Ezolimi - yiloo nto ... amacandelo eziphambili Ezolimi

Ezolimi - inzululwazi ulwimi, ukufunda oko, yaye entsonkothileyo (njenge system), yaye ezinye iimpawu kunye neempawu zayo, imvelaphi kunye elidlulileyo zembali, umgangatho kunye neempawu ezisebenzayo, kwakunye nemithetho jikelele lwesakhiwo kunye nophuhliso olutshintshayo zonke iilwimi ehlabathini.

Ezolimi njenge inzululwazi lolwimi

Injongo ephambili yokufunda kwale nzululwazi - kweelwimi zemveli abantu, injani nangomoya, kwaye ngokuxhomekeke - iipateni isakhiwo, ukusebenza, tshintsha iilwimi kunye iindlela zokufunda zabo.

Nangona into yokuba ngoku Ezolimi uxhomekeke rhoqo ebalulekileyo sethiyori enokwehla, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba Ezolimi - yinto nenzululwazi eselula (in Russian - kunye XVIII - nach.XIX leminyaka). Kunjalo, iye ababengaphambi ezineendaba umdla - ulikhoboka ekufundeni ulwimi, zobulumko ezininzi grammarians, ukuze imisebenzi yabo mazwi umdla nokuqiqa (umzekelo, zobulumko yamandulo eGrisi, uVoltaire kunye Diderot).

kuphambuko kuso terminological

Igama elithi "Ezolimi" liye akusoloko sele olungenangxaki yemfundo igama leyona kweelwimi yesizwe. inani nelithi amagama "Ezolimi - Ezolimi - Ezolimi" liye iimpawu zayo lwesemantiki kunye nembali.

Ekuqaleni, ngaphambi kokuba revolution ka-1917, kwi revolution izazinzulu Ezolimi lixhaphakile eli gama. Kumaxesha Soviet, yayisonganyelwa Ezolimi (umzekelo, izifundo kwikholeji kunye tutorials kuwo baqala ukubizwa "Introduction to Ezolimi") kunye neentlobo zayo 'non-canon "bafumana semantics ezintsha. Ngoko ke, Ezolimi libhekisela pre-revolution isithethe lwezenzululwazi, kwaye Ezolimi ukwalatha izimvo Western kunye nobuchule, ezifana structuralism. Njengoko TV Shmelev kwinqaku "Inkumbulo kwekota: Ezolimi, uLwimi, Ezolimi" yintswela lwesemantiki Ezolimi Russian iye ayilungiseki ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ngenxa yokuba kukho nomgangatho engqongqo, imithetho wokuhambelana kunye Ukuveliswa (Ezolimi → yeelwimi → yinto) notyekelo ukwandisa intsingiselo Ezolimi elithi ( ukufunda ulwimi lwasemzini). Ngoko ke, lo umphandi ithelekisa amagama lwamacandelo yeelwimi umgangatho kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo lwangoku, amasebe amagama, iincwadi, "babonakala" ngamacandelo Ezolimi kwikharityhulam "Introduction to Ezolimi" yaye "Ezolimi Jikelele"; Division of RAS 'Institute of Ezolimi "Ijenali" Imibuzo ka Ezolimi ", ethi" Izincoko e Ezolimi "; ISebe of Ezolimi kunye nokungelela noNxibelelwano, "azo Ezolimi", le magazini "Entsha e Ezolimi ..."

Eyona engundoqo amacandelo Ezolimi: a isishwankathelo jikelele

Inzululwazi "ikhefu" ulwimi kwi kwiinkalo ezininzi, eyona ibaluleke ngakumbi kuzo zezi zilandelayo kwiindawo eziphambili Ezolimi, zombini jikelele yaye ngokukodwa, ithiyori kwaye esebenzayo, ezichazayo nezembali.

Kwakhona, ukuyala neelwimi zihlelwe ngokusekelwe imisebenzi yabo kwaye zisekelwe phezu into yophando. Ngoko ke, ngokwesiko yahlulwe le miba ilandelayo iphambili Ezolimi:

• amacandelo abazinikele ekufundweni isakhiwo yangaphakathi kwenkqubo ulwimi, amanqanaba yayo yentlangano (umzekelo, morphology kunye nohlelo);
• amacandelo ezichaza Dynamics yophuhliso imbali lolwimi ngokubanzi kwaye ukuyilwa amanqanaba ngamnye (nefonetiki zembali, igrama historical);
• Iiforam, Umgangatho esebenzayo ulwimi kunye indima yalo ekuhlaleni (sociolinguistics, dialectology);
• IiForam ukufunda iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo kumda zenzululwazi ezahlukeneyo kunye kwinkalo (psycholinguistics, Ezolimi azo);
• ukuyala Applied nokusombulula iingxaki ezibonakalayo ezibangelwe Ezolimi kuluntu lwezenzululwazi (lwezichazi, palaeography).

Jikelele zabucala Ezolimi

Ulwahlulwa-inzululwazi yolwimi entsimini jikelele kunye ezizodwa ibonisa indlela injongo zehlabathi elinomdla labaphandi zenzululwazi.

Le mibuzo yenzululwazi ibalulekileyo undincinayo Ezolimi ngokubanzi:

• umongo ulwimi, imfihlelo imvelaphi yayo kunye nemithetho kuphuhliso zembali;
• imithetho ezingundoqo izixhobo kunye nemisebenzi ulwimi ehlabathini beliqela abantu;
• umlinganiselo iindidi "ulwimi lwekhompyutha" yaye "okucinga", "ulwimi lwekhompyutha", "yinyani";
• ukuvela kunye nokuphuculwa le ncwadi;
• typology ulwimi, ubume amanqanaba abo eelwimi, ukusebenza kunye nophuhliso zembali kweeklasi zegrama kunye neendidi;
• ngezigaba zonke zeentetho ehlabathini, kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Enye ingxaki ebalulekileyo yamazwe ngamazwe, nto leyo uzama ukusombulula Ezolimi jikelele - kukudala kunye nokusetyenziswa ezintsha unxibelelwano phakathi kwabantu (iilwimi enziweyo ngamazwe). Uphuhliso oku - ephambili for interlinguistics.

Kolawulo Ezolimi zabucala kufundwa ngesakhiwo, ukusebenza kunye nophuhliso yembali ngolwimi oluthile (Russian, Czech, IsiTshayina), kukho inani iilwimi ezahlukeneyo okanye iintsapho iilwimi enxulumene ngexesha elifanayo (umzekelo, kuphela Latin - French, Italian, IsiSpanish, IsiPhuthukezi kunye nabanye abaninzi) . Ezolimi Private isebenzisa iindlela yolunye (aka - esichazayo) okanye zokuhlaziya (historical) study.

Jikelele Ezolimi ngokunxulumene esithe isiseko sethiyori methodological ukuba nokufundiswa kwayo nayiphi na ingxaki zenzululwazi ezinxulumene nezifundo imo eziyinyaniso iinkqubo ngolwimi oluthile. Kwelinye icala, Ezolimi abucala - eyagcina ebonelela Ezolimi ngokubanzi, iinkcukacha enokwehla, olusekelwe kucazululo leyo ukwenza izigqibo theoretical component.

Lwangaphandle kunye Ezolimi yangaphakathi

Icebo bezenzululwazi yolwimi amele ubume part-mbini - ezi iindawo ezingundoqo Ezolimi, mikrolingvistika (okanye Ezolimi zangaphakathi) kwaye ekstralingvistika (Ezolimi lwangaphandle).

Mikrolingvistika swi ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yolwimi - isandi, morphological, syntactic kunye nabo bakwicandelo nesigama.

Ekstralingvistika utsalela ingqalelo iintlobo ezininzi yentsebenziswano zolwimi: noluntu, iingcinga zabantu, ngokunxibelelana, iimvakalelo, nobugcisa kwakunye nezinye iinkalo zobomi. Xa noseko lwalo azalwa methodology uhlalutyo contrastive kunye nezifundo ahlukeneyo (ngokwasengqondweni, ethnolinguistics, paralinguistics, Ezolimi yenkcubeko, njalo njalo).

Synchronic (ezichazayo) kunye zokuhlaziya (historical) Ezolimi

Lé zophando Ezolimi achazayo libhekisa ulwimi karhulumente okanye imigangatho yaso eyodwa, izibakala kunye izenzakalo ngesimo sabo ngexesha lekhefu elinikiweyo, kwinqanaba elithile yophuhliso. Kaninzi sinikele ingqalelo kwimeko yangoku, ngakumbi kunqabile - ngobume kwixesha elidlulileyo (umzekelo, ulwimi yemicimbi yemihla Russian kwenkulungwane XIII).

Ezolimi Historical lijongana isifundo samanqaku ezahlukeneyo kweelwimi kunye izenzakalo ngokwemiqathango zabafaki zabo ngendaleko. Abaphandi babe usukelo ukulungisa iinguqu ezithi zenzeke ngeelwimi zahlolwa (umzekelo, uthelekiso nemiba kwemimiselo zoncwadi zolwimi Russian ngo XVII, XIX kunye XX eminyaka).

inkcazelo kweelwimi kwimigangatho

Ezolimi ufunda nesenzeko enxulumene amacandelo ezahlukahlukeneyo zenkqubo zolwimi jikelele. Yamkela zinika amanqanaba ulwimi zilandelayo: izandi, lungelelanisa-lwesemantiki, morphological, syntactic. Phantsi kwezi manqanaba ezi Ezolimi alandelayo macandelo ezinkulu.

Kwi ulwimi kwinqanaba yezandi ezinxulumene sciences zilandelayo:

• Ifonetiki (ichaza iindidi zentetho izandi ngolwimi, zokucacisa kunye neempawu ive);
• phonology (sifunda phoneme njengoko iyunithi incinane zentetho, iimpawu zayo awareness kunye nokusebenza);
• morphophonology (kuqwalaselwa isakhiwo yezandi of morphemes, ubunjani kunye notshintsho lobuninzi phonemes twatse kule morphemes, Ukwahluka zabo, ubeka phantsi imithetho phezu zokungahambisani kwimida morpheme).

Inqanaba lungelelanisa of macandelo alandelayo ulwimi ukuhlola:

• Lexicology (ukufunda ilizwi njengeyunithi esisiseko yolwimi kunye lonke igama njengoko ukuqhama yeelwimi, liphonononga iimpawu zolwakhiwo lolwimi, ukwanda kunye nophuhliso, imithombo ye wemvula entetho yolwimi);
• semasiology (uhlola intsingiselo lungelelanisa welizwi, amagama ezifanayo kwisemantiki nesigama evakaliswe okanye bathi Eyona ngxaki yokusetyenziswa yinyani);
• onomasiology (kuqwalaselwa imiba enxulumene kudidi ingxaki kulwimi, kunye structuring izinto zehlabathi ngexesha lenkqubo yokufunda).

inqanaba Morphological yokufunda ulwimi zifundo zilandelayo:

• morphology (gama lichaza iiyunithi kwesakhiwo, lilonke ukwakhiwa morphemic of yamagama kunye nezakhiwo inflection, izigaba zentetho, iimpawu zabo, umoya kunye nemigaqo Ukukhetha);
• ukubunjwa igama (izifundo ukwakha amagama, indlela yayo yokuzala, ukufika ngesakhiwo ukuyilwa amagama ingakumbi ukusebenza ngolwimi kunye nentetho).

kwinqanaba Syntactic ichaza lwesivakalisi (ngokuphonononga izakhiwo cognitive kunye neenkqubo recheporozhdeniya: ezisebenza lokudibanisa amagama izakhiwo entsonkothileyo amabinza nezivakalisi, iindidi nolwalamano noshowo amagama nezivakalisi, iinkqubo zeelwimi apho intetho kwenzeka ukubunjwa).

Ezolimi Contrastive and typological

Ezolimi zothelekiso ojongana Indlela ecwangcisekileyo yokukhawulelana bethelekisa isixhobo ukuba ubuncinane iilwimi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ulwalamano lwabo yemfuza. Kukho onokuthelekiswa kunye iziganeko ezithile ekuphuhlisweni omnye zolwimi olufanayo - umzekelo, inkqubo neziphelo kwimeko yolwimi lwale mihla Russian kunye nolwimi lwethu amaxesha Rus Ancient.

Ezolimi Typological Ngokubhekisele isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi iilwimi raznostrukturnyh Dimension "lixesha" (umba panhronichesky). Oku kwenza kube lula ukubona eqhelekileyo (universal) features uphawu ulwimi lwabantu ngokubanzi.

universals iilwimi

Jikelele Ezolimi kuphando lwabo nokhupho ulwimi jikelele - iipateni zolwimi olufanayo kuzo zonke iilwimi ehlabathini (universals ingundoqo) okanye inxalenye ebalulekileyo lweelwimi (universals zamanani).

Njengoko universals ingundoqo ichonge ezi mpawu zilandelayo:

• Kuba zonke iilwimi yehlabathi luphawulwa izikhamiso uyeke zandi izandi.
• Lo mfula ilizwi yahlulwe amalungu, ezo ngokuyimfuneko amalungu e iinkqubo isandi "bezikhamiso + lwamaqabane."
• izibizo nezimelabizo lufumaneka naluphi na ulwimi.
• Kuba inkqubo ngokwegrama Uphawu ulwimi izibizo kunye nezenzi.
• ulwimi nganye iseti yamagama ukugqithisa iimvakalelo zabantu, iimvakalelo okanye imiyalelo.
• Ukuba ulwimi kuluhlu lwetyala okanye uhlobo, ngoko ethile ekhoyo kunye nodidi nenombolo.
• Ukuba njengesibizo ulwimi umelana uhlobo, Kukwanjalo iqatshelwe nokukhutshwa izimelabizo.
• Bonke abantu ehlabathini ukwenza iingcinga zakhe ngenjongo yonxibelelwano isindululo.
• bond Coordinative kunye neemanyano zikhona kuzo zonke iilwimi zehlabathi.
• Naluphi na ulwimi indawo ehlabathini ekugunyazisayo a izakhiwo athelekisekayo, amabinzana phraseological, izikweko.
• embi jikelele kunye neempawu ilanga nenyanga.

Kuba universals manani ziquka imigqaliselo zilandelayo:

• Ngeelwimi ezininzi zehlabathi kukho ubuncinane ezimbini izandi zezikhamiso ezahlukileyo (ngaphandle - i Australian Arunta ulwimi).
• Kuninzi iilwimi izimelabizo zehlabathi ziyahluka ngenani ukuba ayikho ngaphantsi kwe ezimbini (umnyinyiva - abemi besiqithi Java ulwimi).
• Phantse zonke iilwimi zibe amaqabane ngeempumlo (ngaphandle - ezinye iilwimi West Africa).

Ezolimi isicelo

Eli candelo lijongene kunye nenzululwazi zophuhliso lolwimi zokujongana ngqo imingeni enxulumene ne lulwimi:

• ukuphuculwa izixhobo methodological ekufundiseni ulwimi ngolwimi lwenkobe kwaye ulwimi lwasemzini;
• ukudalwa self-uncedo, yesalathisi, ezemfundo kunye nezichazi-magama ezizodwa, isicelo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo kunye nezigaba lokufundisa;
• iindlela zoqeqesho ukuthetha nokubhala kakuhle, ngokuchanekileyo, ngokucacileyo kwaye khorwisaka (mpendulo);
• ukukwazi ukuba uzulazule imithetho zolwimi, wabongamela upelo (intetho, orthoepy, upelo kunye neempawu zokubhala);
• uphuculo upelo, alphabet, ebhalela uphuhliso lweelwimi ongabhalwanga (umzekelo, kuba umntu iilwimi Peoples ye-USSR e nenani-1930-1940.), ukwakhiwa koonobumba iincwadi iimfama;
• uqeqesho kwi yokuqhagamshela izixhobo kunye ukuguqulwa;
• imigangatho ekudaleni isigama (GOST);
• uphuhliso lwezakhono zokuguqulela, ukudalwa izichazi kelwe kwakunye nokusetyenziswa kweelwimi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo;
• Uphuhliso izenzo kumatshini translation ezenzekelayo;
• kudalwa a iinkqubo ukuqondwa kwelizwi ngekhompyutha ukuguqula amagama oluthethwayo ibe umbhalo ochwetheziweyo (zobunjineli okanye Ezolimi azo);
• ukuyilwa amaqokobhe yombhalo, iProtokhol, computer kunye nezichazi-magama, kunye nophuhliso iindlela zohlalutyo processing (British National Corpus, BNC, Russian National Corpus);
• uphuhliso methodology, copywriting, iintengiso nobudlelwane noluntu, njl