Iimifanekiso - ziphi na? Imbali yeTrans Templar

Kwimbali yoluntu kukho iipuzzle ezininzi ezivuyisa iintliziyo zabathandi bexesha elidlulileyo kunye nabadlali. Phakathi kweemfihlelo ezinjalo, ezifakwe ngothuli lweenkulungwane, kukho enye, isisombululo sokuba, mhlawumbi, akukho mntu uya kufumana. Akukho mntu uyazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba yeyiphi i-Templars, isithombe, okanye, ngokuchanekileyo, umfanekiso onokufunyanwa kwinqaku lethu. Ngokusemthethweni, yabo imbali iyaqhelaniswa nesiqendu sesikolo. Kodwa kuninzi amaninzi angenanto ekhupha ukutya.

Qala ekuqaleni

Ngaphambi kokuba siphendule umbuzo othi: "Ziyiphi na i-Templars?", Kubalulekile ukuphonsa kwixesha elidlulileyo kwaye ufunde imeko yehlabathi yale minyaka. Kuphela yenkqutyana yokuqala, ehlelwe yihlabathi leNtshona , iphelile. Ulutsha olungokwenkolo, olwamkela ukubizwa kukaPapa Urban II, lugqibe ukudala umyalelo wakhe. Abathathi-nxaxheba bokuqala babengamaqela angama-9 ahloniphekileyo, azimisela iinjongo ezintle: ukukhusela abahambahambayo baya kwiLizwe elingcwele. Intloko yonyulwa uHugo de Payne.

Ngako oko, i-Templars ngamalungu omphakathi, umyalelo wesigxina kunye nenkolelo yonqulo. Umhla wesiseko sawo uthathwa njengengu-1119, kwaye umqulu wabo wokuqala wabonakala kuphela kwiminyaka elithoba, ngo-1128. Kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba umyalelo ongaqondakali wavela ngaphambili, ngo-1099. Emva koko u-Godfroi waseBoulogne wathumela abantu abathandathu abakhethiweyo kwiYerusalem ecebileyo, abaye banikwa imiyalelo ekhethekileyo. Basungula uluntu owaziwa ngathi njengeNkundla yeTempile. Kwaye ke ukuqashwa kwabantu bonke abantu, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo abantu abafanelekileyo baqala.

Mystery kuqala

Kwaye nantsi i-riddle yokuqala, leyo i-Templars ihambe. Ziziphi ezi zintlanzi? U-Fanatics, amaqhawe okanye ama-mystifiers? Inokuthi i-order yayo ivele ngokuchanekileyo ngo-1099, njengoko lo mhla uhambelana nekhredade. Kodwa abantu abathathu bangabanika njani ukukhuselwa okuthembekileyo kubahambi? Ewe, hayi, ngakumbi kuba behlala eYerusalem, apho babebandakanye khona kwimizi ethile yoshishino. Kodwa yiyiphi i-Templars eyenziwe kule minyaka engamashumi amabini phambi kokubonakala komthetho ngokomthetho - akukho mntu uyaziyo. Kwaye kutheni bahlala bethule ngobomi babo?

I-Scion yedolophu yaseMerovingian

Umntu ongumququzeleli we-oda, waqanjwa ngokuthi ngu-Godfroi waseBoulogne. Yingxowankulu yaseMerovingian, yintsapho yasebukhosini yasendulo. Unokuba neemfihlelo ezilahlekileyo kwimbali, kunye nomdla wakhe eYerusalem, apho okhokho bakhe bevela khona. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba wayenabango yakhe etroneni, njengommeli we-genus kaDavid. Ngako oko, i-Templars ngabantu abantu bakaThixofroi abathembele, kwaye ngubani owanceda ukufezekisa injongo yakhe eyimfihlelo. Wafa ngonyaka owodwa emva kokubanjwa kwesixeko esiyinhloko seLizwe elingcwele. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba ukhethwa nguKumkani waseYerusalem, kodwa wayengenathanga, kwaye, ngokwenene, akazange afune oku. Umlawuli wokuqala womzi ungumntakwabo. UThixofroi, uMkhuseli we-Holy Sepulcher, njengoko wayezibiza, wangcwatyelwa etempileni apho amalungu omphakathi ayekuthanda ukuhlala.

Abanye abasunguli

Ukongeza kwi-Godfroi yaseBoulogne, ukusekwa koluntu kungabakho uHugo de Payne okanye uSt. Omer. Ngekwesibini, akukho nto iyaziwa ngaphandle kwegama. Owokuqala wathatha inxaxheba kwi-crusade kwaye ngokwakhe wayazi uThixofroy. Kwaye bathetha ngokukhawuleza ngelo xesha, babengamaqabane kwiingalo. KwiLizwe elingcwele uHugo weza negama le-Pogany (iPagan). Kodwa kwintsapho ka-Godfroi wayethandwa, kwaye ookumkani baseYerusalem (Baldwin First and Second) bamnceda. Umyalelo wahlanganiswa ngu-Count Champagne, uSenor Payne, obonisa ukuba uHugo wayengumuntu obalaseleyo. Ngaphandle koko, ngaba umntu ohloniphekileyo uyayithobela?

Igama ne logo

Iimpepha zazikhethekileyo ngokukhethekileyo ukususela ekuqaleni. Ngubani na la maqhawe ahluphekileyo? Abakhuseli abaqhelekileyo be-Holy Sepulcher okanye inhlangano eneenjongo zayo ezifihlakeleyo? Mhlawumbi, inyaniso yindawo ethile phakathi. Igama labo bafumana emva kwesithethe ukuqhuba iintlanganiso kwiMosque yase-Al-Aqsa. Ngaloo ndlela, uMyalelo weNdlu wabonakala. Kwaye kubonakala umqondiso emva koko, emva kokwamkelwa komqulu, kwindawo ethile ngo-1147-1148. Umnqamlezo obomvu waxutywa kwiingubo ezimhlophe eziphathekayo, ezahlula abazalwana bezinye iinqanawa.

Ubutyebi obuninzi boMyalelo

Ngoko, kuyacaca ukuba i-Knights Templar yi-Crusaders, ehlala eYerusalem ngenjongo yazo. UMyalelo, owawusuka ekuqaleni wawuququzelele abantu abayisithoba kuphela, wahlonishwa kakhulu entshona. Inkundla nganye yaseburhulumenteni yayinommeli wabameli, yayinezizwe, ii-castle kwaye zaphumelela ngemali. Kwaye nookumkani babanika imali kubo kwiimfuno zabo! Ubutyebi bee-Templars bukhula ngokunyuka kunye nemida, ekhangele abantu abaninzi. Kwaye abazalwana baxolelwa zonke iimpazamo nezono ababezenza ngaphambili. Amandla amakhondla akhula kunye nemali. Bathenga isiqithi saseCyprus, apho bahlala khona. Ngako oko, kunengqiqo ukubuza: i-Templars - ngubani na loo maqhawe ahluphekileyo okanye awona maRothschild?

Oku akunakwenzeka kodwa nceda zikholise iintlanga zaseYurophu, ezazihlala ziphethe i-coffers ezingenanto. UFransi uKumkani uPhilip Beautiful, kunye nopapa, wamangalela uMyalelo wezo zonke izono ezifa, walela ukuba kubanjwe abazalwana kunye nepropati yabo. Inkosi yokugqibela, uJacques de Molay, yaqalekisa inkosi kunye nowexuki, owamsikelela ukubulawa kwabantu, kwada kwada kweso sizwe sithathu. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba ekutshatyalalisweni kwee-Templars baye bazama ukungafihli, beswele ukufa okuhlazolayo emva konyaka emva kwesi siganeko. Isiqalekiso seTrans Templar sisinye imfihlakalo yoMyalelo. Nangona ama-knights aseleyo ayengayiphindisela ukutshiswa kweNkosi kunye nabanye abazalwana.

Izizathu zokutshatyalaliswa koMyalelo

Kwakutheni ukuze iTemplars ibhujiswe? Bangobani - sele sele siphumelele, kodwa siya kunika ngezansi zezizathu zokuba kutheni iNkundla iya ku-trial. Eyokuqala ubutyebi obungenakubalwa, obuninzi abazange baphuphe - kungekhona ookumkani, namabandla. Enyanisweni, abaninzi banqwenela ukubona ubuncwane ababelwana nabo. Enyanisweni, njengoko ixesha libonise, ngelixa ixesha uluntu lugqityiwe, ii-knights zase zilahlekile zonke izinto zabo: i-treasury yabo yayingenanto. Mhlawumbi babe nexesha lokufihla yonke into? Yaye le yinto ephakamileyo yeendwangu, ezingabaniki ukuphumla kwenzalo elula.

Isizathu sesibini yimpembelelo kunye namandla abazalwana, ababeka ingozi enkulu kummandla weliphi ilizwe lamaKristu. Okwesithathu kukuba i-Templars ikhululiwe kwiyeshumi, oko kukuthi, abazange bahlawule uPapa ukuya kumaRoma. Kwaye, oku, akunakusetyenziswa kwePontiff.

Masonic Lodge

Sinokuthi ngokukhuselekileyo ukuba i-Templars yiMasons. Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, inkosi enkulu yayikwazi ukutyumba umlandeli, oqhubeka eqhuba imisebenzi yawo, nangona efihlakeleyo. Wakwazi ukuhlela iihostela ezine zeMason - eParis, e-Edinburgh, eStockholm naseNaples, oko kukuthi, empuma, ngasentla, entshonalanga nakumazantsi. Kwakhona kungenzeka ukuba ama-knights aseleyo aphephela kumaMasons, asebenze ixesha elide ngaphambi kokusekwa kwe-Order ye-Templars. Le mibutho evaliweyo isaphila.

Kufuneka ukuba uqaphele ukuba emva kokuwa kweAkka ngo-1291, iiklani zafudukela eKyprus, zaza ziya eParis, zikhetha i-capital capital yaseFransi njengekomkhulu lawo. Apha bakha indawo yokuhlala kunye netempile, efana neYerusalem, izindonga ezinkulu. Kodwa ezininzi zezakhiwo zazingagcinwanga: zachithwa okanye ziyinxalenye yezinye iicawa. Kodwa ukudalulwa kweMyalelo ngohlobo lwee-lodges zeMason kusasebenza namhlanje. E-Paris, abazalwana basendaweni ephumlileyo eKade, kukho ikhulu, i-museum kunye namanye amaziko amaninzi. Abangaphakathi bahlotshiswe ngeempawu ezifanelekileyo kunye neeralia. Nangona umgangatho kwiiholo kukho udwelwe kunye nezikwele ezimhlophe. Yaye ngubani na iSemplars kunye neMasons eqinisweni - kusadingeka ukuba uqikelele.

Abahlaseli kunye neSemplars

Ukuthetha ngobudlelwane bale mihlaba emibini engqungquthelayo, umntu kufuneka azi kakuhle ukuba ngubani oMbulali kunye neTemplars. I-Templars yindlela ekhohliweyo, apho amaKristu kuphela avuma ukuba azinikezele kwisizathu esihle-ukukhusela abahambahambayo kunye ne-Holy Sepulcher eYerusalem. Ama-Assassins yintwana ye "Umdala weNtaba" nguHasan-as-Sabah, owathi unguSilamsi. Amalungu oluntu ayekulungele ukuya ekufeni kwabo, kuba bekulindele umvuzo-iparadesi yegadi kunye neentombi. Kwaye bathi kwakhona intloko isetyenziselwa ukunyusa iifom, ikakhulukazi i-hashish, kunye ne-hypnosis.

Le mibutho mibini inemisebenzi eqhelekileyo: ukuziphatha kwentsimbi, ukholo olunzulu kuThixo, ukunyaniseka, ukunyanzeliswa kokuthanda kwenkosi, amandla kunye nefuthe kwihlabathi, ubutyebi. Kwaye nemifanekiso yamalungu awo afana kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, babethi iinkolo ezahlukeneyo ezazilwela ukulawula kwihlabathi. Ngako oko, xa uphendula umbuzo othi "ngubani oMbulali kunye neempempe", umntu unokuthi aba bachasene, abahambelani.

Ezinye iilaydi zamaKhuseli

Umfundi sele esazi ukuba yeyiphi i-Templars. Ababhedlele, iiTyutoni ziyiminye imibutho evelele ngexesha lamaKrestashi. Bekuninzi kakhulu, kodwa kwakukho ukungafani. Amaxesha amaninzi abazalwana, abavela kwimimiselo eyahlukileyo, babemfazwe kunye. Emva koko, amaqhawe angamaKristu avunyelwe ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwiimfazwe kunye nabangakholwayo kunye negazi elichithwe egameni likaKristu. Ukugxeka omnye uhlazo, balwela impembelelo. Kodwa ukuba i-Templars yavalwa kwaye ivinjelwe, i-Teutons ne-Hospitallers yayingabikho ngokuphepha kwaye iqhubeke nomsebenzi wayo. Enyanisweni, iimpumelelo ezifana neempempe azizange ziphuphe.

Umyalelo we-Hospitallers

Umyalelo uthatha imvelaphi yayo ngo-1070, xa umthengisi-Mauro ephuma e-Amalfi - wasungula indlu yabahambi kunye nabahambi, oko kuthiwa isibhedlele. Kwaqokelela abantu abajongene nokulimala kunye nokugula, kunye nokugcinwa komyalelo kwi-monasteri. Ngo-1113 uluntu lukhule kakhulu kangangokuba upapa wamnika isihloko somyalelo wokomoya kunye neengqungquthela.

Izibhedlele zazithatha isifungo sokuthobela, ukuhlambuluka kunye nentlupheko. Isimboli sabo sasisiphambano esimhlophe kunye neziphelo ezisibhozo, ezazisetyenziselwa iimpahla ezimnyama ngakwesobunxele. Isambatho sasinemikhono emincinci, eyathetha ngokungabikho kwenkululeko phakathi kwabazalwana. Kamva, ii-knights zambethe iimpahla ezibomvu, zawela kwisifuba. Amalungu ahlukaniswe ngamacandelo amathathu - abaqeqeshi, iinjowuni kunye nabasebenzi ngokwabo. Izigqibo ezibalulekileyo zenziwe yi-Master Master kunye neSahluko esiPhezulu.

Umyalelo we-Hospitaller ukususela ekuqaleni ukubeka iinjongo - ukunceda abagulayo kunye nabalimala, abahambi abahluphekayo nabantwana abashiywe. Kodwa ke iikhwenti zaqala ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwiimfazwe kunye neenkampu. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi elinesihlanu, bahlala kwisiqithi saseRhodes baze bahlala apho de kube ngephakathi kwekhulu leshumi elinesithandathu. Emva koko bahlala eMalta, apho baqhubeka bexabana nabangakholwayo. Emva koko uMalta wathatha iNapoleon waza wagxotha abazalwana bakhe. Ngoko i-Hospitallers yafika eRashiya.

Ubuhle kunye namadoda akhululekile, amakhosi kunye nabasetyhini bangangena umyalelo (i-Templars yamkela amadoda kuphela). Kodwa i-Grand Masters yaba yizikhundla ezikhethekileyo. Iimpawu zobuzalwana babesisithsaba, ikrele kunye nesitywina. Ukususela phakathi kwekhulu leshumi elinesithoba, uMyalelo we-Hospitallers (i-Ioannis, i-Maltese Knights) uthathwa njengenkampani yokomoya ehlala eRoma.

I-Teutonic Order

EYerusalem ekhulwini leshumi elinesibini, abahambi beelwimi abahlala kwisiJamani bahlela ikhaya labo labagulayo. Oku kunokuqalwa njengesiqalo sokuphuhliswa kwe-Teutonic Order, eyokuqala yayiyinxalenye esemthethweni ye-Hospitallers. Ngomnyaka we-1199 i-charter yavunywa kwaye i-Grand Master yonyulwa. Kodwa kuphela ngo-1221 i-Teutons yafumana amalungelo, ngenxa ye-order knightly. Abazalwana basamkela izibhambathiso ezintathu - ukuthobela, ukuhlambuluka kunye nentlupheko. Kwaye kuphela amalungu oLwimi lwaseJamani ajoyina uMyalelo. Iimpawu zommandla kwakuyinqamlezo emnyama emnyama, igqokelwe ingubo emhlophe.

Ngokukhawuleza iikhondla zaphela ukufeza imisebenzi ye-Hospitallers, ishukunyiswa ngokupheleleyo kwimfazwe nabangakholwayo. Kodwa abazange babe nefuthe elinjalo kwilizwe labo njengoko i-Templars yayinayo eNgilani okanye eFransi. IJamani yayinzima kumaxesha amanzima, yayingxube kwaye ihluphekile. I-Teutons yashiya iSepulcher engcwele ukuya kwezinye iiklabhu, iqondisa imizamo yokubamba amazwe asempuma, eyaba yipropati yawo. Emva koko bajika amehlo abo kwimimandla esenyakatho (iMelika yaseBaltic), apho basekela emva kokunqoba kweRiga, kunye nobunini bamaPrussia. Ngo-1237 iiTyutoni zihlangene nomnye umyalelo waseJamani - uLibonian, apho baye eRashiya, kodwa balahleka.

Umyalelo walwa ngokumelene nombuso wasePolish-Lithuanian. Kwaye ngo-1511, uMnumzana Albert Hohenzollern wazivakalisa umbusi wasePrussia kunye neBrandenburg kwaye wayenqaba inhlangano yamalungelo onke. I-Teutons ayizange ikwazi ukuhlaziya ekugqibeleni kokugqibela, idonsa ngaphandle kobuhlungu obukho. Kwaye kuphela kwiminyaka yeshumi elinamashumi amabini ama-fascists adumisa ubudlulileyo bee-knights kwaye basebenzisa umnqamlezo wabo njengomvuzo ophezulu. Umyalelo ukhona nanamhla.

Esikhundleni sokulandelelana

Ngoko ke ngubani obizwa ngeTemes Templar? Imbali ayikwazi ukunika impendulo echanekileyo yalo mbuzo, ininzi ithwaliwe okanye ikhutshwe. Ngako oko, iindawo ezimhlophe zizaliswe ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeengcamango kunye nokutolika kwangaphambili, njengengcamango kaDan Brown kunye nabalingane bakhe. Kodwa ukusuka kulo Myalelo weeSpilent ukhangeleka kuphela kubalandeli bexesha elidlulileyo.