Project 1144 cruisers Project 1144 "Orlan"

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ishishini ukhuselo yasekhaya umphefumlo kancinane ngakumbi ngokukhululekileyo: kwakukho imiyalelo karhulumente, kwaye urhulumente ekugqibeleni "kuvuthwa" ingcamango ukuba ukupha umsebenzi iinqanawa nokuveliswa iinjini ngenxa phesheya - asiyongcamango ilungileyo. Awu, de loo kwakhona fleet-yinto ngonyawo lonwabu kakhulu. Kodwa kufuneka kuhlala lingaphezu, "namadoda amakhulu" abo mawubekwe kwakhiwa USSR. Ezi zibandakanya iprojekthi kwaye 1144.

ulwazi olusisiseko

Le Cruiser basindwa amandla enyukliya yezityalo, ibhukmaki kunye ngokubhengezwa apho kwenziwa kwi kwiBaltic zalapho ukususela 1973 ukuya 1998. yokuvelela sabo nje enye kwi "intliziyo" enyukliya njengenxalenye yezi zithuthi eSoviet kunye Russian leenqanawa kumphezulu ziye akusekho. NATO, ezi mpahla kwakhona kuhlolwa: ubungakanani kunye kwezikhali intlonipho kukhuthaza nayiphi lutshaba enokwenzeka. UMyili ophethe projekthi 1144 - Boris Israilevich Kupensky. Ngomhla isithuba isekela lakhe Yuhin Vladimir Evgenevich.

Kangangoko ukuze ixilongo nje eqhelekileyo, kodwa ezi iinqanawa enyanisweni akukho analogue kwi imikhumbi ehlabathini. Ba jikelele ngokupheleleyo, ukuvumela ukwenza nemisebenzi ukutshabalalisa lweenqanawa ezintywilayo utshaba neenqanawa komhlaba. On kwezi nkundla zasekwa imijukujelwa kule klasi ukuba ingaba kungenzeka kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo phantse ngequbuliso naliphi na iqela utshaba enokwenzeka.

Project 1144 yaziwa into yokuba ezi iinqanawa ezo nje enkulu ehlabathini, hayi kuquka abathwali moya. Analog ekufutshane ye-Cruiser American "Virginia", ngaphantsi kwe 2.5 amaxesha ukufuduka. INkundla ezi ezijongene nemiba ngemiba yezemfundo; ukuba unako ukwenza ixesha elide ukulwa imishini phantse kuzo zonke iindawo elwandle, ukunika inkxaso kunye ezibandakanya amacandelo omabini iinqanawa komhlaba kunye ezinkulu unxweme. Yonke bexhobile, yokuba phantse zonke izixhobo yakutshanje ngelo xesha yiSoviet Union. "Granite" yaba ekuxabeleni amandla ephambili kwinkqubo ngezikhali.

Imbali Emfutshane thotho

Ekupheleni kukaMatshi 1973 kwaye yabeka Cruiser enyukliya yokuqala Project 1144 "laseKirov", eyaba "Admiral Ushakov" ngo-1992. Ekupheleni kukaDisemba 1977 ukuba siwile emanzini, kwaye kanye kwiminyaka emithathu inqanawa sele udlule yonke ibaleka kulwa-kuvavanywa, kusemthethweni mayinikezelwe eSoviet Navy. Ekupheleni kuka-1984 yaqalisa ukusebenza Tarka "Frunze". Kwangokunjalo 1992 kwathiwa igama "Admiral various". Ekugqibeleni, ngowe-1988, ngokwesicwangciso, imikhumbi wavuka Tarka "esibizwa", eyaziwa ukususela 1992 i "Admiral Nakhimov". Ngowe-1986, Project 1144 lafikelela esiphelweni esisengqiqweni: i shipyards babeka inqanawa yeprojekthi yokugqibela "Potr Veliky".

Ekuqaleni igama Project 1144 i Cruiser "Orlan" waba "Kuibyshev" okanye "uYuri Andropov", kodwa ke Ukuwa kweUSSR, ezi zicwangciso abazange banikwe yinyaniso. Xa phakathi ulwakhiwo lizwe iye yaphela, leyo waqala ukwakha le nqanawa, kodwa ngenxa yokuba i sakhiwo kuphela ngo-1996. Ngoko ke, lo nqanawa inqanawa yokugqibela yale ngcelele kweminyaka elishumi kuphela emva tab yayo emithini.

baba cruisers yale projekthi njani?

Ngowe-1961, emkhosini eSoviet bafunda malunghana ni mhaka ezingentle: eUnited States ivule enomjukujelwa Cruiser zenyukliya "Long Beach". Oku umfutho kuphando yasekhaya kwicandelo zamandla zenyukliya njenge iinqanawa isityalo amandla. Enyanisweni, oko kulindeleke sigqibo: i-USSR waba kwincopho wophuhliso lwawo, yaye ngoko abafuna ukwenzelwa iinqanawa ezinkulu, nto leyo ukusebenza ixesha elide kude imikhosi zazo ziphambili.

isityalo amandla enyukliya negalelo ukuphunyezwa ngempumelelo kakhulu imisebenzi enjalo. Ngowe-1964, eli lizwe liqhube uphando esebenzayo kule ndawo. Ekuqaleni, ushishino kunye izazinzulu lwamiselwa ekuyilweni enqanaweni, ukubana kwalo kuthetha ukuba amawaka asibhozo kwiitoni.

balwa isibini

Design lwaqhutywa ukusuka kwindawo lwembono, ikamva Project 1144 Cruiser ngalinye kufuneka bakwazi ukujongana nazo zonke iintlobo izixhobo ezifumanekayo izithuthi enokubakho yotshaba. Ukongeza, emkhosini eSoviet baceba kakuhle sisengozini ngenxa moya utshaba, kwaye ke ngoko ufuna ukwenza umjukujelwa kakhulu aselwandle. Ekuqaleni, lo abayili wacebisa ukuba Project 1144 enye Cruiser nje akayi kuba nako ukuthwala inani enjalo izixhobo. Ngoko ekuqaleni babefuna ukudala nje ezimbini iinqanawa: Uhlobo 1165 kunye Uhlobo 1144. Bezimele ngasinye enye, osebenza njengeyunithi.

Kwi isitya yokuqala thina ukuba antiship, okwesibini - imijukujelwa anti-ngwenya. izixhobo moya ukuze afumane oko kusenziwa ngokwemilinganiselo ngokulinganayo, ukuze ngaloo ndlela ukudala umoya wokhuselo enamandla. Noko ke, inkqubela phambili inzululwazi eSoviet nobugcisa sizimisele ubuchule ukunciphisa abaninzi lweenkqubo kwesi sikhephe, yaye iprojekthi iinqanawa ezimbini ngokugqithiseleyo amandla-olunzulu yayekwa. Yonke imisebenzi ngohlobo ngo-1165 zaye zayekiswa, ezinye izinto kugqithiselwa Project Cruiser enyukliya Isi-1144 "Orlan".

Ukunyuka yeetoni kunye kwezikhali

Ekuhambeni wenqanawa kwakuya izixhobo ngakumbi nangakumbi, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukukhula ngokukhawuleza ukufuduka kwayo. Ngenxa yoko - akukho namnye wacinga yasekuqaleni antisubmarine inqanawa, njengoko iinjineli got inkululeko epheleleyo ekudalweni Cruiser omkhulu jikelele kunye ukubana iitoni ukuya ku 20,000. Kuye kwagqitywa ukuphumeza "Akunakuba" yayo yonke ezixhobo mihla, ngelo xesha wakwazi ukudala eSoviet Union. ngoko ugqibe uhlobo olutsha zezithuthi - enzima nuclear Cruiser enomjukujelwa (moya yenethiwekhi). enomjukujelwa cruisers New Project 1144 "Orlan" uthembisa ukuba asethi ethembisayo nenamandla ukuba wonke umphezulu zezithuthi eSoviet.

Ekugqibeleni, iimfuno umatshini omtsha ezikhutshwe ngo-1972. Development yeprojekthi lwenziwa yi nesantya olukhawulezileyo eLeningrad. Njengoko kuzo zonke iimeko ezinjalo, singatsho ukuba izazinzulu neenjineli abasebenza phantsi kolwalathiso abaphathi bakhe ngokukhawuleza nje kuphela, kodwa ke omlawuli kwizithuthi. Eli xesha ke Captain 2 Rank A. A. Savin. Le ndlela ukuba iinqanawa waseManzini ukufumana abo zona kuyimfuneko, balungisa ezifanelekileyo kubhabho.

Izincedisi nophuculo

Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba cruisers enomjukujelwa zenyukliya yesibini, yesithathu neyesine Project 1144 kwafuneka ukuba yakhiwe ngokwendlela entsha, ukuphucula project 11442. oko bekufanele ukuba indawo inkqubo lixesha kuye kwafuneka ixesha iindidi ezintsha kwezixhobo: inqaba emithandathu-barreled mm-30 kunaso indawo yi "Dirk" ogqibeleleyo. Endaweni SAM "Bukanomeva" ushicilelo "angababulali" jikelele ukwanda inkqubo ukuvuleka zokudubula-130 mm, complex anti "Snow Storm" indawo eziphuculweyo "Ingxangxasi" inkqubo entsha bombing (iintlawulo ubunzulu) sele zichongiwe kwaye t. D.

Ekuqaleni bekucingelwa ukuba zonke cruisers enomjukujelwa enzima Project 1144 emva kokuba "laseKirov" iya kwakhiwa kanye kule projekthi, kodwa phantsi ishishini: hayi zonke ezi mbelukazi ukuba izixhobo nje kukhokelela kwifomu efunekayo, yaye ngoko wabeka elo xesha lokuba ukugqiba. Ngoko ke, eneneni (phantse ngaphandle ubhukisho) ukuze kuyilwe 11442 ubalisa kuphela "Pet Veliky", kunye neempahla yesibini neyesithathu ke esiphakathi, isikhundla yenguqu. yokuba kwakukho iprojekthi "Orlan" (1144), le yotshintsho impahla unanamhla loo.

Iimpawu eziphambili zokusebenza

izindlu ngalinye "Orlan" yahluka ngonyuka elide forecastle. Kwimeko - 16 amagumbi eziphambili leyo yahlukanisiwe ukusuka kwenye nenye bulkheads manzi. Kuyo ubude mzimba ube ezintlanu ngokupheleleyo. inkqubo sonar "polynomial" lisetwe isaphetha. Nangasemva kukho yokuma (kumgangatho ongezantsi), nto leyo evumela ukubekwa ntaka ezintathu anti-inkwili Ka-27. Apha amalungiselelo iilifti ukuba ntaka, kwakunye kwamatanki okugcina ye-ntaka isibaso.

Nangasemva kukho gumbi somthi "polynomial" eriyali mfutho ezintsonkothileyo kuyo. Phantse wonke zokwakha amandla igobhogobho eyenziwe aluminium-wemagniziyam. Uyilo ngezikrweqe odidi - uninzi iinkqubo yokulwa ibekwe kwi zangasemva isaphetha.

iimpawu ibakhusela inqanawa

Cruiser Project nganye enomjukujelwa 1144 iphatha inomzimba lokubhukisha onamandla, bonke phezu umzimba enikiweyo isinqe kabini. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo wenqanawa ezikhuselweyo ngokumane isikrweqe. Belt izikhali uhlobo yayo classical alukho (ngokungathi neenqanawa ezininzi). ukhuselo Primary ise ezinzulwini umzimba. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye cruisers ixesha ukuba ulusu uye TAKR eqinileyo ukusuka stem ukuya kubude kwalaph kweemitha 3.5. Imitha - ngaphantsi kwamanzi ka-2.5 yeemitha - ukhuselo oomatshini kunye nabasebenzi.

Kwaye kwakhona ibonisa ezahlukileyo iinqanawa kule klasi, njengoko Cruiser yenyukliya emikhulu kuqala ukususela iinqanawa kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ezibonelela loo technology lomlinganiselo Project 1144. Injini gumbi reactor kwaye ukhuselwe isikrweqe enomjukujelwa gumbi 100 mm. kwizitishi ukulwa kwaye nesithuba umyalelo senqanawa ezikhuselweyo efanayo. Kukho malunga isikrweqe kunye ntaka yokuma, iimbumbulu efanayo. Steering gear gumbi ziyafundiswa ekuhlaleni.

isityalo amandla

Uyilo kusetyenziswa 3 CN-reactor (s VM-16 core). Isicwangciso - kumnombo ngqo zamandla icebreaker Kulungile-900, kodwa yahluke kakhulu kubo. Umba enkulu umehluko liqondo eliphezulu zophuculo uranium. Kwisikhululo enye igesi a Cruiser unako ukusebenza ubuncinane iminyaka elishumi. Zamandla yesiphaluka ezimbini, kwisekethe nganye njengoko amanzi njengesipholisi isetyenziswa (kunoko, bidistillate). Le ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu ezizodwa zokuhlanjululwa kwamanzi, ajikeleza nge core phantsi koxinzelelo of umoya 200. Oku kunika lukanina phantse lwephanyazo ye isiphaluka sesibini kunye nokusebenza eliphezulu olu fakelo lulonke.

scheme Power Plant isebenzisa emigodini ezimbini, yaye ngamnye kubo: "ukusebenza" welitha 70000. a. Ngokupheleleyo ufakelo ibekwe kwi lamagumbi ezintathu feed. Inani lilonke kubenzi benyukliya - ezimbini, umthamo wabo iyonke ngu 342 MW. Thelekisa i Perm GRES uvelisa 2400 MW, inqanawa odla amandla, nto leyo Kwanele ukuba umzi apho 100-150 amawaka abantu. Eli candelo ephendulwa uye (ukongeza kwi main) kwi kwibhoyila ezimbini yokulinda.

Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba le projekthi ngo-1144 "Orlan" licandelo amandla yogcino (hayi enyukliya), nto leyo evumela ukuba isithuthi ukufikelela ngesantya amaqhina 17. Uluhlu ye diesel abantu abanjalo ukuba Cruiser ingathatha ukuya ku 1,300 miles elwandle. Xa usebenzisa isitya reactor zenyukliya ukufikelela ngesantya iindawo ukuya ku-31, kwaye reserve amandla uba mda. imigca igobhogobho zathathelwa ingqalelo ezi iinqanawa ezimangalisayo seaworthiness, likuvumela ukuba ukugubungela ngokukhawuleza imigama emide.

Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo malunga crew

Xa iyonke, yalila iqulathe zabantu 759, kuquka amagosa 120. Zizonke zokuhlala 1600. Ukulungiselela le amagosa kunye namagosa isigunyaziso enikiweyo ezingontsini 140 olunye, kukho 30 forecastles ngenxa oomatiloshe, abadala zibekwe sihlale kunye nomthamo wabantu 8-30. Household 15 Kufuneka unikezele amagumbi okuhlambela ezimbini nakwibhafu, imitha ubukhulu pool 6h2,5 kunye yokugquma.

Kuba iimfuno zempilo uphendula unit kabini kuquka igumbi ezingalaliswayo kunye igumbi yokusebenza yaxhobisa ngokupheleleyo, insulators,-ofisi wamazinyo, kwaye nevenkile yamayeza. Ifomu ebonakalayo abasebenzi uyakwazi ukugcina ku ejimini, yaxhobisa ngokupheleleyo zonke oomatshini kunokwenzeka. Kukho ezintathu zibheke-gumbi, lounge eyahlukileyo ukuphumla, kwakunye movie ngokwenene.

Eyona kwezikhali of cruisers ngo-1144

Njengokuba besesitshilo, indima edlalwe yi-kwezikhali ASM engundoqo P-700 "Granit". Oku wesithathu-sizukulwana imijukujelwa, supersonic, ngokwenene leyo besondela qondo midget ukuphakama. ubunzima - ukuya kwiitoni ezisixhenxe, yaye xa esondela bafike isantya Mach 2.5 (amaxesha 2.5 isantya isandi) yisa intlawuliso onokudubula kumigangatho 750 kg. ATHUNYIWEYO Second - isigxina amandla enyukliya 500 Km kumgama ozikilometa eziyi-625. ubude enomjukujelwa - leemitha ezilishumi, ububanzi - 85 cm kwisakhiwo enye, kukho 20 ezinjalo oonokrwece enyusiweyo kwi-engile degrees 60 ukuya kumphezulu kumgangatho .. izindululi Production ozibandakanye eLeningrad.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i "Granite" ekuqaleni wayefuna ukuba uqalise ukusuka ngwenya, kwaye ngoko phambi kokuqala dabi lweHo- lizele olwandle. Shoot phantsi le imijukujelwa kuba nzima kakhulu. Le abayili ziye zaqinisekisa ukuba nkqu ngokoyiswa "Granit" interceptors enomjukujelwa, igcina kwakhona isantya entshukumo kwemikhosi enjalo ukufikelela kakuhle le njongo.

Ukhuseleko ekuhlaselweni umoya

Isiseko anti-enomjukujelwa ukuziphendulela ngezi iinqanawa - C-300F (Fort), ujikeleza ekwazi ezo uzibeke phantsi kumgangatho benqanawa. Lilonke inani imijukujelwa anti-moya - iziqwenga 96. Xa "Petra Velikogo" ushicilelo oluhlaziyiweyo P-300FM "Fort-M", ekho ikopi enye. Kwangaxeshanye, a complex onjalo yokungenelela ukuya ekujoliswe ezintandathu ngaxeshanye ehamba kunye kunjalo 12. nganye iinjongo 'icala' aqhubela enomjukujelwa, musa aphazamisane nalo ithuba nophazamiso emoyeni, leyo amvelisele Utshaba enokwenzeka.

cruisers enzima Project 1144 "Orlan" okwangoku qhubekani 94 imijukujelwa ezinjalo. Nciphisa nenani labo ngenxa yokwanda ubunzima kunye nobukhulu neempawu. Ekuqaleni, lo complex olulodwa lwenziwa ngokwesiseko nje ibutho iinkqubo air zokhuselo S-Z00PMU2 "endimthandayo". inzuzo yayo phezu umgangatho "Fort" akumi yokuba arhabaxa iithagethi kumgama ozikilometa eziyi-150, i-iimbalelwano umphakamo - weemitha ezili-10 kuphela, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu kwiimeko RCC ukuba "uthando" undize ukuya kweli qondo iyenzeka kakhulu. Ukwandisa layigubungela kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo sele efikelelweyo yi ukuphucuka okukhulu iimpawu sisetyenziselwa njengenxalenye ushishino lwee-elektroniki le.

Owesibini lwezintlu imizili zokhuselo

SAM "angababulali" - sesibini "bonisa" moya yenethiwekhi. Enyanisweni, kufuneka ukuba ofakiweyo ku zonke iinqanawa 11442 yeprojekthi ngcono, kodwa enyanisweni ukuba kwamkelwa enye "Petros." Injongo - ukubona batshabalalise ekujoliswe ukuba zikwazile ukuba atyhudise kumgca wokuqala umjukujelwa wokhuselo sekhombuya. Ecwebezelayo amandla iphambili kulo mzekelo eqinile irula 9M330 nto zavumelana ngokupheleleyo edume umhlaba "Tor-M1" complex.

Le peculiarity kwezi amaqokobhe ukuba betekisi ukusuka zefula zabo isilinge ezizodwa, uze iqala injini engundoqo. Le ndlela iza nciphisa ngokubaluleka ubunzima kunye nobukhulu iimpawu zabo lo gama kugcinwe obekiweyo intshabalalo.

Complex agcwalisiwe volleys ngokuzenzekelayo sidibane nazo imihla imizuzwana emithathu. Kwimo automatic, oko bekujoliswe kuko ukuze zizisulu ka-45 khilomitha, ixesha lokuphendula - ukuya kwimizuzwana ezisibhozo. Inani ekujoliswe ngaxeshanye zixakekile kwaye yamfuna - kane. Le nkqubo isebenza ngokuzenzekelayo ngokupheleleyo, ngaphandle kwesidingo kubasebenzi sihambisana. Ngokutsho kumenzi, ababekhwele inqanawa iya kubonelelwa 128 imijukujelwa for "ngezinkempe".

Le wesithathu imizili zokhuselo

Esi sakhiwo kufutshane ukuziphendulela - "Dirk". Salawo setup-umphanda ezintandathu abadala kakhulu. Njengokuba kunjalo elidlulileyo, inkqubo bangabhaqa nokulandelela ekujoliswe kuyo kwindlela oluzenzekelayo ngokupheleleyo. kuyoyisa injongo ukunika eziphuculiweyo iyunithi-umphanda ezintandathu (iziqwenga ezimbini), iyonke izinga apho amawaka 10 rounds ngomzuzu. "Musa ukoyika" iibhloko ezimbini 9M311 imijukujelwa ezine ngamnye. Bona ilawulwa yiyantlukwano-core combat imiqulu licwecwe fuse. Oku kuvumela umjukujelwa wabetha ithagethi nje ngokuba kufuphi naye, nto leyo kakhulu kunyusa phantsi amathuba kokugqitywa utshaba projectile.

Isithuba uqoqo unit nganye ibe mijukujelwa kwizikhongozelo 32. Bona esibumbeneyo kunye 2S6 mhlaba esimbaxa "Tunguska". Ngaba enze imisebenzi ukutshatyalaliswa imijukujelwa anti-nqanawa, iziqhushumbisi ekhokelwa, iinqwelo-moya, ntaka kunye utshaba drones. Evuthayo "Dirk" uyakwazi ukufumana ithagethi kumgama enye enesiqingatha ukuya iikhilomitha ezisibhozo, umlilo iiyunithi-barreled ezintandathu kumgama oziimitha ezi-50 ukuya 150 ukusuka kwicala le nqanawa.

Zingakotshwa iithagethi hit ebhabhela undizela emihlanu ukuya amawaka amane eemitha. Full nezikhali "Kortikov" ngu 192 imijukujelwa kunye 36,000 rounds. Okwangoku le projekthi 1144, loo maxesha apho nangoku ayikagqitywa, ithi iphuculwe iinguqulelo zezi ufakelo.

Awu, kodwa namhlanje akukho lwazi, nokuba ziqhuba yotshintsho ngokupheleleyo iinqanawa kule klasi, iza indawo noogxa-elektroniki. Kuyathenjwa ukuba oku kuya kwenziwa. cruisers ezintsha le projekthi ngokucacileyo kulindeleke, ngoko ke kufuneka ukuba akhangele ngenyameko.