Yintoni na ke ubushushu? Lobushushu Units - izidanga. Iqondo lobushushu zomphunga negesi

Umntu ngamnye ubuso ingqiqo lobushushu ngemihla. Eli gama sele mayimiselwe ngokuqinileyo kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla we warm kwi iimveliso microwave okanye ekulungiseleleni ukutya eziko, abanomdla imozulu kwisitrato thina okanye ufumanise ukuba ingaba amanzi abandayo emlanjeni - konke oku buhlobene kulo mbono. Yaye yintoni na ke ubushushu, nto leyo ethetha ukuba parameter emzimbeni, oko kulinganiswa ntoni? Ngale mibuzo neminye ukuba uphendule kweli nqaku.

inani ngokomzimba

Makhe sijonge ukuba ubushushu ukusuka kwindawo ngembono kwenkqubo ekwanti zilingana thermodynamic. Eli gama livela kwisiLatini lithetha "ukuxubana ngokufanelekileyo", "eqhelekileyo", "ukulingana". Eli xabiso ephawula imeko lwesilinganiso thermodynamic inkqubo ongatshintshiyo. Kwimeko apho inkqubo ekwanti uphuma eseleyo, ngokuhamba kwexesha ukwenzeka ukutshintshwa kwamandla ukusuka into shushwana ukuya evuthayo kangako. Isiphumo i ulungelelwaniso (utshintsho) lobushushu kuyo yonke le nkqubo. Lo postulate lokuqala (zero start) obizwa.

Iqondo lobushushu umisela ukwabiwa amasuntswana zizonke ngokungqinelana namanqanaba amandla kwenkqubo kunye sesiqhelo, izinga ionization ngayo izinto, iimpawu kuvuselele zamaqumrhu radiation magnetic ngokupheleleyo bulk ukuxinana kwimitha. Ngoko ke inkqubo leyo zilingana thermodynamic, ezi parameters bayalingana, ngoko ke kuthiwa lobushushu nkqubo.

plasma

Ngaphezu koko sizinze imizimba, kukho iinkqubo apho imeko iphawulwa ziinqobo eziliqela obushushu angalinganiyo. Umzekelo omhle plasma. It iqulathe elektroni (ukukhanya ityala amasuntswana) kunye ion (amasuntswana enzima icala). Xa yangqubana zenzeka transfer amandla ukuzila ukusuka electron ukuya Electron kwaye ion ukuba Ion. Kodwa phakathi izinto ngokweentlobo ithatha indawo inguqu kade. Plasma ube kwimo apho electron kunye nabo ngokwahlukeneyo kufutshane kuvuselele. Kulo mzekelo, iqondo lobushushu ngamnye kuthatha ngohlobo ngamasuntswana. Noko ke, phakathi kwezi parameters ziya kwahluka.

iimagnethi

Izidumbu apho amasuntswana kufuneka umzuzu nosiba, transfer amandla ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka kancinci phezu izidanga ngemagnethi translational inkululeko leyo sizibandakanya ithuba ngokutshintsha imiyalelo torque. Kubonakala ukuba kukho States apho umzimba lobushushu loo nto idibana kunye parameter entshukumo. Siyafana ukuhamba phambili amasuntswana nezakhiwo. lobushushu Magnetic kugqiba inxalenye amandla lwangaphakathi. Oko isenokuba elidibanisayo okanye elithabathayo. Ngexesha amandla umsi iya kudluliselwa ukusuka kwisuntswana kunye ixabiso eliphezulu ukuba amasuntswana ezinexabiso lobushushu esezantsi kwimeko ukuba zombini entle okanye embi. Kule nkqubo imeko olungalunganga luya kungena kwelinye icala - lobushushu elibi yi "ngaphezulu" kunokuba HIV.

Kwaye kutheni kuyimfuneko?

Indida siyifumana yokuba indoda esitratweni ukuze baqhube inkqubo womlinganiselo ekhaya kushishino, musa nokuba kufuneka bazi ukuba amaqondo obushushu na. Kuba kwanele ukuqonda ukuba iqondo ubushushu injongosenzi okanye okusingqongileyo, ingakumbi ekubeni la magama Siyazazi ukususela ebuntwaneni na. Eneneni, inkoliso izixhobo eziluncedo zokulinganisa le parameter okunene umlinganiselo iimpawu ezahlukeneyo izinto ukuba utshintshe inqanaba ubushushu okanye ukupholisa. Hi xikombiso, xi, ukumelana zombane, isixa t. D. Eminye ebonisa ziguqulelwa ngesandla okanye ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba ixabiso olifunayo.

Ngoko ke, ukuba ukufumanisa ubushushu, akukho mfuneko ukufunda physics. Ngokwalo mgaqo uhlala uninzi yabemi iplanethi yethu. Ukuba TV kusebenza, akukho mfuneko ukuqonda iinkqubo ukusuka bezixhobo semiconductor, funda imvelaphi umbane kwi ethengisayo okanye aye yisathelayithi dish umqondiso. Abantu asetyenziswa ukuba kukho iingcali kwingingqi nganye, nto leyo eya kuba nako ukulungisa okanye isiphene le nkqubo. Babbitt akazange afune ukuba zizame ingqondo yakho, kuba apho kungcono ukuba ukubukela opera isepha okanye football kwi "bhokisi", lo gama ufunxa ibhiya ebandayo.

Kwaye ndifuna ukwazi

Kodwa kukho abantu, amaxesha amaninzi oko abafundi needs ubungakanani ukwazi okanye ngenxa yesidingo kufuneka ukufunda zemvelo ukujonga ukuba yintoni ngokwenene lobushushu na. Ngenxa yoko, xa uphando lwabo, awela Kaka- obizwa kunye phando angu nothi, imithetho yokuqala neyesibini. Ukongeza, ingqondo imibuzo kwakuza kufuneka ukuqonda umjikelo Carnot kunye entropy. Ekupheleni kohambo lwakhe ngokuqinisekileyo uyayiqonda ukuba ukumiselwa lobushushu njenge parameter inkqubo thermal ingathityazwa loo nto ixhomekeke uhlobo lwento yokusebenza, kodwa kungenjalo asebenza njengamanqake eencwadi ukucaca ngengqiqo kolu luvo. Sekunjalo inxalenye ebonakalayo ziya kuthathwa yi kwinkqubo ngamazwe leeyunithi (SI) ezinye izidanga.

Iqondo lobushushu yamandla agciniweyo

Okunye "eziphathekayo" yindlela, ebizwa ingcamango molekyuli-entshukumo. Ukususela kule ukumelwa amiliswe ukuze ubushushu kuthathwa uhlobo lwamandla. Ngokomzekelo, amandla agciniweyo ezi molekyuli kunye athom, i parameter avareji phezu inani elikhulu amasuntswana ngokungakhethiyo achukumisayo ngumlinganiselo okubizwa ngokuba iqondo lobushushu emzimbeni. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo yamasuntswana eshushu ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza kunokuba ezibandayo.

Ekubeni eli gama ngokusondeleyo enxulumene nomyinge yamandla agciniweyo kwiqela yamasuntswana ke, bekuya kuba yinto zendalo njengoko Iyunithi wasebenzisa esiyijowule. Kunjalo, oku kungenzeki, kungenxa yokuba amandla isindululo thermal amasuntswana nezakhiwo lincinane kakhulu ngokunxulumene esiyijowule. Ngoko ke, oko kuphazamise ukuyisebenzisa. motion Thermal ulinganiswa yeeyunithi ziijowule ifunyenwe uguqulelo factor okhethekileyo.

ubushushu Units

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iiyunithi ezintathu eziphambili osetyenziswayo ukubonisa le parameter. Kwilizwe lethu, amaqondo obushushu ngokuqhelekileyo kumiselwa degrees Celsius. Isiseko yale yunithi Ukuqina amanzi kuyo - ixabiso elililo. Yeyona incopho yothelekiso. Oko kukuthi, ubushushu amanzi apho umkhenkce uqalisa ukwakha, ngu zero. Kulo mzekelo, amanzi ukhonza njengenqobo engumzekelo. Le ixabiso elisisiseko savunywayo kuncedo. Ixabiso yesibini ubushushu ngokupheleleyo kwesi umphunga, ngamanye amazwi xa amanzi udlula ukusuka kurhulumente yolwelo apha sukube.

Iiyunithi zilandelayo degrees Kelvin. Imvelaphi yale nkqubo kuthathwa ukuba ingongoma yokuba zero epheleleyo. Ngenxa yoko, izinga mnye Kelvin ilingana Celsius isidanga. Umahluko kuphela sisiqalo reference. Sifumanisa ukuba kwiqanda Kelvin ulingana no thabatha degrees 273,16 Celsius. Ngowe-1954 INkomfa Jikelele ngomhla nobuNzima Measures kwagqitywa endaweni elithi "isidanga Kelvin" kuba Iyunithi kwi "Kelvin".

Icandelo lesithathu eziqhelekileyo zemilinganiselo ezi qhwa. De 1960, ukuba ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa kuwo onke amazwe IsiNgesi abathetha. Noko ke, namhlanje kweli khaya US usebenzisa le yunithi. Le nkqubo yahlukile kuyaphi kwezo zichazwe ngasentla. Ngokuba imvelaphi lamkele kwezinga lobushushu umxube ityiwa ammonia namanzi ngokwesahlulo 1: 1: 1. Ngenxa yoko, Fahrenheit qhwa amanzi ulingana izidanga dibanisa 32 kunye zokupheka - kunye degrees 212. Kule nkqubo, mahluko omnye isidanga ilingana 1/180 ezi amaqondo obushushu. Ngaloo ndlela, ezininzi ukusuka degrees 0 ukuya +100 Fahrenheit kuluhlu ukususela -18 ukuya 38 Celsius.

zero Absolute

Makhe sibone ukuba yintoni le parameter. Kukuzibophelela zero Ixabiso ekuthiwa lobushushu umda apho uxinzelelo igesi ifanelekileyo shwaka kwindawo ethile umqulu elimisiweyo. Eli xabiso lisezantsi kwindalo. Njengoko kwaxelwayo uMikhail Lomonosov, "oyena mkhulu okanye iqondo lokugqibela kubanda." Oku kulandela kule imichiza mthetho Avogadro esithi: imiqulu ezilinganayo gas phantsi imeko lobushushu efanayo kunye noxinzelelo iqulethe inani elifanayo iimolekyuli. Yintoni eya kulandela kule? Kukho ubushushu ubuncinane igesi apho uxinzelelo okanye umqulu shwaka. Le ixabiso elivumelana kukuzibophelela zero Kelvin, okanye 273 degrees Celsius.

A iinyaniso ezimbalwa umdla malunga nenkqubo elanga

Lobushushu komhlaba ilanga ifikelela 5700 degrees Kelvin, kwaye engundoqo iziko - million 15 Kelvins. Iiplanethi yenkqubo elanga kwahluka enye kwenye ngokwemiqathango ukufudumeza. Ngenxa yoko, lobushushu ezingundoqo zomhlaba wethu kukuba malunga efanayo phezu komhlaba kwelanga. Iplanethi edl Jupiter ingqalelo. Ubushushu kumbindi ezingundoqo zalo izihlandlo ezihlanu ngaphezulu komhlaba kwelanga. Nantsi ke ixabiso iphantsi abhalwe phezu komhlaba nenyanga - iqondo lobushushu 30 kuphela Kelvin. Eli xabiso yi nokuba ngaphantsi phezu iPluto.

Facts about Earth

umntu 1. Ixabiso eliphezulu lobushushu irekhodwa yaba eziibhiliyoni ezi-4 degrees Celsius. Eli xabiso ngokuphindwe 250 ngaphezu iqondo lobushushu Sun ngumongo. Irekhodi wamnikela New York Brookhaven ilebhu zendalo kwi collider ion, ubude ogama imalunga-4 km.

2. Iqondo lobushushu planethi alusoloko ogqibeleleyo yaye bekhululekile. Hi xikombiso, ku Verhnoyanske Yakutia obushushu ebusika kusithwa Degrees 45 Celsius. Kwaye apha edolophini Ethiopian ka Dallol reverse meko. komndilili weqondo lobushushu Kukho plus degrees 34.

3. Iimeko ezininzi kakhulu apho abantu basebenza, abhalwe imigodi yegolide eMzantsi Afrika. Emigodini ukusebenza kubunzulu kweekhilomitha ezintathu lobushushu degrees 65 Celsius.