Iimpawu eekhemikhali neetyuwa kunye neendlela lokulungiselela lwabo

Iityuwa - izinto ukubayinxalenye iklasi ka iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo, enamakhulu le anion (intsalela acid) kunye zesiqinisekiso (atom metal). Kwiimeko ezininzi le nto crystalline imibala ezahlukeneyo kunye ukunyibilika ezahlukeneyo ngamanzi. Ummeli elula yale yeklasi iikhompawundi - sodium chloride (NaCl).

Iityuwa zahlulwe asidi, ezisisiseko kunye eqhelekileyo.

Eqhelekileyo (imiyinge ka-) akhiwa xa esiti zonke athom hydrogen athathelwa indawo athom yesinyithi, okanye xa onke amaqela hydroxyl athathelwa indawo iziseko acid acid iintsalela (umz, MgSO4, MG (CH3COO) 2). Xa dissociation electrolytic, aqhekeke abe anions metal kakuhle ityala kunye anions kakubi wabekwa phantsi.

Iimpawu eekhemikhali eli qela neetyuwa:

• cazulula kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu;

• bangenele haydrolisis (reaction ngamanzi);

• ukungena reactions zotshintshiselwano isakudityaniswa nee-asidi, iziseko kunye nezinye iityuwa. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ezinye iimpawu zezi khemikhali:

- yokusabela kunye acid kwenzeka kuphela xa le acid yomelele ngaphezu koko ukusuka apho kwenzeka ityuwa;

- ukusebenza kunye isiseko ebanjwe kwimeko apho umcimbi ezingenakunyibilika ukhandwa;

- saline idityaniswe intsimbi, ukuba usele kolu thotho electrochemical yengcinezelo metal, eyinxenye ye ityuwa;

- ityuwa compound in isisombululo zisenokuxabana nezinye, ukuba oku bakha exchange mveliso ezingenakunyibilika;

• redox ezinokuthi kunxulumana iimpawu zesiqinisekiso okanye anion.

Le iityuwa asidi zilungiselelwe kwiimeko apho kuphela inxalenye athom hydrogen kwi iasidi indawo athom yesinyithi (umz, NaHSO4, CaHPO4). Xa dissociation electrolytic zakha hydrogen nentsimbi iyatshi-, le anions acid abaseleyo, kodwa iimpawu eekhemikhali eli qela ziquka neetyuwa ze iimpawu zilandelayo njengoko ityuwa kunye asidi khompawundi:

• ziphantsi yokubola thermal ukwakha ityuwa yesibini;

• awasabela ngayo kunye kwealkali ukwenza ityuwa eqhelekileyo.

iityuwa Basic afunyanwa kwiimeko apho kukho inxalenye kuphela zamaqela hydroxyl endaweni iziseko le anions ye asidi (umz, Cu (OH) okanye Cl, Fe (OH) CO3). iikhompawundi ezinjalo inqanyulwe zibe ukuse- otyhidiweyo kunye anions ezintsalela hydroxy kunye asidi. Iimpawu eekhemikhali eli qela neetyuwa ziquka iimpawu izinto uphawu imichiza kunye netyuwa, neziseko ngexesha elifanayo:

• luphawulwa yokubola thermal;

• awasabela ngayo kunye iasidi.

Kukho ingqikelelo ezintsonkothileyo kunye neetyuwa kabini.

Complex equlethe anion ezintsonkothileyo okanye zesiqinisekiso. Iimpawu imichiza le ndlela yokusabela ziquka iityuwa izakhiwo intshabalalo, sikhatshwe ukuyilwa iikhompawundi ngokonga emanzini. Ngaphezu koko, baye bakwazi ukuba babelane ligands phakathi indawo ngaphakathi langaphandle.

Kwakhona Dual uye ukuse- ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kwaye zisenokuxabana izisombululo obrak (ukuncitshiswa reaction).

Iindlela neetyuwa ekulungiseleleni

Ezi zinto zingafumaneka kule ndlela zilandelayo:

• ngokuhlanganisa asidi kunye nesinyithi, leyo bayakwazi ukuba asuse i atom hydrogen;

• neenqwelwana indlela acids, neziseko iqela hydroxyl le nto kwaneso kunye kwiintsalela acid asidi;

• isenzo asidi kwi amphoteric kunye oxides ezisisiseko, iityuwa okanye isinyithi;

• isenzo iinqwelwana kwi oxides emuncu;

• ukusabela phakathi oxides esidi esisiseko;

• iityuwa ngokuhlanganisa omnye nomnye okanye isinyithi (endaweni reaction) ;

• ukulungiselela iityuwa metal ngexesha reactions ne non-isinyithi;

• asidi compound ityuwa afunyenwe abasabela iityuwa eliphakathi kunye asidi igama elifanayo;

• ityuwa esisiseko into ilungisiwe ngokuhlanganisa ityuwa kunye imali encinane kwealkali.

Ngenxa yoko, iityuwa nibe senilungile ngeendlela ezininzi, ukusukela ukuba zaveliswa ngenxa yokusabela ezininzi kwemichiza phakathi izinto ezahlukeneyo ezingaphiliyo kunye nemixube.