Zohlaziyo City of Alexander II ngo 1870. Isiseko yotshintsho ezidolophini

ohlaziya sixeko idumileyo ka-Alexander II lwaqhutywa ngo-1870. Waye yaba yinxalenye iinguqu ezibalulekileyo kuluntu Russian, ezenzeka emva kokoyiswa kwi iCrimea War. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, esi sixeko wabandezeleka yokozela amagosa ilungelo yezolawulo. Reform wabanika inkululeko kwabo ulawulo lwezoqoqosho, kwezoqoqosho, ukhuseleko njalo njalo. D.

ngumba

Amalungiselelo yeprojekthi yokuvuselelwa yolawulo ezidolophini kwaqala ngo1862. Ngokutsho kumfundisi setyhula langaphakathi Peter Valuev waqalisa ukusekwa kweekomiti zasekuhlaleni, nto leyo yaxoxa iinguqu ezifunekayo.

Ezi arhente yethutyana ziye usebenze iminyaka emithathu. komhlaba City waqhubeka xa ngo 1864 iKomishoni wayeyilungiselele iprojekthi eqhelekileyo, nto leyo yandisa kuyo yonke imizi bukhosi. Xa inyathelo elilandelayo izicwangciso ingqwalasela xwebhu liBhunga State. Noko ke, ngoAprili 4, 1866 kwakukho imizamo ubomi Alexander Karakozov II. Uhlaselo abagrogrisi akuphumelelanga wazisa ukudideka ezingqondweni lwamagosa. Le projekthi bama.

Ulwamkelo idrafti

Emva kokunqumama elide, iBhunga State ekugqibeleni babuyela ingqalelo inguquko soyilo. Enye ikhomishini wagqiba ukuba ufake vsesoslovnye lovoto kuyingozi kakhulu. Ingxabano elide baphela ukwamkela inkqubo ukhutshelwe kwi-Prussia. Le ubukumkani German baba lalikhathazwe amathathu, abo eyenziwe berhafu, yahlulwe yaba kwiiklasi ngokwendlela iminikelo yabo mali.

efanayo Inkqubo yamkelwa eRashiya. Uhlaziyo kaMasipala ngo-1870 ngenxa ngolu hlobo. Ibhunga lendawo abanyulwe ngabemi, yahlulwe lo lalikhathazwe. Xa kuqala kubo wahlala kuphela elinesibini embalwa abemi zinhanha ahlawule irhafu kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, kweshumi abahlali osisityebi wafumana ukumelwa ukumelwa ngokulinganayo abakumgangatho ophakathi iinginginya zabantu nemivuzo ephantsi (ukuba angaba kwi amakhulu okanye amawaka). Ngale ndlela, ukulungiswa Alexander City 2 wahlala ngokwanelisayo endala. It sazisa imithetho-siseko yedemokhrasi kwi ukuzeyisa, kodwa ingcamango sisasetyenziswayo kuqulunqwe ngokusekelwe abahlali ukungalingani kwezentlalo.

Izidumbu karhulumente zikamasipala

Ngokutsho kwisikhundla ezithathwe kwiNdlu yotshintsho ezisezidolophini Alexander 2 yazisa (intlanganiso uDuma lolonyulo yaye ibhunga ledolophu) lwedolophu ulawulo loluntu. Baba ophethe ebomini kwezoqoqosho, imibutho uphuculo, balandela ukhuseleko emlilweni, ukunika abantu kunye nokutya, amaziko imibutho ngetyala, Stock Exchange, kunye Marina.

Uhlaziyo kaMasipala ngo-1870 waseka iintlanganiso zonyulo, umsebenzi ongundoqo apho unyulo lwezikhamiso kwi Duma. lobulungu bawo ofisi yiminyaka-4. Phantsi imithetho emitsha ilungu Duma sibe wonke ummi waba amalungelo okuvota. Kulo mthetho, kwakukho ngaphandle. Umzekelo, inani non-amaKristu awayecinga ukuba ingagqithi izikhamiso lesithathu (m. E. MPS). AmaYuda kwakhona akaba nako ukuyenza ngusihlalo kasodolophu. Ngoko, kwi izithintelo eziphambili lonyulo baba uphawu confessional.

amandla Council City

uhlengahlengiso olukhulu ezidolophini, olu sapho lwaluquka ngayo ekwamkelweni karhulumente komzi, iye kuphelela nokunikezelwa kwamagunya amaziko karhulumente. Ngaphambi kokuba zonke ii-odolo ezenziwe igunya esembindini kunye nezixhobo ingenalo novelwano. Le ulawulo unika kakuhle kakhulu kwaye amileyo.

uguquko kaMasipala kukhokelele ekubeni iBhunga City igunya ukuqesha amagosa ezahlukeneyo. ngayo kwakhona ngoku kulawulwa ukusekwa, unciphiso kunye nokunyuka kwerhafu. Kwangaxeshanye, iindleko zokugcina lo mzimba ummeli phantsi kolawulo kwirhuluneli. Iintlanganiso bonyulwa isicelo ubuncinane isihlanu izikhamiso. Ukongeza, i-Duma ukuba abize usodolophu okanye irhuluneli. Ezi oorhulumente zibonakele kwizixeko 509.

Ezinye iimpawu kuphuculo

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, le ngcamango imisela ukwakhiwa kwibhunga wesixeko. Lo mzimba, nazo, owayephethe imali, ukuqokelela ulwazi malunga izikhamiso, kunye nokuqokelelwa kwerhafu yokusebenzisa labantu. Council ingxelo kwiBhunga City, kodwa kwangaxeshanye unelungelo ukuqaphela umzimba ummeli yesigqibo mthethweni. Kwimeko impixwano phakathi amaziko amabini amandla kwimeko oluphazamisa irhuluneli.

Abavoti Duma ayikwazanga enetyala okanye phantsi kophando. Engena umda iminyaka (engama-25). Rights izembe Kulindelwe zisuswe namagosa ee-ofisi karhulumente. Kwakhona, abemi ilizwi lakhe, ndayihluthwa, waba usemva ezikuqokelelo irhafu. Izintlu umvoti lokuqala ngokungqinelana nokwahlulwa kwi lalikhathazwe ezo zinto zabuya yi ingcamango. Usodolophu elimisiweyo phakathi izikhamiso. Oku kukhetha ukuba abe libamba.

inani

Ukuhlaziywa ibalulekileyo ezidolophini kukhokelele ekuqaleni linyathelo ibonwe mveliso norhwebo imizi. Kwakunxibelelene nesibakala sokuba ngokuqina iphondo kunye ephambili efunyenwe indlela zoqoqosho emarikeni. Ke kaloku isixeko isigqibo ngoko nendlela ukuchitha imali yabo. Ezo self-government maxa wambi ngempumelelo ngaphezu imodeli endala zolawulo ithambo.

Okokugqibela, le yotshintsho ezisezidolophini Alexander II wavumela abemi belo lizwe ukwazi ukuba yintoni uthethathethwano yoluntu. Ngaphambi koko, udidi oluphakathi kwafuneka akukho zinga ukulawula ikhaya lokuzalwa. imeko inguqu ngenxa kuvuthwa litshintshile kakhulu. Ukukhula lokuqonda oluntu liye laba isisekelo sokuba ukuzalwa kwenkcubeko yezopolitiko entsha kazwelonke.