"Imbali" kaHerodotus: umsebenzi wokuqala wesayensi kwimbali yehlabathi

"Imbali" kaHerodotus - isazi sasendulo esidumileyo seGrike kunye nomhambi-uyicingisisa ngokufanelekileyo umsebenzi wokuqala wezenzululwazi wehlabathi. Ukuqokelela ekuhambeni kwakhe kwimiba ebonakalayo kwimvelaphi, i-geographie, iimbali zamasiko, ubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye namasiko eentlanga ezahlukeneyo, wabhala umsebenzi oyintloko, okwangoku usebenza njengenye yemithombo ephambili yembali yehlabathi la mandulo. Ukuthembeka kolwazi oluninzi olunikezwa ngumlobi ongumGrike kumaphepha omsebenzi we-volume volume ayisithoba luqinisekiswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngabavubukuli, abathinteli bamazwe kunye neengcali zoogqirha zezizukulwana ezilandelayo.

Abaphambili bakaHerodotus: abalobi beembali

Kukholelwa ukuba ukuzalwa kwimbali njengesayensi kwenzeka ngokuthe ngqo kummandla wasendulo. Ngaphambi koko, abantu bazama ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchaza iziganeko ezenzeke ngaphambili (imizekelo ibininzi yeencwadi zeBhayibhile, imiqulu eyahlukeneyo kunye nemiqulu). Le mi sebenzi, elandelwa kwimisebenzi yesiganeko yesayensi, idla ngokuba yi-"i-historiography".

Esidlulileyo ngaphambi kokuba "iMbali" kaHerodotus ibhaliwe, iprosektri yamandulo yamaGrisi yayimelwe yimisebenzi ye-logographs - ababhali, ukudibanisa imicimbi yeziganeko zangempela kunye neengcali, iimbali kunye neenkcazelo zendawo yeendawo. Umntu wokuqala we-logographer uthathwa njengeCadma evela eMileto, owayehlala kwikhulu le-VI BC. Inzululwazi yanamhlanje iyayazi amagama kaHecataeus waseMileto, iAksilai yaseArgos, iCron of Lampsac, iXanthos yaseLydia.

Imisebenzi yabalobi ibonakaliswe kwifom yobugcisa. Nangona bebhaliwe kwiprose, baqhubeka bexelisa inkulumo yesiGrike. Imithombo yabalobi beembali beyiziganeko zeengqungquthela kunye namazwi, ingxelo yeengingqi kunye nemiqulu, iimpendulo zabo, kunye namabali abahambahambayo, abathengisi, abahamba ngeenqwelo-moya ababeye bavakashela kude. Ukwakhiwa kwexesha lokubakho abavakalisi beengcamango babethembeke kakhulu, nangona kunjalo, babe ngabokuqala ukusebenzisa uluhlu lwamakhosi kunye namagosa ekuchazeni imicimbi yeziganeko , baqalisa ingqiqo "yekhulu" elilingana nekhulu okanye ezintathu "izizukulwana". Ukuhlawula ingqwalasela enkulu kwiimfundiso zengqondo kunye nomnombo wokuzalwa, baphinde bahlalutye izinto eziphathekayo zembali, zomelele ngakumbi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zeendawo kunye neendawo. Nangona kunjalo, into ephambili kubo ayingekho ukukhangela inyaniso yembali, kodwa ubugcisa bokubhaliweyo, ngoko ke imisebenzi yeengcali zeengcamango ingabonwa njengososayensi, kodwa njengengcamango elandelwayo.

UHerodotus: biography

Umsebenzi wokuqala, odla ngokuthathwa njengembali, wenziwa ngumsululwazi waseGrike kunye nomcebisi uHerodotus. Imbali ayigcinanga ulwazi oluninzi malunga ne-biography yale ndoda enkulu.

Ixesha lokuphila kwakhe libhekwa njenge-484 (5) - 425 iminyaka BC. Wazalelwa kwisixeko saseDoric saseHalicarnassus (ngasentshonalanga yeAsia Minor) kwintsapho ehloniphekileyo neyityebi. Ngobuncinci bakhe wabamba iqhaza emzabalazweni wezopolitiko wolawulo lobukhosi kumlawuli wobutshabalali, akazange aphumelele kule nto kwaye kunye nabanye abaninzi kufuneka bahambe.

Ekuqaleni, uHerodotus wahlala kwisiqithi saseSamos - esinye seziqithi ezinobuninzi kakhulu kunazo zonke zaseIyonian, ezilawula yonke indawo esentshona yeLwandle iMeditera. Ulutsha oluqilileyo nolwazileyo luye lwafunda imbali, ulwimi, isakhiwo salo mhlaba kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo sasihlala eSamos ukuba siphile-nangona kunjalo, ukhetha ukuhamba uhambo olungaphezulu.

Uhambo lukaHerodotus

Izicwangciso zikaHerodotus kwakufuneka zibhale imbali yeemfazwe zamaGrisi namaPheresiya. Wayefuna ukufumanisa iimfihlelo zamandla omkhosi wasePersi - ukuqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba le mkhosi yezizwe kunye neelwimi ezininzi zingasebenzisana njani ngempumelelo. Ukufuna ukuxelela oko abanye abangazange bazi kwaye zeziphi ezinye izazinzulu ezingazange zitsho, wachitha ixesha elininzi lokujonga, ukucamngca, ukuchaza, ukuthetha nabantu.

Okokuqala waya eKhupro naseTire, apho wayethetha khona nababingeleli, wabuya waya eGaza, apho waya khona eYiputa. Ukuhla kweNayile ukuya eSiena, waya eLwandle Olubomvu ukuza, ukuva nokubona ngamehlo akhe kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngehlabathi elikujikelezile, kuba oko kwakunjalo uHerodotus ayekufunayo.

Imbali yokuhamba kwakhe yaqhubeka eMpuma: inzululwazi inqoba umgama omkhulu ukusuka eLibya ukuya eAsiriya, eBhabheli naseEcbatana. Emva koko, wabuyela eAsia Minor, waya eHelppont kunye namanxweme aseNorthern Black Sea, apho waya khona u-Olbia - i-Mileto. Wavakashela uHerodotus kunye nezixeko zamaGrike kwiBalkans. Uqinisekisile ukuhamba kwakhe ngamagama abantu abambona kuloo ndawo. Ngo-444 BC waya kwimidlalo yeOlimpiki eAthens, apho wayefunda khona ngokucacileyo imisebenzi yakhe. Ngenxa yoko wamkela kumaGrike umvuzo omkhulu ngalezo zihlandlo - iitalenta ezilishumi (malunga neekhilomitha ezintathu zegolide).

Emva kwesi siganeko, wathatha inxaxheba ekusekeleni kwamaGrike nge-coloni eFuriyah. Evelelwe yinkcubeko yaba bantu, waba ngumxhasi okhuselekileyo wesakhiwo sawo, wathatha ubemi waza wahlala ekholoni. KwakuseFuriya kwenye indawo phakathi ko-430-425 BC ukuba wafa, washiya emva kwakhe kuphela, kodwa umsebenzi omkhulu kunazo zonke, oyenaososayensi wokuqala-olwazi-mlando owaziwayo kuluntu-uHerodotus.

"Imbali": isishwankathelo

Inzululwazi idibanise iziphumo zemisebenzi yakhe kumsebenzi owodwa oqaqambileyo, ebhalwe ngolwimi olunomdla, olubalabala, oluqinisekisa ubungqina obuqhelekileyo bomlobi obunzima kwibala lobugcisa. Ixesha lokubhalwa komsebenzi wabaphandi baqalisa kuphela: phakathi kwe-427-421 BC.

"Imbali" kaHerodotus ngendlela esazi ngayo namhlanje, iqukethe iincwadi ezithoba kunye (ngokusemthethweni) isingeniso esahlukileyo. Incwadi nganye inelungelo lokuhlonipha enye yama-Greek muses. Ukwahlula kwetekisi kwiincwadi kwenzeka emva kwexesha ngenxa yokucwangciswa komsebenzi ngegrama zeAlexandria. Isingeniso sineenkcukacha ngegama lombhali womsebenzi kwaye sibonakalise iinjongo eziphambili zomsebenzi wakhe.

Umsebenzi kaHerodotus uxela ngeemfazwe zamaGrike namaPersi abantu bakudala. Iqulethe inkcazelo eninzi malunga nembali yamazwe asendulo (uLidiya, iMediya, iYiputa, iPersi, iSythia), ubudlelwane babo namaGrike kunye nabanye. Ukudibanisa inkcazo yeziganeko kunye nezibonakaliso zayo ngasentla, "uyise wembali" uHerodotus ngokokuqala ngqa waphatha imithombo apho athembele ekubhaliseni umsebenzi wakhe, kwaye wenza inkqubo yezinto. Ukuchaza ukuphambuka okukhulu kweendawo kunye ne-anthropological, okokuqala kusebenzise zonke iimpendulo ezenziwa nguye.

"Imbali" kaHerodotus: intsingiselo

Umsebenzi kaHerodotus wabangela isimo sengqondo phakathi kwabo ba landela ezinyathelweni zakhe, beqhubeka nokuphuhlisa isayensi yembali. Abanye babibiza ngokuthi umbhali omkhulu "uyise wembali," abanye bammangalela ngokuxoka, befumana ukungalungi emsebenzini kunye neziganeko ezichaziweyo.

Nangona kunjalo, ezininzi izifundo zezenzululwazi zaqhutyelwa iikholeji kamva, kwaye-ngaphezu kwazo zonke - ukufunyanwa kwezinto zakudala, zabonisa ukuba ininzi yezigwebo zikaHerodotus, ezibekwe "kwiMbali" yakhe, yayiyinyaniso. Kwaye namhlanje umsebenzi wakhe ubaluleke kakhulu kwimbali, kodwa nangokwenza ubugcisa, inkcubeko, ingqiqo, eyenza uHerototus ungomnye wabalobi bexesha elidala kakhulu.