Iintsimbi Ulungiselelo kunye nesicelo sabo

Ngaphandle kokuba ngakumbi nangakumbi mveliso kunye nekhaya ukusetyenziswa ngumntu izinto, ukuba ongendawo amgibe ukusetyenziswa lwesinyithi asikafumani ndlela. Bathi ilifa indibanisela eyodwa zakhiwo, kunye aluminium ukuvumela ukuba usebenzise ubuchule babo ubuninzi. Kwezinye iindawo kukho ukulungiswa kunye nokusetyenziswa ngentsimbi?

amaqela uphawu lweziqalelo

Phantsi izinyithi Qonda iseti zingaphiliyo lweekhemikhali kunye isici ngokweempawu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iquka:

• conductivity thermal phezulu;
• bhetyebhetye, kalula of machining;
• indawo yokunyibilika eliphezulu;
• Unikezelo lombane okulungileyo;
• boqobo ayenechaphothi "zalo";
• indima reductant kwi abasabela;
• ache.

Kakade ke, asizizo zonke izinto zeli qela ilifa zonke ezi zakhiwo, umzekelo, mercury kubushushu igumbi, lo kaLayishe waseGalim ulwelo Inyibilikile bubushushu wezandla zabantu, yaye bismuth ngenkankulu oluthambileyo. Kodwa ngokubanzi, zonke ezi mpawu ingalandwa kwi metal aggregate.

yokwahlukanisa yangaphakathi

Metals ngokuqhelekileyo yahlulwe iindidi eziliqela, ngalinye guilabel ndawonye izinto ezo zezona zikufuphi olunye ezahlukeneyo iparameters. Kukho la maqela alandelayo:

• Awana - 6;
• awana - 4;
• lenguqu - 38;
• Ezincinane - 7;
• semimetals - 7;
• lanthanides - 14 + 1;
• actinides - 14 + 1;

amaqela Ngaphandle kuhlala ezimbini: beryllium nezinki. Ngoko ke, okwangoku zonke izinto avulekileyo 94 izazinzulu zibhekisela nesinyithi.

Ngaphezu koko, kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye ukuba zikhona ezinye yokuhlela. Ngokutsho kwabo, zithathwa ngokwahlukileyo amanene iintsimbi ye platinum qela, post-nguquko, elinjubaqa, abamnyama abebala kunye t. D. Le ndlela yenza ucacelwa kuphela ezithile ngeenjongo, oko kukuthi sikuvumela ukuba ukusetyenziswa eziqhelekileyo yokuhlela.

imbali irisithi

Abantu lonke uphuhliso kwayo inxulumene ukuya processing kunye nokusetyenziswa zesinyithi. Ngaphandle nje ukuba yeyona ixhaphakileyo izinto zazo onokubangela ezahlukeneyo iimveliso nje yi machining. Njengoko kwizakhono ore wayengekho apho, nje enayinyusayo kwasekuqaleni nje malunga nokusetyenziswa zike zegolide. Ekuqaleni kwalo kwaba metal ethambileyo, esalinikwayo igama Copper Age, isikhundla ilitye. Ngeli xesha, sisungule indlela nokwakhiwa ebandayo. Kwamanye amazwe Bakwazi kunyityilikiswa. Ngokuthe ngcembe, abantu baye kakuhle ukufumana iintsimbi non-ayoni, ezifana negolide, isilivere, itoti.

Kamva indawo zobhedu kwafika yeBronzi Age. Yena lweminyaka engama-20 amawaka, yaye yaba kukutshintsha awenzele uluntu, kuba sohlala kweli xesha kwaba lula ukuvelisa aluminium. Kukho kancane shishino, iindlela eziphuculiweyo zokuvelisa zesinyithi. Noko ke, kule 13-12 kwiinkulungwane. BC. e. kwakukho ekuthiwa njalo-Ibronzi ukuwa ukuba aphawula ukuqala i-Iron Age. Oku yezizathu kwakungenxa ukuncipha kwezixa ze etotini. A sikhokele, imetyhuri, vula ngeli xesha, ayikwazanga kuba indawo yobhedu. Ngoko abantu ukuphuhlisa imveliso zesinyithi ezivela ores.

Isithuba elandelayo yathatha ixesha elifutshane - ngaphantsi kwe kwiMillenium, kodwa wemka, azafunyanelwa ndawo eliqaqambileyo kwimbali. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba intsimbi yayisaziwa kakhulu ngaphambili, kube ayizange isicelo ngenxa ezingalunganga yabo xa bethelekiswa nabona ngobhedu. Ukongeza, kulula kakhulu ukufumana i wokugqibela, ngelixa lokunyibilikisa le isinyithi ngakumbi umsebenzi ethatha ixesha elide. Eyona nto kukuba intsimbi ndazalelwa kakhulu inqabile, ngoko ayimangalisi into yokuba ukulahlwa zobhedu kade kangaka.

iintsimbi lwexabiso lezakhono ulwabiwo

Ngu mfanekiso yindlela ngukhokho abantu bokuqala benza isixhobo zabasebenzi, nokubophelela ilitye abukhali ukuze uluthi, kwinguqu esa izinto ezintsha yajika wamazwi ngokulinganayo. Izinto eziluncedo ezingundoqo iimveliso zesinyithi kukugcina yokuba kube lula ukwenza, yaye kwaba lula ukuyilungisa. Stone akazange abe plasticity kunye malleability, ngoko nayiphi isixhobo kulo kungenziwa kuphela ukusuka ekuqaleni, balungise oko akuzange kuncede.

Ngoko ke, nguwo lenguqu ukuya ukusetyenziswa zesinyithi kukhokelele ekuphuculweni ngakumbi izixhobo yabasebenzi, ukuvela izinto zasekhaya ezintsha, izacholo, yenza ukuba kwakungenakwenzeka ngaphambili. Konke oku kwavusa inkqubela yobuchule wabeka isiseko kuphuhliso yokunyibilikisa isinyithi.

iindlela zale mihla

Ukuba kumaxesha amandulo, abantu babesiva kuphela ukuveliswa zesinyithi ezivela sisimbiwa, okanye ukuba sizakhele zamani, ngelo xesha lakalokunje, kukho ezinye iindlela. Baye kwenziwa kwenzeka ngenxa kuphuhliso chemistry. Ngoko ke, kukho iindawo ezimbini eziphambili:

• Pyrometallurgy. Yaqala uphuhliso yayo phambi kokuba kwaye unxulunyaniswa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu efunekayo ukuze kuphunyezwe lo mbandela. ubugcisa Modern kule ndawo ukuvumela ukusetyenziswa plasma.
• Hydrometallurgy. Lo mkhuba uye ekususeni ezakha sisimbiwa, ezibharhileyo, ukuzikisa njalo. E. ngamanzi kunye neekhemikhali. Umzekelo, ukuba indlela eqhelekileyo kubandakanya ukufumana isinyithi yi electrolysis, naye indlela kakhulu oluthandwa cementation.

Kukho nenye technology umdla. Ukufumana anqabileyo njengegolide okanye isilivere aphezulu ubunyulu otheni nelahleko kwaba yimpumelelo ngenxa yakhe. Ukuthetha ngayo yokuhluza. Le nkqubo - enye iintlobo lokulungisa, oko kukuthi, ukwahlulwa chu nezingcoliso. Umzekelo, kwimeko igolide wasebenzisa Ukwanda yeKhlorini anyibilike kunye platinum iqhawulwa asidi nezimbiwa, kulandele wezenzi ngokwahlukana.

Ke kaloku, imveliso zesinyithi yi electrolysis amaninzi kusetyenziswa xa ndiyabanyibilikisa okanye ukuncitshiswa disadvantageous ngokwezoqoqosho. Oku kwenzeka ntoni nge-aluminiyam kwaye sodium. Kukho kwakhona ngaphezu technology ezintsha kwenza imveliso zesinyithi non-ahle nokuba ngeranti ores ezisezantsi-grade ngaphandle kweendleko ezinkulu, kodwa thina siya kuhamba ngayo kamva kancinane.

malunga aluminiyamu

Uninzi lwezi methali ezaziwayo Kwamandulo, akazange ukuhlangana ezinye iimfuno. Nokumelana, lukhuni asanelanga, brittleness, ubu, impermanence - element ngayinye ngohlobo yayo enyulu iye kuneengxaki zako. Ngoko ke, kunyanzelekile ukuba ufumane izinto ezintsha oludibanisa amancedo a Laziwa baba, oko kukuthi ukufumana iindlela ukuvelisa aluminiyamu yesinyithi. Namhlanje, kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili:

• Baza,. Mixed amacandelo ziyanyibilika lupholayo kunye crystallizes. Yile ndlela ukuba lithole lokuqala iisampuli aluminiyamu: zobhedu, nezobhedu.
• Ngokucindezela. Umxube emigutyeni ufakwa koxinzelelo oluphezulu, kwaye ke sintered.

kangcono

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, kwezithembiso kakhulu kubonakala ukufumana isinyithi kunye nokusetyenziswa biotechnology, ikakhulu ngenxa iintsholongwane. Kuye kwenzeke ukuba ukuphola kusuka sulfidic izinto zobhedu, nickel, izinc, igolide neyuranium. Izazinzulu zinethemba amagciwane ukudibanisa neenkqubo ezifana leaching, igcwala, adsorption kunye kwezulu. Ukongeza, umba mlonyeni kakhulu ke ukucocwa kwamanzi amdaka, ngokuba yena, naye, ukuzama ukufumana isisombululo elichaphazela inxaxheba iintsholongwane.

isicelo

Ngaphandle isinyithi kunye aluminium bekuya kuba ubomi ayinakwenzeka ngendlela apho ngoku yaziwa eluntwini. izakhiwo ezinemigangatho, moya, izitya, nezipili, izixhobo zombane, iimoto kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi kukho Bulelani kuphela kubantu kude utshintsho ukusuka litye nobhedu, ubhedu nentsimbi.

Ngenxa yabo ezizodwa zombane kunye conductivity thermal zesinyithi ezisetyenziswa imicwe kunye neengcingo kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo. Gold isetyenziselwa eyimveliso a abafowunelwa non-oxidizing. Ngenxa yalo kunye ubungwanyalala intsimbi sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi yokwakha kunye ezahlukeneyo zokwakha. Enye indawo besicelo - isixhobo. Ukuvelisa i umzekelo ukusebenza kwe isithole inxalenye asetyenziswa njalo aluminiyamu nzima kunye yodidi ezizodwa. Okokugqibela, le amatye anqabileyo kakhulu njengemfanelo ekufanisweni izivatho. Ngoko izicelo ezininzi.

Ezinomdla zesinyithi aluminium

Ukusetyenziswa kwezi zinto kubanzi kakhulu kwaye imbali elide, akumangalisi ukuba xa kukuvela kweemeko ezahlukeneyo funny. Bathi nje isibini izibakala umdla kwaye kufuneka kungakhokelela ekupheleni:

• Ngaphambi kokuba ukusasazwa aluminium ngokubanzi malunga noku kakhulu. Zokutya, leyo xa efumana iindwendwe ezisetyenziswa uNapoleon III, kwenziwa kanye ukusuka lo myalezo bazizisulu inkosi nekratshi.
• Igama platinum liguqulelwe Spanish lithetha "serebrishko". Loo igama elimsulwa lento ifunyenwe ngenxa ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu yokunyibilika yaye, ke ngoko, akunakwenzeka ukuba ixesha elide ukuyisebenzisa.
• Igolide esulungekileyo ithambe kakhulu kwaye kulula ukuba phina kunye kozipho. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukuba ukwenziwa izacholo kokuba exutyiweyo yisilivere okanye ubhedu.
• Kukho aluminiyamu nge ipropati ophezu kwayo wokuyinxiba thermoelasticity, oko kukuthi ifuthe "memory" imilo. Xa deformation kunye zokufudumeza kamva ukuba ibuyiselwe embusweni yokuqala.