelo kunye nokukhokelela kwimiphumo engekho kwezoqoqosho, yentlalo okanye neminye. Le ngcamango yinto ebonakalayo, ngenxa yokuba utshintsho oluthile kwimvelo luhlolwa ngokumalunga nezimo zobomi babantu.

Ukwahlula

Iingxaki zezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba ezibandakanyeka nokuphulwa kweendawo ezizimeleyo zomhlaba zidibene ngokwahlukileyo kwiintlobo ezintandathu:

- emkhathini (ukungcola, okwenzakalayo, ukuchithwa kwamanzi okanye ukuchithwa kwamachiza emoyeni);

- amanzi (ukungcola kolwandle nolwandle, ukuchithwa kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba naphantsi komhlaba);

- i-geological and geomorphological (ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo ezingekho phantsi kwemvelo kunye neendalo ze-geomorphological, i-deformation ye-relief relief and geological structure);

- umhlaba (ukungcola komhlaba, isalitization yesibini, ukuguguleka komhlaba, ukuchithwa kwemithi, ukungena kwamanzi, njl.);

- I-Biotic (ukuchithwa kwezityalo kunye namahlathi, ukunciphisa iintlobo zeentlobo zeentlobo, ukunyusa izidlo, njl);

(Landscape) (ukuxakeka) - ukungonakaliswa kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuphazamiseka komhlaba, ukungaphumeleli kolawulo olusisiseko lwemimandla yokukhuselwa kwendalo, njl njl.

Ngesiseko sokutshintsha kwendalo, ezi ngxaki kunye neemeko zivela:

- I-landscape-genetic. Zivela ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kwemithombo yemvelo kunye nezinto ezizodwa zemvelo, ukuphulwa komgangatho we-landscape system.

- Anthropoecological. Ziqwalaselwa malunga nokutshintsha kwiimeko zokuphila kunye nempilo yabantu.

- Imithombo yendalo. Zidibene nokulahlekelwa okanye ukuchithwa kwemithombo yendalo, kunzima ngakumbi kwinkqubo yokwenza ishishini kwindawo echaphazelekayo.

Ulwahlulo olongezelelweyo

Ingxaki zeemeko zendalo, ngaphezu kweendlela ezi ngasentla, zinokuhlulwa njengolu hlobo lulandelayo:

- Isizathu esona sizathu sokwenzeka-ukuthuthwa kwezinto eziphilayo, izorhwebo, ubunjineli bamanzi.

- Ilungelelanisi-engahambelaniyo, ngokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza, ebukhali, ebukhali kakhulu.

- Kwiinkathazo - ezilula, eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezinzima.

- Nge-solvability - solvable, i-solvable difficult, i-insoluble.

- Ngokubhekiselele kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo-kwingingqi, kwiphondo, iplanethi.

- Ngexeshana-ixesha elifutshane, elihlala ixesha elide, ngokungaqhelekanga.

- Ukukhutshwa kommandla - iingxaki ezisenyakatho yeRashiya, i-Ural Mountains, i-tundra, njl.

Impembelelo yeendawo ezisemaphandleni

Isi sixeko sibizwa ngokuba yinkqubo yezenhlalakahle kunye nezoqoqosho, enendawo eninzi yendlela yokuvelisa, indawo esigxina, indawo ehleliweyo eyenziwe kunye nenkqubo ehleliweyo yentlangano yoluntu.

Isigaba samanje sokuphuhliswa koluntu sibonakaliswe ngokukhawuleza kwenyuka kwinani kunye nobukhulu beendawo zokuhlala. Ngokukodwa ukwandisa ngamandla imizi emikhulu yabantu abayikhulu lamawaka. Bahlala malunga neepesenti enye yelizwe lomhlaba, kodwa impembelelo yabo kwiimeko zehlabathi kunye neemeko zendalo zikhulu kakhulu. Kusemisebenzini yabo eyona nto ibangela iingxaki zokusingqongileyo. Kule mimandla ephantsi, ngaphezulu kwama-45% ebomini bemihlali yabantu, ukuvelisa malunga ne-80% yazo zonke izinto ezikhutshwayo ezingcolisa i-hydrosphere kunye nomoya womoya.

Iingxaki zezinto eziphilayo zemizi, ngokukodwa ezinkulu, zinzima kakhulu ukuzisombulula. Inkulu enkulu yokuhlala, ngokubaluleke kakhulu imeko zendalo ziguqulwa. Ukuba siyaqhathanisa neendawo zasemaphandleni, ngoko kwiindawo ezininzi zokuhlala kwimeko yokuphila kwabantu zibi kakhulu.

Ngokutsho kwengcali yezinto eziphilayo uRaymer, ingxaki yezinto eziphilayo yinkalo nayiphi na into echaphazelekayo kunye neempembelelo zabantu kwindalo kunye nempembelelo eguquguqukayo yendalo kubantu kunye neenkqubo zabo ezibalulekileyo.

Iingxaki zendalo kunye neemeko zesixeko

Olu tshintsho olubi kuninzi lunxulumene nokuthotywa kwemeko yamazwe. Ngaphantsi kweendawo ezininzi ezihlala kuyo, zonke izakhi zitshintsha - amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba naphantsi komhlaba, ukuxhaswa kunye nesakhiwo se-geological, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana, i-cover cover, impawu zezulu. Ingxaki zemvelo zezixeko nazo zonke izixhobo eziphilayo zenkqubo ziqala ukulungelelanisa imeko ezitshintsha ngokukhawuleza, ezikhokelela ekunciphisweni kweentlobo zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokunciphisa kwindawo yokulima.

Iingxaki zezoqoqosho-zoqoqosho

Zidibene nenani elikhulu lokusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo zendalo, kunye nokusebenza kwazo kunye nokwakhiwa kwenkunkuma yetyhefu. Izizathu zeengxaki zendalo-kungenelelo loluntu kwimvelo yendalo kwinkqubo yophuhliso lwezidolophini kunye nokubuyiswa kokungcola kwendalo.

Iingxaki ze-Anthropological

Ingxaki yemo engqongileyo ayikho nje iinguqu ezimbi kwiinkqubo zemvelo. Inokuthi iphinde iqulethe ukungonakali kwempilo yabemi basezidolophini. Ukwehla komgangatho wendawo yasezidolophini kubandakanya ukuvela kwezifo ezahlukeneyo. Ubume kunye neempawu zezinto eziphilayo eziye zakha phezu kwexesha lamawaka eminyaka azikwazi ukutshintsha ngokukhawuleza nje ngehlabathi elibajikelezile. Ukuxubusha phakathi kwezi nkqubo kubangelwa kukungquzulwano phakathi kwendalo kunye nobuntu bendalo.

Ukuqwalasela izizathu zeengxaki zeemeko zengingqi, siyabona ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba akunakwenzeka ukulungelelaniswa ngokukhawuleza kwezilwanyana kwiimeko zendalo, kwaye ngokwenene ukulungelelanisa ngenye yeempawu eziphambili kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Imizamo yokuchaphazela isantya sale nkqubo ayikho into efanelekileyo.

Imozulu

Ingxaki yezinto eziphilayo kuyiphumo lokusebenzisana kwendalo kunye noluntu, oku kungakhokelela kwintlekele yehlabathi. Okwangoku, utshintsho olubi kakhulu luyabonwa kwiplanethi yethu:

- Imali enkulu yenkunkuma - 81% - ingena emoyeni.

- Iikhilomitha ezili-miliyoni zeekhilomitha zomhlaba zichithwa kwaye zishiywa.

- Ulwakhiwo lwemoya luguquka.

- Uxinaniso lobume be-ozone luphulwa (umzekelo, umgodi ubonakala phezu kwe-Antarctica).

- Kwiinyanga ezilishumi ezedlulileyo, ihektha ezingama-180 zehektare zinyamalale ebusweni bomhlaba.

- Ngenxa yokungcola koLwandle lwaseMhlabeni, ukuphakama kwamanzi alo ngonyaka kwanda ngamilimitha amabini.

- Kukho ukwanda okuqhubekayo kokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yendalo.

Iingcali zenzululwazi ziye zabala ukuba i-biosphere inakho ukuhlawula ngokupheleleyo ukuphazamiseka kwe-anthropogenic kwiinkqubo zemvelo ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweziveliso eziphilayo eziphambili akudluli kwepesenti enye yexabiso, kodwa ngoku eli nani liphantse kwipesenti ezilishumi. Amandla okuxhaswa kwe-biosphere aphelelwa yithemba, ngenxa yoko, i-ecology yemhlaba ihlahloka rhoqo.

Umgca owamkelekileyo wokusetyenziswa kwamandla ngumqondiso kwi-1 TW / ngonyaka. Nangona kunjalo, likhulu kakhulu, ngoko ke, iipropati ezifanelekileyo zokusingqongileyo ziyachithwa. Enyanisweni, sinokuthetha malunga nokuqala kwemfazwe yehlabathi yesithathu, apho uluntu lukhokelela kuluntu. Wonke umntu uyaqonda ukuba abaphumeleleyo kulo mbambano abakwazi.

Amathuba adibeneyo

Ukuphuhliswa kweengxaki zehlabathi kwintsebenziswano nokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwabemi behlabathi. Ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezikhulayo, kubalulekile ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yendalo ngokuphindwe kathathu emazweni anqanaba eliphezulu lokuphuhliswa kunye negalelo ekuphuculeni inhlalakahle yelizwe ngalinye. Umgangatho ophezulu ovumelekileyo unabantu abayizigidi ezilishumi elinambini. Ukuba kukho abantu abaninzi emhlabeni, iibhiliyoni ezintathu ukuya ezintlanu ziya kutshabalalisa ukufa ngenxa yokoma kunye nendlala minyaka yonke.

Imizekelo yeengxaki zokusingqongileyo zezinga leeplanethi

Uphuhliso "lwefuthe lokutsalwa kwamanzi" kwiminyaka yakutshanje lugxininisa ngakumbi kwinkqubo yomhlaba. Ngenxa yoko, ukulinganisela kokushisa kwiplanethi kuyashintsha kwaye ukunyuka kwamaqondo okunyuka kwamawaka kunyuka. Iimpawu zengxaki "zitshatyalaliso" gesi, ngokukodwa, i- carbon dioxide. Umphumo wokufudumala kwehlabathi kukungcibilika kweqhwa kunye neqhwala, okukhokelela ekunyuseni kumgangatho wamanzi oLwandle lwaseMhlabeni.

Imvula yamanzi

Isiphumo esona siphumo salo sibi sulfure dioxide. Ummandla wempembelelo engalunganga ye-acid precipitation inkulu kakhulu. Zininzi izinto eziphilayo ziye zachaphazeleka kakhulu, kodwa uninzi lomonakalo lwenziwe kwizityalo. Ngenxa yoko, uluntu lujongene nokufa ngokubanzi kweeprotocenoses.

Inani elaneleyo lamanzi amanzi

Ukungabikho kwamanzi amanzi kwezinye iindawo kubonwa ngenxa yokuphuhliswa okusebenzayo kwezoqoqosho zasemaphandleni kunye noluntu, kunye nezoshishino. Inxaxheba ebalulekileyo apha idlalwa, kunoko, kungekhona ngobungakanani, kodwa ngobunjani bemithombo yendalo.

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwelizwe "iplanethi"

Ukutshatyalaliswa okungaqondakaliyo, ukuchithwa kwamahlathi kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokungenangqiqo kwemithombo yehlathi kubangele ukuba kuvela enye ingxaki engqongileyo yendalo. Amahlathi ayaziwa ngokubonelela nge-carbon dioxide, ebizwa ngokuba yi "greenhouse", kwaye ivelise oksijini. Ngokomzekelo, ngenxa yethani enye yezityalo, i-1.1 ukuya ku-1.3 iitoni ze-oksijini ikhutshwa emoyeni.

Ugcino lwe-ozone phantsi kokuhlaselwa

Ukutshatyalaliswa kocingo lwe-ozone kwiplanethi yethu kubhekiselele ekusebenziseni ii-freons. Ezi gesi zisetyenziswe kwibandla lezityalo eziqhoqhoqho kunye neentlobo zeenqanawa. Iingcali zenzululwazi ziye zazimisela ukuba kummandla ophezulu, ubukhulu bomgca we-ozone buncitshiswa. Umzekelo ocacileyo wengxaki yinkomo ye - ozone phezu kwe-Antarctica, indawo ehlala ikhula kwaye sele idlulile kwimida yelizwekazi.

Ukusombulula iingxaki zeengqongileyo zehlabathi

Ingaba umntu unalo ithuba lokuphepha ingozi yehlabathi? Ewe. Kodwa oku kufuna ukuthabatha amanyathelo okhonkco.

- Kwinqanaba lomthetho, misela iinkqubo ezicacileyo zolawulo lwendalo.

- Ukusebenzisa ngokuthe ngqo amanyathelo angundoqo ekukhuseleni imo. Oku kungakho, umzekelo, imithetho yelizwe jikelele kunye nemigangatho yokukhusela imozulu, amahlathi, ulwandle, umoya, njl.

Isicwangciso sokubuyiselwa esicwangcisiweyo seCandelo sisebenzela ukuxazulula iingxaki zendalo, umzi, idolophana kunye nezinye izinto ezithile.

- Ukufundisa i-ecological consciousness kunye nokukhuthaza ukuziphatha komntu ngamnye.

Isiphelo

Inkqubela yezobugcisa ithola ukukhawuleza kwekhawulezi, kukho ukuphucula rhoqo iinkqubo zokuvelisa, ukuhlaziywa kwezixhobo, ukuqaliswa kobuchwepheshe obutsha kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, kuphela inani elincinci lezinto ezintsha lijongene nokukhuselwa kwendalo.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba kuphela ukusebenzisana okunzima kwabameli bamaqela oluntu kunye noluntu kuya kunceda ukuphucula isimo semvelo kwiplanethi. Ixesha lokujonga emva ukuqonda oko kusilindele kwixesha elizayo.