Umfanekiso waseRussia kwingqungquthela ethi "Imiphefumlo efile": uhlalutyo lobugcisa. Imifanekiso yabanini bempahla emsebenzini kaN. Gogol

Ngomnyaka we-1835, kwiingcebiso zikaPushkin, uGogol wagqiba ekubeni abhale umsebenzi omkhulu wezobugcisa ngeRashiya. Iminyaka emithandathu kamva le ncwadi yapapashwa kwaye yayinegama elithi "Imiphefumlo Efileyo". Kuyo, kwifomu engafaniyo, lonke uhlanga lwabonakaliswa kunye neengxaki kunye nethemba. Iqhawe lale ncwadi ngumntu osomabhizinisi-ohamba phambili, umntu onesakhiwo esitsha. Kodwa ke umfanekiso waseRussia kwingqungquthela ethi "Imiphefumlo Efileyo" yaba yintloko.

Uthando olungapheliyo

Le ncwadi yaba ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo kunazo zonke zikaGogol. Kuyo, wabonakalisa zonke iinkalo zobomi baseRussia. Kodwa, ngokweminye imibiko, incwadana enengqiqo ayigqityiwanga. Kwabhalwa ngexesha lobunzima bokudala. Ngokwezicwangciso zombhali, umgca kufuneka ungenayo i-satirical overtones. Kulo, uGogol ucebe ukubonisa umfanekiso ocacileyo wobomi baseRussia. Kodwa injongo yomlobi ayizange ifumaneke. Kwaye nomfanekiso ofanelekileyo waseRussia kwimpongo ethi "Imiphefumlo Efileyo" ayikwazanga kubonwa ngumfundi.

Izithombe kwiveli

Injongo yomsebenzi kwakukubonakalisa iimpawu zentlalo yaseRussia. UGogol wagqiba ekubeni enze umfanekiso ongabonakaliyo waseRussia kwingqungquthela ethi "Imiphefumlo Efileyo" usebenzisa imifanekiso yabameli abaqhelekileyo belo xesha. Imifanekiso ehlanganisiweyo yensimbi kunye ne-dreamyy dreamingy Manilov, kunye ne-skuperdyayka Ibhokisi, kunye no-Nozdrev kunye no-Sullakevich. Ekugqibeleni, enye yezona ntlobo eziqhelekileyo zabasebenzi baseRashiya yi-Plyushkin enobubele. Bonke abo babalingiswa baye baba yizinto, ngaphandle kokuba akunakwenzeka ukucinga umfanekiso opheleleyo waseRussia kwingkondlo ethi "Imiphefumlo Efileyo".

Izikhokelo zangaphambili

Kubalulekile ukubheka ngokugqithiseleyo amaqhawe kwimbongo kaGogol, kwaye kuyacaca ukuba bonke bebonke baba ngabadlali abakhayo. I-Zakostenelost kuluntu kwaye elula kwimpilo yentlalontle yabangela ukuthotywa kwabantu.

Ukuziphatha okubi nokungazi kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni ukutshatyalaliswa kukaPlyushkin kuye kwaba yinto engqongqo ekungcoleni, Ubomi bukaT Korobochka bubuwula budenge. Emfanekisweni weSobakevich kukho iimpawu zeqhawe, elingaphantsi kweempembelelo zokuzigcina zingapheliyo, ziguqulwa zibe ngumbuso kunye nokunyaniseka. UManlov ngumntu onobubele obunothando, kodwa ukungakhathali kwakhe, kodwa, kuye kwaba ngumntu ongenalutho, oyisiphukuphuku. Ewe, kwaye ubuqhawe beNozdrev buphazamisekile kwi-atmospheric. Kwimvanoveli ibonakaliswa njengomqambimanga ongekhohlisi, umculi kunye neqhekeza.

Bonke abo babalingiswa bamele umfanekiso ongenampilo waseRussia kwimiphefumlo efile. Kodwa abazange babe ngamaqhawe angalunganga kumsebenzi kaGogol. Zizinto zobuntu ezihlazo eziye zakhayo. Ukubuyela kule mgangatho wangaphambili kunokuphela kweenguqu zabo eziyinhloko kwimpilo yentlalo yaseRashiya.

Chichikov naseRashiya

Kwi "Imiphefumlo Efileyo" akukho nabalinganiswa. Nangona intshaba malunga neentengo zeCchikov, igosa lelo qhinga liyindawo yaseRashiya, eyenziwe ngumntu onemifanekiso ebuhlungu yabanini bezindlu. Ukuthambekela kwe-capitalist entsha, eyaqala ukubonakala, yaxhomekeke ekuhlolweni kwembhali. Umoya wamandla kunye nombane womthengi wemiphefumlo efile yabonisa ukungahambisani kwabo kwiimeko zangaphambili zaseRussia. Konke ngoku kwaye walahlekelwa indlela yakhe. Umzila omkhulu waseRussia wawuqhubela kabini kwiindawo eziphosakeleyo. Kodwa akazange aphelelwe yithemba kwaye waqhubeka ukuya kwinjongo ejoliswe kuyo. Nangona kunjalo, akuzange kuphunyezwe, apho kukho nenye impawu.

I-Rashiya ephilayo kunye nemiphefumlo efile ehleli ngokukhawuleza kuyo, enjalo ingcamango yomsebenzi ongapheliyo. Ihlabathi elimisiweyo kunye nelihlazo labanini bezindlu lichasene nomlobi kumfanekiso osebenzayo weChichikov kwinqanaba eligqityiweyo. Kwaye sele sele ekupheleni kwayo kuyacaca ukuba umlingisi ohamba ngeendlela zaseRashiya ekukhangela imiphefumlo efile akayena iqhawe lakhe elitsha. UChichikov nabanye abafana naye abayi kukwazi ukutshintsha eli lizwe. Ngubani okwazi ukwenza oku? Impendulo kwakufuneka iqulethwe kwimimiselo elandelayo uGogol akakwazanga ukuyidala. Kwakukho kubo ayenenjongo yokubonakalisa umfanekiso onqwenelekayo welizwe lakubo kunye nabantu, abathandayo, nangona zimbi zimbi, ngaphezu kwayo yonke into.

Ukuhleka ngezinyembezi

I-satire yeGogol ihamba neengxabano ezibuhlungu. Isici esichazwe yile talente yombhali kwakukwazi ukudibanisa i-comic kunye nenhlekelele. Ekutshintsheni uluntu indima ebalulekileyo inokudlala ngokutyhila iingcinga eziphambili phakathi kwabameli bakhe, ngakumbi xa zenziwe ngokufanelekileyo. UGogol wayekholelwa kule nto. Wachaza ngokungaqhelekanga ngokungaqhelekanga kwidolophu yesigqeba kunye nezindlu, phantse zilahlekile emasimini.

Akazange ayigatya nangona izinto ezinjengezinto ezinqabileyo njengezibonakaliso kwizikhululo ezinemiqulu engabonakaliyo, imithi emincinci, ebizwa kwiphephandaba lendawo ngeemithi ezivulekileyo. Zonke ezo ziyinxalenye yomfanekiso waseRashiya. Kodwa into ephambili kubo kwakuyindlela. Kuye, uGogol wayenebudlelwane obukhethekileyo. Kwaye kwindlela eyadala inxalenye yenkondlo yengqondo.

Le ndlela yamenza ukuba athenge izinto zokudala. Waphefumlela umbhali. Ngomqondo wobugcisa, indlela, njengengomnye umfanekiso, igcwalisa ngokucacileyo umfanekiso wobomi baseRussia.

Criticism

"IRashiya kwiMimoya Efileyo" isincoko esoloko ibhaliwe kwizifundo zoncwadi. Ukwenza umsebenzi onjalo wokudala, kufuneka ufunde amanqaku amanqaku anikezelwe emsebenzini kaNikolai Gogol.

UBelinsky wayekholelwa ukuba "Imiphefumlo Efileyo" idinga ukufundisisa. Ukuxabisa intsingiselo yobugcisa ukususela kwinqanaba lokuqala lingaphezu kwamandla kwanomntu ocinga. Umbongo kufuneka ufundwe kwakhona. Ukuze ubhale umsebenzi odeleyo kumsebenzi kaGogol, kuyafaneleka ukufunda isihloko sikaBelinsky esithi "Ukuphuma kweChichikov, okanye Imiphefumlo Efileyo."