Ukubunjwa, Isayensi
Human - Yintoni na loo isayensi? Imbali ukwakheka komzimba
Biology - enye nenzululwazi zibalaseleyo ezinkulu isikali kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Oku kuquka inani zenzululwazi ezahlukeneyo kunye namacandelo, ngamnye esingethe umbandela isifundo iindlela ezithile zezinto eziphilayo kunye nemisebenzi yazo kubalulekile, isakhiwo, isakhiwo eziphilayo, njalo-njalo.
Enye yezi inzululwazi Yiloo umdla nabadala kakhulu, kodwa inzululwazi kanye komzimba.
undincinayo
Human - isayensi lifunda kubume lwangaphakathi kunye neempawu morphological omzimba womntu kunye nophuhliso lwabasebenzi kweli khondo phylogeny, ontogeny kunye anthropogenesis.
Isifundo phando ukwakheka komzimba ngu:
- imilo umzimba womntu kwaye onke amalungu ayo;
- ubume amalungu oluntu kunye nomzimba;
- imvelaphi yabantu;
- uphuhliso ephilayo ngamnye ngamnye (ontogeny).
Injongo yale inzululwazi ngumntu yaye zonke iimpawu zayo ezikhoyo umphandle nomphakathi kobume.
Anatomy njengoko kwenzululwazi liqulunqe ixesha elide, njengoko umdla isakhiwo nokusebenza izibilini kubalulekile ukuba umntu ngamaxesha onke. Noko ke, komzimba mihla kuquka inani iinkalo ezinxulumeneyo eziphilayo, nto leyo ngokusondeleyo enxulumene nayo, kwaye zithathwa kwabanzima ngokubanzi. Zizo ezi iindawo komzimba, ezifana:
- Anatomy ngendlela.
- Ngobume bendawo okanye yotyando.
- Dynamic.
- Zeplastiki.
- Age.
- Uthelekiso.
- Yezifo.
- Clinical.
Ngoko ke, lo komzimba womuntu - isayensi esifunda yonke kuthi kanti uza isakhiwo umzimba womntu kunye nokomzimba. Ukongeza, le inzululwazi zinxulumene kakhulu kwaye usebenzisana loo olusukela kolunye kulo yaye baba zenzululwazi ezizimeleyo, ezifana:
- Ukufundwa - imfundiso umntu onjalo, isikhundla sakhe kwi-nkqubo yehlabathi eziphilayo kunye nonxibelelwano noluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo. iimpawu zentlalo kunye ngokobugcisa Ntu, zingqondo, psyche, umlinganiswa, ukuziphatha.
- Physiology - inzululwazi zonke iinkqubo ezikhoyo phakathi komzimba womntu (indlela ebuthongweni kunye kuvukwe, elekhtrons kunye yokuqhuba, iminqweno-luvo kunye bababambe, ulawulo luvo kunye humoral, njalo njalo).
- komzimba athelekisiweyo - lijongana nezifundo lophuhliso osandul kunye nesakhiwo amalungu ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo zabo, lo gama bethelekisa Amadlozi ezilwanyana of kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo zohlaza.
- kwemvelo - imfundiso imvelaphi kunye nophuhliso umntu ngexesha imbonakalo ihlabathi namhlanje (phylogeny), kwakunye nobungqina ubunye yonke biomass komhlaba wethu.
- Genetics - isifundo ikhowudi yezofuzo kwabantu, iindlela zokugcina kunye nokudluliselwa kolwazi yemfuza kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana.
Ngenxa yoko, siyabona ukuba komzimba womuntu - ludibaniso evumelana ngokupheleleyo entsonkothileyo of Sciences ezininzi. Ngenxa kubantu umsebenzi wabo bazi lukhulu malunga umzimba womntu zonke iindlela zayo.
Imbali ukwakheka komzimba
Uyifumane iingcambu nokwakheka kwayo kumaxesha amandulo. Ngapha koko, kwathabathela embonakalweni umntu ukuba unomdla ukwazi oko kuye ngaphakathi kutheni, ukuba kubi, ukopha, oko kukuthi, kutheni umntu ephefumlayo, ulele, odlayo. Yonke le mibuzo ze haunted endala amalungu amaninzi lonke uhlanga lwabantu.
Noko ke, iimpendulo zabo akazange afike kwaoko. Kwathabatha ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka yande inani elaneleyo yolwazi ithiyori kunye nezenziwayo ukunika impendulo ngokupheleleyo eneenkcukacha kwimibuzo ezininzi malunga umzimba womntu.
Imbali ukwakheka komzimba na imiqathango izigaba ezithathu eziphambili:
- Anatomy of the ihlabathi lamandulo;
- Anatomy of the Ages Aphakathi;
- ngexesha elitsha.
Makhe sihlolisise inyathelo ngalinye ngokweenkcukacha.
lidala
Abantu owaba wabaseki inzululwazi ukwakheka komzimba, abantu bokuqala abanomdla, uze uchaze isakhiwo izibilini - ke mandulo amaGrike, Roma, amaYiputa namaPersi. Abameli ezi impucuko ezabangela ukuba okukhona nje inzululwazi, komzimba lokuthelekisa kunye embryology kunye ngendaleko, kwengqondo. Uqwalaselo olubukhali iminikelo yabo ngendlela itafile.
| ixesha | sesayensi | Ivula (umnikelo) |
Egypt yamandulo China Ancient XXX - eminyaka III. BC. e. | udokotela Imhotep | Okokuqala wachaza ingqondo, intliziyo, igazi wokutyibilika iimpahla. yophando lwakhe unokwenziwa usekelwe yokuvulwa kwi bomisa izidumbu koFaro. |
| incwadi chinese "Neytszin" | Wachaza amalungu oluntu ezifana kwesibindi, imiphunga, izintso, intliziyo, isisu, ulusu, ingqondo. | |
| Indian ukubhala "ಬಿಂದು uphawu" | inkcazelo kakhulu eneenkcukacha izihlunu zomzimba womntu, inkcazo ingqondo, umnqonqo kunye Iintlobo zeetshaneli defined Isimo, luphawulwa iintlobo zeemilo (Con). | |
| ERoma yamandulo iminyaka 300-130. BC. e. | Gerofil | I wokuqala dissected izidumbu ukufunda ulwakhiwo umzimba. Wadala umsebenzi "anatomist" esichazayo-morphological. Kugqalwa inzululwazi umzali ukwakheka komzimba. |
| Erasistratus | Wayekholelwa ukuba yonke into eyenziwe ngamasuntswana amancinci kunokuba ukusuka lulwelo. Wafunda indlela luvo, ebonisa imizimba-mthetho. | |
| udokotela Rufio | Echazwe amagunya amaninzi waza wabanika igama, wabancina luvo optic, warhola uxhomekeke ngqo ngobuchopho kunye luvo. | |
| Marin | Created inkcazelo palatal, nokuva, ilizwi kunye luvo yobuso, iinxalenye ezithile phecana zesisu. Total wabhala imisebenzi malunga-20, apho originals hayi baye basinda. | |
| galen | Yenziwe ngu ngemisebenzi ngaphezulu kwama-400, 83 apho nikela komzimba ezichazayo kunye ethelekisekayo. Wafunda enxebeni isakhiwo lwangaphakathi umzimba kwi izidumbu izilwi kunye nezilwanyana. Kwiincwadi zakhe malunga-13 eminyaka, oogqirha abaqeqeshiweyo. Impazamo ephambili waba iimbono zakwalizwi imithi. | |
| uCelsus | Ibe isigama zonyango, owavela ligature ngenxa tubal kwimikhumbi, ukufunda kwaye nokuchaza iziseko ngezifo, ukutya, ucoceko, uqhaqho. | |
| WasePersi (908-1037 gg.) | uAvicenna | Umzimba womntu ilawulwa ngamalungu ezine eziphambili: intliziyo, iba lityhalarha, isibindi nobuchopho. Wadala umsebenzi omninzi "Canon of Medicine". |
| Yamandulo Greece VIII-III. BC. e. | UEuripides | Izilwanyana kwaye cadavers-mthetho wakwazi ukufunda portal umthambo hepatic, yaye ukuchaza oko. |
| Anaxagoras | Wachaza ventricles osecaleni zobuchopho | |
| Aristophanes | Ndavula ubukho amabini meninges | |
| Empedocles | Ochazwa indlebe mibono | |
| Alcmaeon | Wachaza indlebe tube kunye luvo optic | |
| uDiogenes | Wachaza amalungu amaninzi kunye iindawo inkqubo yokujikeleza | |
| noHippocrates | Wadala imfundiso igazi, phlegm, duct emthubi simnyama ulwelo ezine ezisisiseko komzimba womntu. Ugqirha omkhulu, imisebenzi yakhe nangoku. ngokubona ezaziwayo kunye namava, uyaphika yezenkolo. | |
| Aristotle | 400 imisebenzi ezivela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo, kubandakanywa ukwakheka komzimba. Wadala okuninzi ngemisebenzi, kokuqwalasela isiseko zonke ngumphefumlo ophilileyo, wathetha malunga ngazo zonke izilwanyana. Uphethe ukuba kuluhlu imvelaphi kwezilwanyana nabantu. |
abanemvume
Eli xesha luphawulwa lophazamiseko ukuhla kuphuhliso nayiphi na into of Sciences, kwakunye ukongamela zeCawa, leyo wayesalela asike, uphando kunye isifundo anatomy izilwanyana, loo nto ithathwa isono. Ngoko ke, utshintsho ezibalulekileyo ezifunyaniswe kweli xesha kuye akwenziwanga.
Kodwa Renaissance, kwelinye icala, wanikela elininzi okuqhubela amayeza mihla kunye nokwakheka. Eyona igalelo eyenziwe zizazinzulu ezintathu:
- ULeonardo da Vinci. Kokuba kube nokuqwalaselwa umseki komzimba zeplastiki. Isicelo iitalente abo ukuze kuzuze ukwakheka komzimba, uye wadala ngaphezulu kwama-700 imizobo, ngokuchanekileyo obonisa izihlunu amathambo. izidumbu kunye nokwakheka yazo mphandle ibonisa ngokucacileyo nangokuchanekileyo. Ukuze asebenze ukwenza kwesidumbu.
- Yakov Silvius. Umfundisi anatomists ezininzi modernity yakhe. Wavula emqeleni kwi isakhiwo ebuchotsheni.
- Andeas Vesalius. Ugqirha nesiphiwo, kwiminyaka emininzi phantsi ukufunda ngenyameko ukwakheka komzimba. Iziluleko zakhe olwenziwe ngokususela yotyando, omninzi amathambo afumaneka phaya emadlakeni ngayo izinto eziqokelelweyo. Umsebenzi ezininzi - incwadi volume-esixhenxe, "Xa isakhiwo komzimba womntu." imisebenzi yakhe kwabangela inkcaso phakathi inginginya, njengoko ekuqondeni kwakhe komzimba - yinto inzululwazi, ekufuneka kufundwa practice. Oku kuchasene imisebenzi Galen, lowo ngelo xesha singekho.
- Vilyam kaGarvey. msebenzi wakhe uphambili yaba othi "Isifundo yokwakheka ye isindululo intliziyo negazi ezilwanyaneni." Yena kuqala wabonisa ukuba igazi enambuzelayo kwisangqa zikhohlakeleyo ezityeni, ukusuka amakhulu asakhasayo neetyhubhu ezincinane. kwakhona kokwabo amazwi okuqala ukuba zonke isilwanyana sibangelwa iqanda, kwaye inkqubo yophuhliso lulandela uphuhliso yembali zonke izinto eziphilayo ngokubanzi (umthetho biogenetic mihla).
- Tubes, Eustace, Willis, Glisson, Azelli, Peke, Bertolini - amagama izazinzulu beli xesha, nto leyo wamnika umsebenzi wakhe umfanekiso opheleleyo yintoni na komzimba womntu. Le igalelo elikhulu, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba isiqalo mihla ekuphuhlisweni kwale nzululwazi.
ngexesha elitsha
Eli xesha ibhekisa XIX - kwiinkulungwane XX kwaye iphawulwa linani yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu. Bonke bephela enokwenziwa Bulelani kokusungulwa ngemicroscope. Marcello Malpighi waphinda wazibonakalisa kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ngaxa lithile kwangaphambili Harvey - ubukho emithanjeni. Scientist Shymlanskaya waqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi wakhe, kwakunye ukuvalwa bokuba kunye nokungazinzi koqoqosho yenkqubo kwegazi.
Kwakhona, inani obafunyanwa ukuba abhengeze ngokweenkcukacha ingcamango "komzimba". Yiyo le misebenzi ilandelayo:
- Galvani Luidzhi. Lo mntu wenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso physics kwakunye nombane wavula. Noko ke, wakwazi ukubona ubukho neemvakalelo zombane ancedisana yezilwanyana. Ngoko ke waba nguyise electrophysiology.
- Caspar Wolf. Amelana ngayo ithiyori preformation, ababesithi ezikhoyo ifomu elincitshisiweyo zonke olawulo iiseli yintsholongwane, uze ukhule nje. Waba umsunguli embryogenesis.
- Louis Pasteur. Emva kweminyaka imifuniselo babonisa ubukho iintsholongwane. iindlela eziveziweyo zazo zisigonyelwe.
- Zhan Batist Lamark. Waba negalelo elikhulu imfundiso yendaleko. Yena kuqala zacebisa ukuba indoda, njengazo zonke izinto eziphilayo, phuhlisa phantsi kwempembelelo kokusingqongileyo.
- Carl Baer. Wavula iseli intsholongwane umzimba nemazi, wachaza umaleko yintsholongwane , wanika ukunyuka kuphuhliso lolwazi malunga ontogenesis.
- UCharles Darwin. Waba negalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso kwemvelo yaye wachaza imvelaphi yomntu. Waphinda wabonisa umanyano zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.
- Ophaya, Mechnikov, Sechenov, Pavlov, Botkin, Ukhtomsky, Burdenko - amagama zezazinzulu Russian kwinkulungwane XIX-XX, nto leyo wanikela ingqiqo epheleleyo ukuba okukhona - yinto inzululwazi, ebanzi, multi-ohlalele comprehensive. ngomsebenzi wabo kufuneka iyeza kwiindawo ezininzi. Bona baba ngoovulindlela zonke iindlela sifo, umsebenzi ephakamileyo luvo, umnqonqo kunye ummiselo luvo, kwakunye ezininzi amathende yemfuza. Severtsov ulwalathiso nokwakheka yasekwa - morphology kwindaleko, leyo yayisekelwe ngokwesiseko umthetho biogenetic (ababhali - Haeckel, Darwin, Kovalevsky, Baer, Muller).
uphuhliso kwakhe bonke aba bantu kunye kumelwe nokwakheka. Biology - yinto inzululwazi enzima, kodwa owakhiwe nguye endala kunazo zonke kubo, kuba kuchaphazela ibalulekileyo - impilo yabantu.
Yintoni na ke komzimba clinical
komzimba lwezonyango - i icandelo eliphakathi phakathi komzimba ngesimo kunye yotyando. Iqwalasela isakhiwo imibuzo jikelele ilungu elithile. Umzekelo, kwimeko kwingqula, ugqirha phambi kotyando kuyimfuneko ukwazi isimo welungu emzimbeni, ngalo elidityaniswe nendlela oko lisebenzisana neminye imibutho.
Namhlanje, komzimba yinto yande kakhulu. Uyakwazi amaninzi ungazifumanela uluvo komzimba lwezonyango le impumlo, pharynx, umqala, okanye naliphi na iqumrhu. Yilaa Anatomy Clinical xelela nje koko amacandelo wawumanya umzimba, apho sibekwe khona, yintoni imida, yintoni indima, njalo-njalo.
iprofayile ngalinye zonyango zeengcali emxinwa umazi ngokupheleleyo komzimba lwezonyango lomzimba, osebenza kuyo. Eli qhosha kunyango ngempumelelo.
nokwakheka
Human - icandelo le-inzululwazi ejongene ukufunda ontogenesis kwabantu. Oko kukuthi, kokuqwalasela zonke iinkqubo eziyelelene kwi ngomzuzu wokukhulelwa kunye umbungu isigaba de ekupheleni komjikelo wobomi - ukufa. Kulo mzekelo, kuba sisiseko esingundoqo sokuba kweminyaka nokwakheka embryology yi ngokwaluphala.
Ngunozala eli candelo komzimba kunokuthathwa uKarl Bara. Yaba nguye lowo kuqala wacebisa malunga nophuhliso ngamnye lomntu wonke ophilileyo. Kamva le nkqubo ngokuba ontogeny.
Age komzimba inika siqonde indlela ngokwaluphala, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu amayeza.
komzimba lokuthelekisa
Anatomy athelekisiweyo - inzululwazi, njongo ogama main lokubonisa umanyano zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ngokukhethekileyo, le sifundo ababandakanyekayo uthelekisa sisihluma iintlobo ezahlukeneyo (iintlobo nje kuphela kodwa ke iiklasi zohlaza) kunye nokuchongwa iiphatheni eziqhelekileyo kuphuhliso.
komzimba zothelekiso kunye zomzimba - esi sakhiwo kunxulumene ngokusondeleyo, ukufunda umbuzo omnye: ukukhangela yaye ukusebenza sisihluma zezidalwa ezahlukeneyo xa kuthelekiswa nabanye njani?
komzimba bathuthumele
komzimba yezifo - luqeqesho yenzululwazi echaphazelekayo isifundo kweenkqubo zophendlo lwezifo kwizisele kunye nezihlunu ntu. Oku kunika ithuba lokuba bafunde zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukuba ukujonga isiphumo ukuhamba phezu komzimba, ke ngoko, ukuba ukufumana unyango.
Imisebenzi komzimba yezifo ilandelayo:
- ukufunda izinto ezibangela izifo ezahlukeneyo abantu;
- siqwalasele indlela ingenzeka zabo izifundo kwinqanaba cellular;
- ukuchonga bonke iingxaki kunokwenzeka ezimbi kunye embodiments isiphumo izifo;
- ukuhlola indlela zokufa sifo;
- ukuhlola izizathu kwawo yonyango lwe ezimbi.
Ngunozala olu qeqesho lo Rudolf Virchow. Ukuba oko yasekwa ingcamango zeselula, ukuthetha malunga nophuhliso kwezifo kwinqanaba iiseli kunye nezihlunu emzimbeni womntu.
komzimba zengingqi
komzimba ngesimo - yokuziqeqesha yenzululwazi, kungenjalo obizwa ngokuba yotyando. Isisekelo sayo ukwahlulwa komzimba womntu kwiindawo yokwakheka, nganye leyo kwindawo ethile yomzimba: intloko, umzimba okanye amalungu omzimba.
Eyona njongo iphambili yalo nesayensi:
- isakhiwo eneenkcukacha kwingingqi nganye;
- imizimba Syntopy (ilungiselelo isalamane zazo);
- imizimba uxhulumaniso nesikhumba (golotopiya);
- ubonelelo igazi ukuya kummandla ngamnye yokwakheka;
- zamanzi flow;
- ummiselo luvo;
- skeletopy (kuthelekiswa amathambo).
Zonke ezi ngxaki akhiwa phantsi imigaqo: isifundo, kuthathelwa izifo ingqalelo, ezimbi, ubudala kunye neempawu ngamnye eziphilayo.
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