Ukutshisa njengomwexuki. Church and uba-

Kwenzeka ukuba nabawexuki, kodwa kunoko xa isohlwayo nabawexuki, bakhumbula ngokufuthi ngokunxulumene neenkqubo Witching kunye Kwamacala - simanga uphawu Europe: ikakhulu eItali, Southern France, Spain Portugal. Kodwa bekuya kuba yimpazamo ukucinga ukuba emazweni ezingaphaya kolawulo Pope, Kwaya ukuba bazive bekhuselekile. ukutshisa koLuntu nabawexuki - lolona hlobo luqhelekileyo isohlwayo - izenzo eseByzantium kunye eRashiya.

Origin of amahlelo

Ukususela igama lesiGrike elithi 'qhekeko "lithetha" ulwalathiso "okanye" isikolo ". Ekuqaleni umKristu, 1-2 kwiinkulungwane n-th. e., inkqubo yonqulo enye ayikenziwa kuphuhliswa. Kukho iindawo ezininzi, amahlelo, iyileyo ngendlela yaso watolika ezinye iinkalo zokufundisa: i emnye, uhlobo kaKristu kunye Virgin Mary, eschatology, isakhiwo oluneqela elinegunya Church. Xa BC ngenkulungwane yesi-4. e. Oku kuphelisa uConstantine: ngaphandle inkxaso ngamandla yehlabathi webandla esemthethweni, ngoxa athalala, ayikwazanga zobunye izithethe. Izahlukano, yiArian kwathiwa kuqala, emva koko Nestorianism. AmaDonatists batshutshiswa kwaye Montanists. Abanemvume Iinkokeli zokuqala zecawa, sikhokelwa ngencwadi iTestamente Entsha, wabanika lo ingqiqo engathandekiyo elibi. Noko ke, ukutshiswa nabawexuki esibondeni ngexesha sele bangekabi eziqhelekileyo.

Le mfundiso heretical isiqalo sexesha elitsha bezopolitiko okanye ezentlalo ukuhlaziya eliqaqambileyo. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, amakholwa waqala ukuba bagxeke i ekhoyo zabefundisi, iBandla wentsebenziswano ngamandla wempangelo, ukutyebiseka zababingeleli uhanahaniso lwabo.

the Cathars

Xa 11-13 Kwiinkulungwane th, imililo wavutha kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Le njengokutsha imbuka ithiwe thaca kwi-zabefundisi ngendlela elula kakhulu lokuyigxotha le inkcaso. yokwahlulahlula yeCawa Western (Catholic) kunye naseMpuma (Orthodox) kwinkulungwane ye-11 wanika yokukhawulezisa ukuvela iimfundiso ezintsha. Iintshaba idumileyo yembono yamaKatolika iCawa waba Cathars, okanye "uhlambulukile". Ubukhulu becala liphuhlise inkqubo yabo mfundiso yayisekelwe izithethe zobuhedeni, ingakumbi Manichaeism, nto leyo ithathwa kulingana amandla kaThixo kunye ngumtyholi. Cathars isixhobo ihlabathi akazange acinge ogqibeleleyo. Bona wagxeka amaziko karhulumente, abefundisi ukubawa wabiza ngokuphandle Pope ngumkhonzi ngumtyholi. Cathars washumayela eyabekwa, isidima, ukukhuthala. Zenza umbutho isonto, negunya elikhulu. Maxa wambi igama elithi "catarrh" ndawonye abemele ezinye izazinzulu ezineempawu ezifanayo: i Waldensians, i Bogomils, Paulicians. Ngowe-1209, uPopu Innocent III wathabatha Cathars nzulu ecebisa neenkosi ezingabamelwane ukuphelisa ngabaqhekeki kwaye athathe umhlaba zabo.

Le ukulwa uba-

Abefundisi ekhethwayo ukujongana uso ngabalawuli yehlabathi. Abo amaninzi akazange engqondweni; ngokuba bona ngokwabo babesoyika abantu amsongele. Kwamacala - Ngo-1215, Innocent III umzimba eyodwa yenkundla yabefundisi yasekwa. Abasebenzi (ikakhulu ukusuka Order Dominican - "Dogs yeNkosi") kufuneka sifune esikhova, ukuba izityholo nxamnye nabo, ukuba bayigocagoce nokohlwaya.

Ityala of a imbuka kudla kunye ngokuhlukunyezwa (Hangman ubugcisa kweli thuba wafumana isivuseleli lophuhliso, yaye kuye kwasekwa nendawo yokugcina onomtsalane iimpahla nxaniso). Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuba kwagqitywa uphando, kwesigwebo nokubulawa kwakhe ukwenza umntu yehlabathi. Yintoni na le sigwebo inikwa phantsi rhoqo? Ukutshiswa of nabawexuki kwitheko enkulu yabantu. Kutheni uvutha? Ngenxa yokuba isigwebo kubangela ukuba iCawe ayikwazanga ukubamba igazi. Ukongeza, nelangatye benawo iipropati ukucocwa.

autos

sha uba- kwaba isenzo kaJuni. Ngoko ke, ukubulawa kwakhe ukuba abekhona kangangoko kunokwenzeka kubantu bazo zonke iiklasi. Lo msitho aziswa eholideyini waza wabizwa ngokuba "auto de fe" ( "isenzo ukholo"). Ngomhla olwandulela kwindawo ehonjisiweyo, wakha bleachers ukuba, namatshawe kunye nezindlu zangasese zikawonke-wonke. iintsimbi Church zathathwa ukuze yisongele ngelaphu kumanzi; ngokuba bakuba beyiphosile ilothe lemvula ngakumbi yaye "isijwili". Ngentsasa elandelayo, umbingeleli ibhiyozelwa ubunzima, loo ngumncini washumayela, kunye nabantwana besikolo bacula. Ekugqibeleni, izivakalisi sabhengezwa. Ke Bakhokelwa baphuma. Le njengokutsha imbuka wayengomnye isohlwayo kunawo oluqhutywa kwesikhokelo autos. Kwakhona kwenziwa: yokuvuma (umz, lokuphambukela) lobunqambi enxibe imiqondiso ubomi, bake esidlangalaleni, entolongweni.

Kodwa ukuba izityholo zawo kakhulu, ngecala waba phantse akukho ithuba. Ngenxa nxaniso "ngabaqhekeki" kwiimeko ezininzi, yavuma ityala lakhe. Emva koko, oko udavlivali watshisa isidumbu ebotshelelwe isithuba sengqesho. Ukuba, ke, phambi kokuba abulawe, yena aqala ukukhanyela oko ndathi ngaphambili, ukuba balinde eziko ephila, maxa wambi ngaphezu ubushushu ephantsi (le ziinkuni ngokukhethekileyo balungiselela ekrwada).

Ngubani na wayelingana esikhova?

Ukuba umntu akazange eze zizalamane amabanjwa 'ekufeni, kwade orhanelwa nokuhambisana. Ngoko ke autos bebesoloko ethandwayo. Nangona yokuba endaweni umntu ogwetyiweyo ingaba phantse wonke umntu, isihlwele wahlekisa 'ngabaqhekeki' yaye ndihlanjwe ke ngezithuko.

Burning ugwebayo kuphela iqela lezopolitiko kwaye ezizinzululwazi yeCawa kunye izinduna. ekubulaweni kwenqwaba abafazi betyholwa ngobugqwirha (bona kwaba lula ukuba ukusulela ityala zonke iintlobo iintlekele), izazinzulu - uninzi ngeenkwenkwezi, iingcali zefilosofi kunye amagqirha (njengoko ibandla lathembela intswela yabantu wayengenamdla nokusasazwa kolwazi), abacebi (ngokuzama ukuphucula ngokupheleleyo amalungiselelo ihlabathi nguThixo), iimonki engalawulekiyo, amaRoma (ngakumbi amaYuda), abashumayeli ezinye iinkonzo. Enyanisweni, ukuba kumgweba nabani kunye nantoni na. Qaphela kwakhona ukuba icawa Balisusa yipropati kubulawa.

Church kwaye uba- e Russia

Iintshaba ibalulekileyo yeCawa yobu Nabo Old yaqala. Kodwa noqhekeko kuphela ngenkulungwane ye-17, yaye kude kube lelo xesha, kulo lonke elo lizwe ngenkuthalo avuthayo abameli amahlelo ezahlukeneyo ingqiqo yeengcinga kwezentlalo: Strigolniki, Judaic kunye nabanye. Sisebenzise kwakhona ukuba ilifa iincwadi heretical, ukunyelisa iBandla likaKristu kunye Virgin Mary, ubugqwirha, ukususela ngamasebe weemonki. Ngokubanzi, impangele ayesahluka kancinane kuleyo Spain ngakwicala inzondelelo "kubathuthumbisi" zasekuhlaleni, ngaphandle ukuba kusondele baba isohluka nangakumbi yaye Okukodwa yesizwe, umzekelo, ukutshiswa nabawexuki kuthwalelwa phandle hayi kwi esibondeni, yaye endlwini ngamaplanga.

Church Russian Orthodox kuphela ngo-1971 waqonda iimpazamo zabo malunga Amakholwa Endala. Kodwa nguquko nezinye 'esikhova, "oko engazisi yona.