Imfundo ye Ukraine njengelizwe: umhla kunye nembali. Xa kwakhiwa Ukraine njengelizwe?

Ukraine - lizwe likhulu eYurophu. Nangona abanye ababhali-mbali bathi ukuba lizwe yindawo ekuzalelwe kuyo amaqhawe inkcubeko yaseYurophu kwaye sele ekho ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ezininzi, akunjalo. Imfundo ye Ukraine njengelizwe kwenzeka kwiminyaka 23 eyadlulayo. Eli lizwe entsha ukufunda nje ukuba baphile ngokwabo, kungekho nayiphi na inkxaso. Kakade ke, Ukraine unembali ende, kodwa akukho kukhankanywa elo lizwe njengelizwe yinxalenye. Kule ndawo ngexesha elinye baphila AmaSkitiya, amaSarmatia, izizwe zamaTurkic, baseRashiya amandulo, Cossacks. Bonke ngandlel 'abachaphazelekayo uphuhliso lizwe.

imbali yakudala

Okokuqala, igama elithi "Ukraine" Liguqulwe lithatyathwa ubudala usho Russian "kwihlomela", oko kukuthi ngasemdeni lizwe akukho mntu. Ezi ndawo zibizwa ngokuba "Wild Field". Sisihlandlo sokuqala kuLwandle Black emaqeleni yomhla VII BC ngenkulungwane, kwakunjalo ngoko ukuba amaSkitiya ahlala khona. KwiTestamente eNdala, bachazwa ngokuthi abantu akananceba yaye ukhohlakele ephila. Ngo-339 BC. e. AmaSkitiya boyiswa edabini kunye Filippom Makedonskim, kwaba sisiqalo ukuphela kwabo.

Kuba iinkulungwane ezine, yoLwandle ezimnyama nkqi kwi Sarmatian. Ezi babezalana izizwe amadlelo abo bafudukela kummandla Lower iVolga. Xa BC ngenkulungwane II. e. Sarmatian watyhala abantu eTurkey. Kwinkulungwane VII phezu kweenxweme Dnieper nokuxubana baqalisa ukuhlala, nto leyo ngaloo mihla kwathiwa Rusich. Yiyo loo nto loo lizwe wawusaziwa ngokuba Kievan Rus. Abanye abaphandi bathi ukuba ukuyilwa Ukraine njenge karhulumente ngo 1187. Oku akunjalo ngokupheleleyo. Ngelo xesha, wabonakala kuphela igama elithi 'Ukraine', oko kwakuthetha ukuba akukho ngaphandle emaphandleni Kiev Russia.

Tatar ukuhlaselwa

Ngelo xesha, emazweni Ukraine ngoku phantsi yayigqogqa of iCrimea nangezinto. Rusichi wazama ukuba bagqwese osisityebi, umhlaba ochumileyo impahlana Enkulu, kodwa ukukhuthuza rhoqo kunye nokubulawa ayengavunyelwa ukuba izicwangciso zethu ekupheleni. Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, nangezinto uloyiko enkulu kwi nokuxubana. iindawo ezinkulu wahlala iindlela ngenxa yesizathu kuphela ukuba abambisane eCrimea. Tatar kuphangwa yenziwa ngenxa yokuba kwakufuneka agcine ngandlel kuqoqosho yabo. Bona benza ukufuya iinkomo, kodwa akazange anikezele inzuzo enkulu. AmaTatar baphangwe abamelwane ye nokuxubana, wasiwa mbanjwa ngabantu abatsha yaye besempilweni, benikana amakhoboka ndandingekakulungeli iimveliso Turkish. Xa uninzi ngesinyanzeliso Tatar wabandezeleka Volyn, ummandla Kyïv kanye Compostela.

Njengolungiso komhlaba ochumileyo

Abalimi kunye nabanini esazi yintoni iingenelo kuthathwa kwiindawo echumayo free. Nangona into yokuba kukho isoyikiso lokuhlasela AmaTatar, emathafeni esisityebi ezabiweyo, wakha iindawo zokuhlala, elinesoya ukuze abalimi bakhe. Xa kubanini ibutho zabo, ukuze agcine ucwangco nokuziphatha ez kolawulo lwabo. Zinika zamafama ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, yaye imbuyekezo babefuna intlawulo okubafaneleyo. Yengqolowa yazisa ubutyebi inginginya ukuya ababawa Polish. Eyona idumileyo ke Koretsky, Potocki, Vishnevetskaya, Konetspolskogo. Nangona nokuxubana ezibolileyo emasimini, izibonda wahlala Iingxande eqaqambileyo, siqubha ubutyebi.

period Cossacks

Xa Cossacks inkululeko-bothando baqalisa ukuhlala emaqeleni simahla ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XV, maxa wambi washiyeka engqondweni nokudalwa karhulumente. Ukraine ingaba elichweba amasela kunye becela, kuba ekuqaleni belimiwe ndawo. Emaphethelweni zingamabhodlo ezayo abantu abafuna ukuba bakhululeke, ngoko ke isambuku Cossacks abasebenzi, babaleka iindwalutho yobukhoboka. Kwakhona, apha kuza abemi kunye nababingeleli osikiweyo, zikhangela ubomi obungcono. Phakathi Cossacks kwakukho abantu imvelaphi amanene, kodwa ubukhulu becala ukhangela adventure, kakade, ubutyebi.

Gang yayiquka Rus, nezibonda zaso, Belarusians nkqu nangezinto wathabatha ngokupheleleyo wonke. Ekuqaleni, kwaba nesabasilaleleyo nemigulukudu kakhulu eziqhelekileyo inkunzi nangezinto Turks and ezibiweyo waphila. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, baqalisa ukwakha silo - kwinkampu ezinqatyisiweyo, usoloko ekampini emkhosini. Apho bebuya patrol.

Abanye ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba-th 1552 - umnyaka ukuyilwa Ukraine njengelizwe. Enyanisweni, ngeli xesha kwakukho odumileyo Zaporizhzhya isinxibelelanisi, nto leyo abazidla ngako Ukraine. Kodwa wayengekho kwase karhulumente mihla. Ngowe-1552, i-Cossacks babemanyene liqela, kodwa Fort yabo yakhiwa kwisiqithi Little Khortytsya. Konke oku kwenza Vishnevetskii.

Nangona ekuqaleni Cossacks Izihange abaqhelekileyo, ophangiweyo Turks ngenxa yayingezozabo, ekuhambeni kwexesha, baqalisa ukuze akhusele zokusonjululwa nokuxubana ukusuka iyangena kwi AmaTatar, ekhulula bakhaya ekuthinjweni. Turkey, oko nibe nikwenza kubazalwana inkululeko-bothando kwabonakala ukuba sisohlwayo esivela kuThixo. Cossacks kwi ama zabo (elide, izikhephe emxinwa) ngokuzola uqubha ukuya kunxweme utshaba lizwe, yaye ngequbuliso yahlaselwa iinqaba kakhulu.

Ukraine State wayefuna ukudala enye hetmans abadumileyo - melly Khmelnitsky. Le isikhulu bakhokela umzabalazo amandla kunye nomkhosi Polish, baphupha ukuzimela kunye nenkululeko zonke bakubo. Khmelnitsky waqonda ukuba kuphela kukuba nako ukumelana kukho umdlali Western, ngoko wafumana sinoMthetheleli kwi buso tsar eMoscow. Kakade ke, emva kokuba gazi Ukraine ngaphezulu, kodwa abazange geqe.

Kokuwa tsarist

Ukuvela Ukraine njenge yayiza kuba kunokwenzeka ngoko nangoko emva ukubhukuqwa etroneni Romanov ubukhosi. Ngelishwa, abezopolitiko basekuhlaleni akazange abe namandla engqondweni, kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - yamanyama, ukuze izicwangciso zethu ekupheleni wenze ilizwe lakhe ezizimeleyo. Ngomhla kokuwa tsarist Kiev wafunda Matshi 13, 1917. kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa ezopolitiko Ukrainian ndadala Central Symbol, kodwa ukugcina amandla ezandleni zabo ukuba bayeke kubo imiqobo yembono kunye namava kwimiba enjalo.

Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, ukuyilwa Ukraine njengelizwe ebibanjwe ngomhla we-22 Novemba 1917. Kwangaloo mini, iBhunga Central upapashe Universal Okwesithathu, bevakalisa ngokwawo igunya elongamileyo. Nakuba kunjalo, ukuba sele kodwa wagqiba ekubeni kwahlukanisa zonke amatyathanga eRashiya, eUkraine ukuba kutheni kuba ixesha waba yalilizwe elizimeleyo. Mhlawumbi nkqubo yaba balumke ngokugqithiseleyo. Kwiinyanga ezimbini emva koko, iBhunga Central isigqibo malunga nokumiselwa karhulumente. Ukraine proclaimed ilizwe ezizimeleyo ezizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo yi Russia.

Ukudibana ne-Austrians kunye amaJamani

A xesha xa kukho Ukraine njengelizwe ukuba akukho lula. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, i-Central rada kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukucela inkxaso nokhuseleko kumazwe aseYurophu. February 18, 1918 satyikitywa i Brest-Litovsk Treaty, awathi Ukraine iye yenziwa eYurophu, kubonelelo omkhulu ukutya, kwaye imbuyekezo bafumana nesokuvuma ukuzimela kunye nenkxaso emkhosini.

Austrians kwaye amaJamani ngexeshana elifutshane ngexesha abantu bangena kummandla karhulumente. Ngelishwa, Ukraine akakwazi ukufeza inxalenye yalo ngokwemigaqo yesivumelwano, ngoko ekupheleni kuka-Aprili 1918, i-Central rada itshitshisiwe. Aprili 29, elawula ilizwe waqala Pavlo Skoropadsky. Imfundo ye Ukraine njengelizwe ukunika abantu ubunzima obukhulu. Ingxaki kukuba kwakungekho abalawuli ezilungileyo kweli lizwe, apho wayeza kuba nako ukukhusela ukuzimela nemimandla kolawulo. Skoropadskyi lihlale ngamandla kunye nonyaka. Sele December 14, 1918, yena ignominiously babaleka amabutho ahlangene waseJamani. Ukraine iye kuphoselwa iingcuka, amazwe aseYurophu azinakanwa ukuzimela kwayo yaye akazange abe nayiphi na inkxaso.

Ukuza ku namandla iiBolsheviks

Ukuqaleka kwayo 20 zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini bazisa into eninzi intlungu kwi Ukrainian House. I iiBolsheviks wadala inkqubo angqongqo, uyeke thile ekuweni uqoqosho ukusindisa isimo esitsha. Ukraine evela ebizwa ngokuba "ubukomanisi imfazwe" uve ubunzima kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba ummandla wayo ngowona mthombo iimveliso zezolimo. Ehamba amaqela axhobileyo amagosa aya emizini amandla ekhethiweyo ingqolowa abalimi. Ndaye ndafikelela kangangokuba eyayiqokelelwe kumakhaya isonka kubhakwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, Kwimeko enjalo ungakuvumeli ukuba ukwanda kwemveliso yezolimo, abalimi wala nje ukusebenza.

Lonke usizi iye ifakwe nembalela. Indlala ka 1921-1922 wathabatha ubomi amakhulu amawaka Ukraine. Government wasiqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba indlela somnqatha siqalise ngakumbi usebenzise ukuyilahla. Ngoko ke, umthetho wapasiswa kwi nep (Policy Economic Entsha). Ngenxa kuye sele ngo-1927 nge-10% ukuze ukwandisa indawo zomhlaba olimekayo. Kweli thuba ukuyilwa urhulumente langoku. Ukraine ngokuzola bayakhohlwa kwiintlungu imfazwe yamakhaya, indlala, ukuhluthwa. Ukraine wabuyela kwimpilo-ntle ekhaya, ngoko ke ekuqaleni wabanyamezela ngakumbi ukunyanga iiBolsheviks.

entry Voluntary-unyanzelekile kungena USSR

Ekupheleni kuka-1922 e Moscow baye bacinga kweManyano Russia, Belarus kunye nakwiiriphabliki Transcaucasian ukwenza unxulumano womelele ngakumbi. De kube lelo xesha, xa wabumba Ukraine njengelizwe, kwaba iminyaka engaba. NgoDisemba 30, 1922 abameli bawo onke republic eSoviet yamkele isicwangciso ukuba ukuhlangana, ngaloo wadalwa USSR.

Ngethiyori, nayiphi na ziiriphabliki unelungelo lokusirhoxisa manyano, kodwa kwakufuneka afumane imvume Communist Party. Ukuziqhelisa, ukuphumeza inkululeko kwakunzima gqitha. Itheko wangaPhakathi ize ilawulwe ukusuka eMoscow. Ukraine kwindawo enkulu zibalwa yesibini kuwo onke amazwe. Ikomkhulu, wonyulwa isixeko eKharkov. Ukuphendula umbuzo malunga xa wambumba Ukraine njengelizwe, kufanele kuqatshelwe i-kwiminyaka engama-20 zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, kuba yiyo xa lizwe wazuza imida sobummandla kunye nezolawulo.

Ukuhlaziya nophuhliso lizwe

Isicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu yokuqala iye impefumlo yobomi i Ukraine. Ngeli xesha kwakukho amashishini amatsha 400 kweli lizwe accounted for malunga-20% yazo zonke yotyalo. Ngowe-1932, isityalo amandla ngamanzi yakhiwa, Dnipropetrovsk, kwaya ngelo xesha likhulu eYurophu. Ngenxa umsebenzi abasebenzi wabonakala eKharkov Tractor yeziTyalo, Zaporozhye Iron and Steel Works, oluninzi mveliso Donbass. Ekuhambeni kwexesha elifutshane yavelisa isixa esikhulu zenguqu kwezoqoqosho. Ukuze kuphuculwe uqeqesho kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza ziye zaziswa kukhuphiswano ukuphunyezwa ekuqaleni kwesi sicwangciso. URhulumente linike abaqeshwa kakhulu ize ilabele isihloko uHero Socialist Yabasebenzi.

Ukraine ngexesha Second World War

Kweli xesha ka 1941-1945. Izigidi zabantu abaye bafa kweli lizwe. Uninzi Ukraine balwa ecaleni eSoviet Union, kodwa awusebenzi kwi Ukraine Koloni. Kule ndawo eliphethwe mood ethile. Ngokutsho OUN namabutho amaqela SS "Compostela", kwakumele ukuba uzimele evela eMoscow, Ukraine. Imbali lokusekwa yayiza kwahluka ngokupheleleyo ukuba amaJamani kunjalo waphumelela. Isibakala sokuba amaJamani ayeza thaca ukuzimela Ukraine kaThixo, nzima ukukukholelwa oku, kodwa zonke izithembiso efanayo bakwazi ukuzuza phezu kwezinye 220.000 Ukraine. Kwanasemva kokuba kwemfazwe, la maqela axhobileyo ziqhubekile ukubakhona.

Life emva Stalin

ukufa inkokeli eSoviet uye wabazisela ngayo ubomi entsha izigidi zabantu abahlala eSoviet Union. Kuye waba ngumlawuli omtsha Nikita Khrushchev, ngubani ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo eUkraine, kakade, ukubukelwa naye. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, ukuba sifike kumanqanaba entsha yophuhliso. Kuyinto ngenxa Khrushchev waba kumalungu alo usingasiqithi iCrimea eUkraine. Njengoko kwavela karhulumente, yenye into, kodwa ukuba imida yabo yolawulo-ndawo, oko kwasekwa eSoviet Union.

Wandula ke weza amandla Z Brezhnev, naye inzalelwane Ukraine. Emva kokuba wobukumkani elifutshane Andropov kunye Chernenko kwi umqhubi lowo uMikhail Gorbachev. Yaba nguye lowo wagqiba ukutshintsha ngokupheleleyo kuqoqosho amileyo kwaye inkqubo Soviet xa iyonke. Gorbachev kwafuneka ukoyisa conservatism kuluntu kwaye iqela. Gorbachev ebesoloko wabiza elubala uzama ukuba kufutshane ebantwini. Abantu baqala ndizive lula, kodwa kunjalo nokuba phantsi Gorbachev amaKomanisi kulawulo ngokupheleleyo umkhosi, amapolisa, ezolimo, ishishini, iKGB esweni eendaba.

ukuzimela

Umhla ukubunjwa Ukraine njengelizwe kuye kwafika kubo bonke - yi-24 Agasti 1991. Kodwa yintoni andulela esi siganeko ebalulekileyo? March 17, 1991 uphando leyo wakwenza kwacaca uthi: Ukraine hayi ngokuchasene ulongamo, okubalulekileyo, ukuba akukho kamva mandundu iimeko zabo zokuphila. AmaKomanisi bazama yonke indlela ukugcina amandla ezandleni zabo, kodwa ekugqibeleni kukutyibilika kubo.

August 19, 1991 bakwazi reactionaries Mihaila Gorbacheva kwi eCrimea, kwaye ngokwabo eMoscow wazama ukumbamba inyathelo, evakalisa imo yonxunguphalo kwaye kwasekwa iKomiti Emergency. Kodwa akukho nto Kwaya ngamaKomanisi. Agasti 24, 1991, xa kwakukho Ukraine njengelizwe, i Verkhovna rada wavakalisa ukuzimela eli lizwe. Kodwa emva kweentsuku ezi-5 umsebenzi Communist Party wavalwa yiPalamente. 1 kuDisemba waloo nyaka, Ukraine kwi lwezimvo yaxhasa Act of Independence wayinyula umongameli yokuqala - Z Kravchuk.

Ukutyhubela iminyaka, oko kwabangela ukuba kusekwe Ukraine njengelizwe. Imephu yelizwe bezihlala zitshintsha. kwiindawo ezininzi ehlonyelwe eSoviet Union, kumayelana yentshona Ukraine, inxalenye Odessa Oblast kunye eCrimea. Eyona njongo iphambili ukugcinwa imida Ukrainian yanje yokuphatha-indawo. Noko ke, oku kunokwenzeka kuphela nzima. Ngenxa yoko, umongameli yesithathu Ukraine Victor Yushchenko ngo-2009 wanika inxalenye ngesiRomania ye shelf lizwekazi. Kwaye ngo-2014, Ukraine ethe yalahleka, neperile yakhe - usingasiqithi eCrimea, ngubani bafudukela eRashiya. Ngaba eli lizwe ukuba ummandla wabo ze ukuzimela, uya kukuxelela ixesha kuphela.