Ubuthi - ubuthi is ...

Kumashishini ezahlukeneyo, yaye nje ebomini, uyakwazi Sisoloko sisiva le khompawundi eziyityhefu kunye izinto eziyityhefu. Kodwa luni iimolekyuli na? Ubuthi - umlinganiselo yetyhefu, okanye enye into? Zama ukuqonda indlela yalo nqaku.

Yintoni ubuthi?

Ngokutsho umchiza uluvo, inkcazelo "zinetyhefu" - kubonisa igama thumbanails toksikometricheskogo index. Le ixabiso ebonisa indlela compound ethile iyingozi empilweni kunye nobomi kunye ezincancisayo izidalwa ezinegazi elishushu.

Ngamanye amazwi, ubungozi - ngumlinganiselo le xi ezona avumelekile iziyobisi eziyingozi, apho oko kuya kuba neziphumo ezibi xa baboniswa eziphilayo.

Icandelo Active ibalwe njengexabiso isichasi-avareji ithamo ezinkulu a arhente ethile. Kwakhona bathi zinetyhefu - ukukwazi yikhompawundi ukuba utshintsho ezingenakuguqulwa kwimpilo abantu, izilwanyana okanye izityalo.

Ilinganisa yetyhefu zinokuba nomahluko, ukuchaza isebenzisa imithetho ezizodwa okanye parameters. Ngenxa yesi sizathu ukwahlula iindidi ezininzi izinto.

Iiklasi kwezinto letyhefu

Ezininzi zazo. Olu hlobo yokuhlelwa le mbono. Cinga onke amaqela kunokwenzeka.

1. Iklasi yokuqala yetyhefu - luyingozi kakhulu. Bonisa inani ngezantsi-15 mg / ubunzima bomzimba kg.
2. iikhompawundi ayityhefu kakhulu. index olunjalo ephezulu, kodwa incinane kakhulu - ukususela-15 ukuya 150 mg / kg.
3. Ulinganisele sesichengeni - ukuya ku 1500 mg / kg.
4. Low ezingenabungozi - ngaphezu mzobo yangaphambili.

Ngokwendalo, iimpembelelo zempilo liya kubonelela nje inyaniso, leliphi na iqela umhlaseli, kodwa ixesha lakhe sesichengeni. I aphezulu oko, kokukhona ingozi yokufa okanye ityhefu kakhulu.

izinto eziyityhefu eziphezulu

Ezi meko ke azibandakanyi nje kuphela ezo ezibangela yityhefu ebantwini nasezilwanyaneni. Kodwa abo bakwaziyo zingcolise okusingqongileyo. Basenokuba kumazwe ezahlukeneyo ukulinganiswa:

• eqinileyo;
• wamanzi;
• igesi.

Kuyingozi kakhulu kubo - imichiza igesi asphyxiating ukuba ezingenambala kunye esha. Umzekelo, carbon monoxide okanye carbon monoxide.

Kakhulu izinto eziyityhefu ilifa eziliqela iimpawu evumela ukuba ama phakathi kwezinye kusitsha.

1. Nmb ukusasaza imisinga nomoya ezahlukeneyo umgama (ngamanye amaxesha elikhulu kakhulu).
2. Kuse- izinto ezahlukeneyo indlu, ukutya, kwaye nezinye izinto kwandisa ingozi yosulelo kwaye yityhefu.
3. ukungafani kunye umahluko yokusebenza eninzi kakhulu, ngoko ungenza ngeyeza jikelele.

Isiphumo kukuba ubungozi - oku ipropati umcimbi, apho kunzima kakhulu ukumelana nayo kwaye kubenzima ngakumbi ukulawula ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi ezi zihlanganisi kuyingozi kakhulu nengathandekiyo. Ke ukuba lithe ukuphetshwa, kuyafuneka ukuba siqwalasele ngenyameko zonke iinketho kunokwenzeka ukuba ukhuselo iphecana yokuphefumla kunye nesikhumba.

Nantsi imizekelo embalwa ubuthi zinamandla phakathi ngokolwelo, naphakathi asphyxiating zegesi.

Hydrocyanic acid kunye neetyuwa yayo

Ubungozi kwezinto impahla eyayisetyenziswa neetyuwa ze hydrocyanic acid uphezulu kakhulu. Kwakunye compound ngokwayo. ifomula Its chemical HCN. Kuye ivumba uphawu indalo yayo kuphela, free-ukugeleza ezililize kakhulu.

indawo yayo yingozi - oko enyibilikayo zonke iintlobo izinyibilikisi, kuqukwa amanzi. Ngoko ke, xa tapeworm oko ako ngephanyazo. ukusebenza period kwi umzimba ethintela isixokelelwano sokuphefumla. Benqanda (Hydrocyanic ityuwa acid) uyakwazi yokudibanisa kunye ngehemoglobin yentsimbi, ngaloo ndlela asitshabalalise. Xa oku kuqala mpilo yindlala izicwili, iiseli kunye namaziko. Ngenxa yoko - ukufa efutshanisileyo okanye ukunxila kakhulu kunene.

Ipotaziyam benqanda lisetyenziswa ityhefu inamandla ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. It wayesele esaziwa ngemisebenzi yayo kunye neziphumo emzimbeni.

imimoya enetyhefu

Phakathi iikhompawundi sukube, kukho abaninzi abo kwiqela inetyhefu kakhulu. Nokuba ngexesha igesi yeKhlorini iMfazwe Yehlabathi I yayisetyenziswa njengendawo isixhobo imichiza, yaye ngempumelelo.

Kukho ezininzi intshukumo kunye eziqhelekileyo khompawundi zobundlobongela yolu didi:

• phosgene;
• formaldehyde;
• chloro;
• iperi athom bromine;
• carbon monoxide;
• chloride, phosphorus (III);
• ammonia;
• hydrogen sulphide;
• carbon disulfide;
• sulphur dioxide;
• methyl chloride, kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Dwelisa yonke nje akunakwenzeka, inani labo inkulu kakhulu. Ngaphandle rhoqo kuhlelwe zonke iintlobo ezintsha naluphi na uqhagamshelwano, ezinye zazo nizalise yobuncwane ityhefu.

chlorine

Le igesi enetyhefu umbala omthubi noluhlaza kunye livumba ubhobhoyi. Ngenxa oku kuyenzeka ukubona ngaphandle nezixhobo ezizodwa. Bekuya kuba nzima ngaphezu umoya, ngoko olubi emathafeni. Ngoko ke, babalekele kwiimpembelelo zalo kufuneka, lisanyuka phezulu kangangoko.

Le impazamo abantu abazinikeleyo wayengazi ngale iipropati igesi. Baqala ke ukuba ukufihla ngo emagumbini emathafeni, apho engundoqo kwaye kwehlisa ilifu ityhefu. nempembelelo yayo lomzimba kwi umzimba ingakwazi ukusebenza. Xa ngaphakathi ngokusebenzisa iphecana yokuphefumla, ibangela ukutsha kakhulu okanye izityalo, ngenxa yoko, ubunzima ukuphefumla, kunye ziintlungu. Eli nyathelo luqala eyavela emoyeni kwi-mali ka-6 mg / ^m3.

Kweli hlelo le igesi kwicandelo kubalulekile kakhulu. Ngoko ke, isetyenziselwa:

• nokuveliswa zinambuzane;
• abacoci metal;
• yokudla njengoko isongezo (E 925);
• kwamagciwane amanzi;
• njengoko kwezithako mhlophe;
• njengoko zintsholongwane nkqi, kubandakanywa ukulungiselela iinjongo zonyango.

Sebenza le compound kufuneka ibe usebenzisa ngononophelo kakhulu isuti ekhethekileyo zokuzikhusela ngaphandle kokutyeshela imigaqo yokhuseleko.

phosgene

Le igesi enetyhefu, apho ngokuqhelekileyo ayinazo umbala, ivumba kunye hay lokuvunda. ingozi yakhe enkulu kukuba kuyo akukho iyeza. Zikhusele wena, unako imaski kuphela. Kuye esetyenziswa kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I nje isixhobo imichiza.

ukusebenza kwayo komzimba na lwephanyazo ethintela amajelo alveolar. Isiphumo lo nokudumba esinamandla miphungeni. Ukufa igalelekile, ngoko ke igesi luwele udidi izinto eziyityhefu kakhulu.

Ayithandi isixa mg 5 kunokubangela ukufa. Ukuba ukusuka kanye ekuqaleni ukuphefumla phosgene kungabonwa yi ivumba, ngoko kwiibhloko kuyo elizayo luvo ukuqgiba, ngoko ke akuyi kuya awayevakalelwa ngayo nayiphi na ingqalelo emoyeni.