Yintoni ethology kwezilwanyana? Undincinayo inzululwazi ethology?

Yintoni ethology? It is a inzululwazi apho ufunda indlela izilwanyana. Ukuze ukufunda uhlobo oluthile kuyimfuneko sizigcine kwindawo yazo yendalo. Noko ke, ukuze bafunde siseko ngehambo zaphawula, ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka ungenelelo ngaphandle. Ethology kunceda ukuchaza ukudibana ezintsonkothileyo phakathi ukuziphatha isegazini ikhodi ngokwendalo kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Imvelaphi ethology nje isayensi

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ukuziphatha izilwanyana iye kufundwe ikakhulu esebenzisa imifuniselo elebhu. Le ndlela olwenziwe kuye kwabangela ukuba zinkulu izinto ezinkulu, ezifana umthetho isiphumo kunye behaviorism. Ethology iye uqeqesho ezifanelekileyo eminyaka ezimbalwa kamva, xa behaviorists zaseYurophu (ethologists) uGqirha uKonrad Lorenz kunye Niko Tinbergen wanika uluntu ezifunyaniswe njengale njengoko imprinting, ngamaxesha abalulekileyo yophuhliso, kusungula indlela yokuziphatha, izenzo izakhiwo ezisisigxina, drives zokuziphatha kunye ingqikelelo yokuziphatha ukufuduka.

Lorenz and Tinbergen, kunye fan lokuziphatha bee uKarl von Frisch wabelana ibhaso yeNobel ngo-1973 ngegalelo labo isifundo lokuziphatha izilwanyana. Nangona ezinye iinkcukacha iingcamango zabo kamva ngazo kwaye itshintshwe, imigaqo esisiseko kuhlala injalo. Behaviorism kunye ethology - ezi ziindlela ezahlukeneyo ezimbini ukufunda yokuziphatha kwezilwanyana; umntu limited ikakhulu laboratory (biheviorizm) kunye nezinye isekelwe izifundo entsimini (ethology izilwanyana). Iziphumo zophando zombini Sciences ukuvumela ukuba ukunika umfanekiso kakuhle yokuziphatha kwezilwanyana.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni ethology, eluntwini ezifana izazinzulu abaziwayo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 nasekuqaleni kweyama-20, Charles Darwin, A. Whitman, Uolles Kreyg kunye nabanye. Behaviorism - igama kwakhona ichaza ukufunda yokuziphatha kwezilwanyana yenzululwazi kunye nenjongo, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo libhekisela sifundo eziqulunqwe abasabela zokuziphatha kwiimeko elebhu kunye kunye nogxininiso omncinane kulwamkelo yendaleko. zemvelo abaninzi baye bafunda imiba yokuziphatha izilwanyana kuyo yonke imbali yoluntu.

ethology Science

Yintoni ethology? Eli candelwana yezinto eziphilayo lifunda ukuziphatha izilwanyana okanye ngabantu. Njengomgaqo, ethologists babukele izilwanyana endaweni yawo yemvelo, bafunde ukuziphatha yoqobo kunye neemeko ezichaphazela le yokuziphatha. ukuziphatha lohlobo - imikhuba okufana amalungu iintlobo ezithile. anzima reflex, luhlobo lwe sokuqonda indlela yokukhulula, iyasebenza nokubhenca kwizinto ezithile.

INgqiqo ethology kunye zezilwanyana yokuziphatha kubekho ebalulekileyo uqeqesho izilwanyana. Uphononongo izinto zendalo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo okanye iintlobo ivumela kumqeqeshi ukukhetha kwabo abameli ezifaneleke ngakumbi ukwenza imisebenzi efunekayo. Kwakhona ivumela nomqeqeshi ukukhuthaza kakuhle ukuziphatha zendalo kunye nokuthintela ezingafunekiyo.

ethologists Ngokuqhelekileyo zama ukuphendula imibuzo emine ezisisiseko iintlobo zokuziphatha:

1. Yintoni unobangela inkuthazo ngale ndlela yokuziphatha.
2. Yintoni na isakhiwo umsebenzi kwesilwanyana ababandakanyekayo yokuziphatha.
3. Njani yaye kutheni ukutshintsha ukuziphatha kwesilwanyana kunye nophuhliso yayo.
4. Indlela yokuziphatha ichaphazela ukufaneleka nolwamkelo isilwanyana.

Ingcamango ethology

Ethology izilwanyana njengengqiqo sele ikhona ukususela 1762, xa kuchazwa eFransi njengoko isifundo lokuziphatha izilwanyana. Ngale ndlela, it has intsingiselo efanayo kwigama lesiGrike elithi 'ethos ", ukusuka apho eli gama mihla livela ethology. Noko ke, azimeleyo ethology igama ezinxulumene "izimiso 'eli gama lisetyenziswa kwi ncwadi Anglo-Saxon njengoko' inzululwazi wendalo." Umsunguli ethology mihla gqirha kunye nzulu uKonrad Lorenz. Ngokusebenzisa inkqubo isicelo iindlela zebhayoloji zophando, yena sahlaziya ukuziphatha izilwanyana.

Le ncwadi yokuqala mihla ethology, isifundo ezizezemvelo yabhalwa ngowe-1951 ngu Nicolaas Tinbergen. Kokuma kwenani wabaseki ethology njenge inzululwazi, kuquka Spalding (1873), Darwin (1872), Whitman (1898), Altumy (1868) kunye Craig (1918) kuvusa umdla yezenzululwazi yokuziphatha izilwanyana. Oko kukuthi ethology, kwakunye kwisifundo isifundo yayo, saqalisa ukunikela ingqalelo. Le inzululwazi kwakujongwa nawasezincotsheni oluzimeleyo zezilwanyana kwasekuqaleni-1910. Xa sithetha ingqiqo ethology mihla kunye yesayensi lokuziphatha yezilwanyana, kwakunye ezinye iinkalo yokuziphatha kwabantu. Igama elithi "psychology isilwanyana" isasetyenziswa nangoku ngamanye amaxesha, kodwa imeko onombono yembali.

imifuziselo ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha izilwanyana: ukufunda

Ethology esifunda ukuziphatha izilwanyana imifuziselo ezahlukeneyo, ezithi ke ngoko zihlelwa kunye kuthelekiswa zokuziphatha zezinye iintlobo, ingakumbi ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo. Kubalulekile ngaloo izilwanyana waba endaweni yawo yemvelo okanye kufutshane-yendalo. okunye ukuphawula ekuthinjweni nazo kaninzi efunekayo.

Nangona uqeqesho njengento ebalulekileyo yokuziphatha kwezilwanyana, omnye wemisebenzi eziyintloko ethology kufundwa lweepateni yokuziphatha bafune uphawu onke amalungu zohlobo olufanayo. Emva kokuba efunde le mifuziselo, ukulungele ukuba siqwalasele utshintsho kwindlela yokuziphatha okubangelwa uqeqesho. Oku kubalulekile kuba asizizo zonke ukutshintsha imilo okanye ukusebenza lweepateni zokuziphatha ngexesha ubomi ngamnye iquka uqeqesho njengendlela lokufumana amava.

Imizekelo ukuziphatha yezilwanyana

ukuziphatha yezilwanyana iquka iintlobo izenzo. Unako ukunika umzekelo: iqwarhashe elephant ukunkcenkceshelwa kwi ichibi. Kwakutheni ukuze enze loo nto? Lo ngumdlalo okanye isenzo omhle? Eneneni sokutshiza uJwarha - akukho nto senzo lobuhlobo. Elephant uzama nje ukuba kude namaqwarha Waterhole. Imizekelo yokuziphatha zezilwanyana kunokubangela isixa omkhulu, umzekelo, xa inja ohleli phezu komyalelo, okanye ikati ukuba uzama ukubamba i mouse. Ukuziphatha kwezilwanyana ibandakanya zonke iindlela lokunxibelelana omnye nomnye kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Nokwanda ezizezemvelo kunye nemfuza

Sele-1760, uNjingalwazi e Hamburg Hermann Samuel Reimarus ngelo xesha ingcamango "nethuku nokwanda" yaye wabonisa umahluko phakathi izakhono iziphene kwaye ziyafikelelwa. ubuchule angaphakathi, ezifana ukukhangela ukutya okanye nokuqonda ulwimi dance leenyosi akhoyo ekuzalweni. Ukuze ukuziqhelanisa ngempumelelo, isilwanyana kufuneka abe nolwazi yayo ukulahlwa malunga nokusingqongileyo. Olu lwazi ayinakuhlonyelwa zofuzo, okanye ligcinwa kwinkumbulo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba kuba bekhubazekile okanye lufundiwe. Xa ngendlela entsonkothileyo yokuziphatha kaninzi kwenzeka intsebenziswano phakathi izinto zombini.

Ukuphandwa iziseko genetic zokuziphatha yinxenye ethology ebalulekileyo. Umzekelo, ekudibaneni iindidi ezimbini amadada, ezo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ukuthandana ngexesha lokuphathana kwempahla emfutshane, unako ukuveza indlela zokuziphatha ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo ngeli xesha, yahlukile evela kumzali, kodwa ndikho yokuziphatha yeMinyanya kwizityholo oqhelekileyo ezi zilwanyana. Noko ke, kude kube ngoku akucaci ukuba oonobangela komzimba banoxanduva ezi yantlukwano.

Uhlobo akhuliswe: nasekusungulweni yokuziphatha yezilwanyana

Ethology, inzululwazi yokuziphatha yezilwanyana, njengoko umthetho, lujolise yokuziphatha in vivo uhlola nesimilo uphawu yokuzivelela-encomekayo. Ukuba ukuziphatha isilwanyana ilawulwa yi zofuzo, ukuba bathungelane ngokukhethwa yendalo. zokuziphatha ezingundoqo zidalwa yemfuza, kwaye abanye - amava ubomi kwindawo ethile. Umbuzo kukuba ingaba ukuziphatha kakhulu ilawulwa yemfuza okanye okusingqongileyo, ntonje ingxoxo. nendlela abaziphethe ngayo ichazwa wemvelo (genes) kunye nemfundo (nokusingqongileyo).

Xa izinja, umzekelo, notyekelo ukuba baziphathe ngendlela ethile ngokunxulumene kwezinye izinja, mhlawumbi elawulwa yemfuza. Noko ke, ukuziphatha eqhelekileyo ayikwazi ukuphuhlisa kwindawo apho kungekho enye izinja. Puppy, okhulele bodwa, boyike kwezinye izinja okanye nodlame kubo. Okusingqongileyo kwendalo kwakhona ukuphuhlisa yokuziphatha, njengoko kwandiswe ngokucacileyo ukomelela kwe izilwanyana ukuba ziyalandelwa. Ngokomzekelo, xa iingcuka zizingela ndawonye pack akwazi ukubamba ixhoba inyuswe kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, ingcuka ibonakala kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba ukuphila nokudlulisela yofuzo ukuya kwisizukulwana esilandelayo.

Izinto ezibangela le yokuziphatha iquka zonke ezintweni eziphembelela indlela yokuziphatha, nokuba wangaphandle (ukutya okanye amarhamncwa) okanye ngaphakathi (hormone okanye utshintsho kwinkqubo luvo). Injongo impendulo ethile yokuziphatha kuba nefuthe ngqo kwi yokuziphatha elinye irhamncwa, umzekelo, ukutsala siyofa ukukhwela. Uphuhliso zokuziphatha ezinxulumene ngezenzeko okanye iimpembelelo apho yokuziphatha iyatshintsha ngexesha ubomi besilwanyana. Evolution of ukuziphatha unxulunyaniswa imvelaphi yokuziphatha nendlela akaguquguquki tshintsho izizukulwana.