Imithetho esisiseko zemizobo design

uluntu Modern kuphuhliso kunye nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho yenza ukusetyenziswa kakhulu ulwimi lomzobo, leyo umhla akukho enye (ubugcisa holographic ukanti kwisigaba zazo zophuhliso). ulwimi ngemizobo ifumana isicelo yayo zezeteknoloji ngokuzoba projections bezinto-ntathu zibe moya okuntlandlo-mbini. Le ndlela iye i imbali umdla, kodwa ayikho - ngumxholo kweli nqaku. Injongo yethu - ukunika umfundi isishwankathelo umzobo njengesixhobo ngqo kunye jikelele ukuba iinjineli kunye nabayili bezakhiwo ngokomgaqo wayo jikelele emisiweyo.

Incutshe olaziyo imithetho imizobo noyilo kufuneka ngobuchule kukhokela umsebenzi imigangatho State efanelekileyo, esicacisa iimfuno ezisisiseko regulatory imizobo. Enye into ebalulekileyo isiqinisekiso kwayo, ivumela nkqu iindawo ezimise ezintsonkothileyo ngokucacileyo kangangoko zimele izakhiwo zejometri kwi imizobo.

Into ekufuneka uyazi kwaye akwazi ukwenza imizobo

Okokuqala, lenzelwe ukuba ulwazi umthwalo okanye injineli womzobi kaThixo - artist imizobo iquka ESKD - imizobo uyilo imithetho kunye nezakhono asebenzisekayo lokumelwa best zejiyometri uqikelelo iinkcukacha ukubonisa oko kumzobo.

Okwangoku, iinkqubo zale mihla ezikhethekileyo ezinemveliso - uyilo-ancedwa computer indawo "manual" zemveli ukuhlela. Noko ke, isilawuli esizisebenzelayo usalindele ulwazi eqinileyo weendwendwe zilandelayo:

- 2.301-68 - Icwangcisa ifomathi kweemakhishithi imizobo ngephepha okanye ngekhompyutha;

- 2.302-68 - ukumisela umlinganiselo ubungakanani bento kulo mzobo, kubungakanani bayo yokwenene (scale);

- 2.303-68 - olawula imigca uphawu kumanani isincomo yi kwimimiselo esebenzayo;

- 2.304-81 - Icwangcisa imigca umzobo yangoku;

-2.307-68 - ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuzoba njengoko imilinganiselo zokuzoba kunye nokumelana.

Kubalulekile iimfuno emfundo ukuya kumabi imizobo zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

- ukukwazi practical ukusebenzisa ESKD - imizobo uyilo imithetho ephathelene izicelo;

- izakhono ezakhiwe zejiyometri ukuze lusebenze imizobo, ezithi ke ngoko kusetyenziswa ngokufanele ekwenziweni lokumakisha iinkcukacha ezithile.

Iziseko ukudala imizobo

Uphuhliso lwamaxwebhu yoyilo (nokudalwa ezilawula ESKD - imizobo uyilo umthetho) linyathelo kuyimfuneko owandulela iindawo eyona imveliso.

Kule nkcukacha ngokwesiseko ebalulekileyo: ntoni na nokuba yintoni na yaveliswa; yintoni na igama umgangatho imveliso; ubungakanani bayo ngqo, imilo, ukuba yenziwe ukusuka koko izinto. Konke oku kubalulekile kuba ngoko amaxwebhu yoyilo uya kuba ngummeli wowona engundoqo ukuba ungubani ngokwenziwa amacandelwana kwaye xa kukho imfuneko - interchangeability kunye analogu, ekhutshwe abanye abenzi. Ngokwemiqathango ukusetyenziswa isixhobo elinye (imithetho nemimiselo yezixeko) abenzi ezahlukeneyo, kubalulekile ukuba sihlale nabo ESKD - imizobo design imithetho.

GOST, umzobo olawula

Sele ekhankanywe kweli nqaku ngokwemiqathango ESKD imilinganiselo GOST kwimeko indima yabo olawulo wenjineli. Chaza ubuhlobo babo.

Indima ulawulo kuyilo imizobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemizobo ukuba bayile amaxwebhu badlale ngokukodwa ukuba iphuhliswe kumgangatho karhulumente le, imigangatho iteknoloji efanayo - GOST. Ezi umbutho migangatho zidibene emanyeneyo inkqubo amaxwebhu yoyilo, okanye ESKD.

ESKD ilungelo ukuphumeza ulawulo lwe komsebenzi imizobo, eqongeni yangoku yendalo, ukucoca isiphelo kunye nombutho eyiyo zokuhamba komsebenzi wabo njengohlobo lwe xwebhu kwi-sikhokelo kwiinkampani ezizodwa kunye nemibutho, ngokunjalo kumaziko-Ofisi yoMphathiswa weMfundo. ESKD - imizobo uyilo imithetho - isimilo kunye nemigangatho ISO ngamazwe (oko kukuthi, evunywe yi imibutho imigangatho ngamazwe ..), Njengokuba kwakunye ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ikhomishini esisigxina ngamazwe emgangathweni.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukuthotyelwa imigangatho karhulumente ziyabophelela kuzo zonke iinkalo zoshishino, ngokunjalo namaziko ophando kunye noyilo. Ngako oko, GOST - imithetho imizobo yoyilo - efunekayo kwisifundo yemizobo zobunjineli kumaziko emfundo.

Ngaloo ndlela, nangona lo matshini ngenkqubela eyenziweyo ekudaleni imizobo, iindwendwe kufuneka uyazi. Nangona kunjalo, kodwa sibona ulwalathiso izichaso eziphambili kwabachasi zethu-computer ukufunda nokubhala, owakhiwa yokuba yonke imithetho sele wadibana kwi imizobo, ekufuneka kube lula ukufumana kwi Internet.

Ngaba mna, bokuganelwa uhlele, andazi iindwendwe? Ayikho!

Noko ke, sifuna ukusebenza ngaphambi kwigophe, esithi ewe, okunene ngoku kwi Internet nawuphi na umsebenzisi PC ungakhetha namawaka-waka iifoto imizobo efanelekileyo. Kwaye ngoko ke wasebenzisa inkqubo ekhethekileyo ukuqaphela, ukusondela oyifunayo.

Nangona kunjalo, kukho abawuchasayo wengcibi yokuluka ke lowo. Eneneni Imizobo inkqubo ukuqondwa abangafezekanga, ngokulandelelana, wafumana ukusebenzisa kwabo ngabom ukuzoba iqulethe impazamo enkulu. Bona, Kakade ke, qhubeka ukuba ukuhlela, esebenzisa ulwazi kwemigangatho karhulumente.

Iyavakala ngakumbi kule meko ngobuchule ukusebenzisa iifoto imizobo ngumzekelo nje inyani udala ukuba usebenzisa isoftwe ezizodwa - uyilo-abasomelezayo kwikhompyutha. Ukukhokela ummeli CAD kule minyaka mininzi idlulileyo i iinkampani zophuhliso AutoCAD nehlabathi-rated «Autodesk». Le nkqubo ayenziwa isetyenziswa zizo kanye ezikhokelela ofisi yoyilo. Kuhlman wehla waya kwimbali!

Iifomati. Standard State 2.301-68

Imizobo lwenziwa kwiphepha iphepha kokuba, kakuhle echazwe dimensions Reviews ezithile ngoku, walinganisa kuba isakhelo umzobo (ubukhulu A4 yi 210 ukuya 297 mm, 'yabona. Itheyibhile 1).

Itheyibhile 1: Ifomati YeefayileName.

A4	licala elincinci of 210 mm	icala enkulu ka-297 mm
A3	licala elincinci 297 mm	icala elikhulu 420 mm
format A2	licala elincinci 420 mm	icala enkulu 594 mm
format A1	licala elincinci 594 mm	icala enkulu 841 mm
format A0	licala elincinci 841 mm	icala enkulu ka 1189 mm

Qaphela ukuba ngamanye amaxesha umzobo A4 isakhelo ithintela ngokucacileyo isithuba ngokugqithiseleyo engaphezu irizolyushini yokuthatha umfanekiso. Kulo mzekelo, ifomathi efunekayo ezincinci - ubungakanani A5 ogama macala 148 nge-210 mm.

lumelo olubonakalayo iifomati ethandwayo ezichaza imigaqo esisiseko zemizobo yoyilo, ziboniswe kuMfanekiso 1:

Isazobe. 1. Le fomati ratio

Block isihloko

Ileyibhile eziphambili ibekwa kuzo zonke amanani, ngaphandle kwe-A4, zombini kwicala elide yaye ecaleni elifutshane. A4 yena ezotywe kuphela kwicala elifutshane, njengoko le fomathi nkqo.

Count Further (kwakhona ngaphandle A4) kubekwa kwicala elide

(Ukubeka block isihloko siye kubonisiwe kumfanekiso 2.)

Fig.2. Ukubeka i block isihloko

isakhelo yemizobo Ukunceda kulawulwa umgama esifanele siwutsibe ukusuka ekupheleni sheet: kuzo zonke emacaleni aso (ngaphandle ekhohlo) - 5 mm. Ekhohlo kumgama elifanayo kwi esisezantsi isakhelo ukuya elunxwemeni iphepha 20 mm. Umgca, leyo abekiweyo kwisakhelo umzobo, singabi 0.7 mm.

magama Basic kwenziwa ngokungqinelana Standard State № 2.104-68, nto leyo ebonisa ubukhulu, imilo, kwaye umyalelo yokuzaliswa. Ungachazwa ukuba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kuzo naziphi na iintlobo imizobo kunye nemizobo. Ngokomzekelo esisibeka ngayo isihloko ephambili, kucetyiswa ukuba ukusetyenziswa ekuqeqesheni imizobo (bona Isazobe. 3).

Umfanekiso 3. Lo mbhalo ephambili, kucetyiswa ukuba imizobo zemfundo

Amanani kulo mzobo ulandelayo iigrafu Titleblock ephawulwe:

1 - igama lemveliso;

2 - luchazwa nexwebhu;

3 - material ekhethiweyo Manufacturing ndawo;

4 - noVimba lweshishini - i index.

Ngokufuthi, ukusondela yenzelwa phezu amaphepha amaninzi. Kulo mzekelo, owesibini yonke nombhalo ephambili olandelayo lwenziwa ngaphandle ifomu yokuqala. umfanekiso wakhe iboniswe kuMfanekiso 4.

Umfanekiso 4. Ileyibhile siphambili amaphepha kwesibini yomzobo

Igrafu kuyo (ukuba ezinonjolwe ngayo mzobo) zizaliswa ingcaciso ngentla la manani ukuba isihloko ibhloko iphepha lokuqala.

Amagama kwimizobo

Ngokwengcaciso, umzobo kuthiwa iimveliso umfanekiso graphic kulinganiswa, apho imilinganiselo kunye neenkcukacha. Ulwazi, equlethe umzobo, kwanele ekwenzeni isigqibo ngayo imveliso utshilo.

Ukusebenzisa imithetho amaxabiso onamacala ukuya imizobo kwicandelo kulawulwa GOST № 2.307-68. Le ngongoma ngokwanelisayo exhamle ubuncwane kwi imizobo noyilo. Ngapha koko, ubukhulu iphuthe kuphela yenza nzima ngokuzoba blank emigudwini engafunwanga.

yobungakanani ekuqulunqweni zohlulwa ngokwendidi eziliqela. Iqela lokuqala - ubukhulu lwabasebenzi. Le yinkcazelo esetyenziswa ngqo kwimveliso. Okwesibini - ubungakanani reference (eboniswe uphawu lenkwenkwezi (*)). Zisetyenziswa kumsebenzi sobunjineli kunye nomzobo.

Sebenzisa ubungakanani umzobo esebenzisa yemigca obubodwa. Amagama isebenza umzobo ngokuthobela abasakhasayo eyamkelweyo. ixabiso layo siyifumana isihloko - phantsi komxholo eyahlukileyo. Cacisa isikali ingqiqo: kokuba bunxulunyaniswa into yokwenene ubungakanani eyenza ubungakanani umfanekiso walo. Ukuba kunokwenzeka, oko Kukhethwa ukonyusa enye ukuya kwenye, Noko ke, njengokuba usazi, ngokuba ezinobukhulu ezahlukeneyo izinto kufuneka ukuhla okanye ukwanda. imifanekiso efanelekileyo isikali GOST echazwe 2.302-68 cm (Jonga. Itheyibhile 2).

Table 2. Isikali ezisetyenziswe ekuyileni

Umbandela ezikhethiweyo isikali na ezimqoka ngakumbi kumzobo.

imigca

Kuboniswa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo imigca, nganye eneyazo injongo ethile. Ukusebenzisa imigca kwi imizobo ichazwa GOST 2.303-68.

umgca ongqindilili ashinyeneyo ke wesekethe esisiseko ngenxa uphawu olubonakalayo ukubonisa into. Ebubanzini kuba kubhaliwe lichazwe kuluhlu 0.5-1.4 mm yaye kamva ekhethiweyo ixabiso zibonakaliswe yileta S. Kutheni eli xabiso unikwe variable olunemiqathango? Isibakala sokuba kuya kubakho siwenze kunye Ebubanzini nende apha engundoqo zonke ezinye imigca.

imigca namthanyana bamele lichaza ezingabonakaliyo. ubukhulu yalo ngaphakathi s / 3-s / 2. Ubude azigeqa kwajub kukuba kuluhlu 3-8 mm kwaye umgama phakathi kwabo - 3-4 mm, nobude ofanayo yonke imigca kwi nani kufuneka kunjalo, indawo ngokulinganayo, oku kwenzeka ngokufanayo izithuba eyahlula kubo.

umgca ongqindilili Thin kwemfuneko ukubonisa okanye ukwandiswa imigca okanye ubungakanani. Ububanzi balo iyafana Ebubanzini imigca kwacunyuzwa: s / 3-s / 2.

umgca esimfaneleko okuqhubekayo lisetyenziswa kwisihlalo inxalenye umzobo, apho ngenxa ngomli- nemilo efanayo ukusuka elenzelwa iinkcukacha Isiqwenga Isiqwenga echongiweyo loo msantsa. balo babulingana nesandla - njengoko s / 3 - s / 2.

line namthanyana-chithi ezingcakacileyo ebonisa umgca wolingano-macala - yezihlunu kunye neengcingo. (Kuyavunyelwana ukuba ukuba eli mgca udlula embindini wesangqa, xa intliziyo bar kufuneka, hayi ingongoma.)

ibandla indawo yemizobo

Ukwenza nomzobo ibandla uneempawu zawo. Amaninzi nto okanye mshini isakhiwo kunokuba nzima owakhiwa ngayo kwiindawo ezininzi amaqhina oqhagamshelwano yi riveting, welding, ezinye iikhompawundi nzima. Kule imizobo, ezo zinto iinxalenye 1-3 yenza indlela indibano umzobo engundoqo, nto leyo ibonisa kuphela imilinganiselo kwisiseko inxenye. Kule imizobo sizale zifakwe Ezinye iinxalenye kunye imilinganiso zabo kuboniswe.

imizobo amaxwebhu technical

umzobo kwezobuchwepheshe ezahlukeneyo ulwazi. imizobo ibandla - asiyiyo element kuphela kwamaxwebhu zobugcisa. Kukwaquka zobugcisa nemizobo. Le ndlela intsha ilawulwa yi-eziphathekayo kuqinisekiswa, apho imveliso yenziwa, kwakunye simazi kakuhle iindlela nezixhobo zawo kunye ufakelo.

nokumelana onamacala kwimizobo

Olubhalo onamacala kwi imizobo kunye ngokubonisa nokumelana kuvunyelwa xa machining le workpiece. ezinxaxhileyo ezilolu hlobo okanye amanani, umzekelo 19 + 0.014, okanye udidi esemgangathweni. ( "Qualitea" - in IsiNgesi "umgangatho").

Qualitet (okanye isidanga zokutenxa enokuthi kunyanyezelwa) i kwinqanaba olunemiqathango okuchaneka. amanqanaba entswelan, kukho 19. kuphela Ngaphakathi iklasi nganye umgangatho kunye ukwanda imilinganiso linear iimveliso ngokwabo nokumelana zibonakaliswa iimillimitha, kuba nalo liyanda. Inembe zikholelwa Imfono №01, kwaye ubuncinane oluchanekileyo - (class umgangatho ngaphandle 01 th, kwaye kukho "zero", kunye 1.) №17. Qualitet evela ubungakanani wesiqhelo uchongwe yi unobumba H, ukuba ngaba ixabiso esihle, ngokufanelekileyo, h, ukuba unalo engenaxabiso. Amanani alandelayo incwadi ibonisa nje inani esebenzayo udidi esemgangathweni. Umzekelo, ukwalathelwa 28H7 kufuneka ifundwe: ubungakanani ngama-28 mm, ukungazinyamezeli - + 7.

Ukwenza imizobo ukusebenza

umzobo Ukusebenza iphawulwa ubuncinane inani iinxalenye Intelekelelo, leyo kunika uluvo ngokwemilo yayo kwaye izinto. umzobo Safety libuye ulwazi malunga eziphathekayo kunye nolwakhiwo, umz, ngokokuqhelekileyo kwisikali nokuba 1 ukuya kwi-10 okanye 1 ukuya 15. Uluhlu 3 lizisa iisimboli izinto ezinjalo.

Uluhlu 3. Imiqondiso

Imithetho zobhaliso zemizobo zokusebenza ziqulethe iingcebiso ezithile lombutho ukuba akhuphe amaxwebhu yobugcisa ngeyona ndlela inenzuzo enkulu. Kakade ke, kukho injineli, ukwenza imizobo, kufuneka sizame (kakade, ukuba kunokwenzeka) ukuphumeza kuzo ngendlela efanayo. Ukukhetha zoom, kuthatha isibaluli ukuze kube lula kwimbono yomfanekiso iinkcukacha.

Iya kuthakazelelwa into yokuba isikali akukho njengesiseko sokujonga ubungakanani umzobo wemveliso.

Ukwenziwa imizobo zokusebenza izinto ezinkulu ukuba isakhiwo kwenqwanqwa, uneempawu zawo. Iqulethe iintlobo ezimbini zobukhulu: jikelele zejiyometri iimpawu Isakhiwo efestileni isikali amancinane, kwaye ngokwabo Ilibele iziqalelo - ngomlinganiselo omkhulu.

imizobo kakhulu ukusebenza izinto wegophe kubalulekile ukukhankanya, ukuba uphendule lo mbuzo: "? Imilinganiselo zimelwe ngelayini umbhali". Kuba Iphepha kruthu, umzekelo, ibe loo incopho yothelekiso yi umgca cala. Ngaphezu koko, kule meko Imihlubulo ngeke babonakale imilinganiselo arc, yaye ngokubanika ubude oonxantathu cathetus eziziingxande elikhankanyiweyo kumzobo esebenzayo.

Imizobo ukusebenza yelungu ngalinye unikwe inombolo. iindawo obungabangeli mdla zisoloko ngokunxulunyaniswa inani elifanayo. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko yokugqibela, kufuneka silumke, ngenxa yokuba bakwazi ukuhlangabezana kunye neenkcukacha kwisipili-twatsa. Abakwazi kumisela inani elinye.

imizobo yezakhiwo

Ngokutsho indlela, ezilawula imizobo zokwakha imithetho yakho (GOST 21.501-93), isakhiwo engundoqo ye sakhiwo, amanyathelo ayo kwaye spans kwi imizobo bokwakha zincamathele nokulawula nezamazembe. Ukwenza imigca axis phantom enye zibaliwe.

Kwicala lasekhohlo umzobo anyamezele axis longitudinal, kwaye ngasekunene - emnqamlezweni. Inani nezamazembe ezinqamlezayo senziwe e Amanani Arabic, kwaye longitudinal - iileta Russian.

imigca Olukude kunye ledayimenshini esetyenziselwa nenkalo yomzobo bokwakha. Imilinganiselo ubuncinane kumgangatho unxibelelwano lisetyenziswe nenkalo umgca wokuqala umzobo (uyilo lilawula imizobo zokwakha, GOST 21.501-93). Okulandelayo - inyuka. Umgca ledayimenshini wokugqibela lucinga ingcaciso ubungakanani besakhiwo phakathi asi ezinzima.

Ezi ziqwempu beendonga ingaphandle lwelayini ledayimenshini ohambelana indawo iingcango neefestile, imigca umda outrigger lwaye ukuya umzobo kokusetyenziswa 3-4 mm.

Kuba lula ukufunda umzobo wezakhiwo usebenzisa imigca ulwandiso lwangaphakathi. injongo yayo - ukubonakalisa ububanzi emnyango, ububanzi iindonga neendonga, ubukhulu igumbi.

Imigangatho iboniswe imizobo zokwakha usebenzisa amanqaku (amanqanaba). Zidla ukuya kwicandelo le olungaphambili. Bona kuboniswe neentolo with "iintsiba" kwi 45 ^0. Kuba zeroed ngokuqhelekileyo ukuthatha inqanaba emgangathweni ogqityiweyo okanye eluphahleni kumgangatho wokuqala. Isibabula isiqu neminye imigangatho ukubonisa ixabiso lenani.

Ithambeka for imizobo zokwakha ingabonisa ezithile uphawu "emboxo" ijongiswe ithambeka ngokwawo, kunye nexabiso digital ebonisa umlinganiselo imilenze kanxantathu ilungelo kunye hypotenuse utyekelo olufanayo (bona. Isazobe. 4).

Umfanekiso 4. Isikhundla kugxininiswa imizobo yezakhiwo

Ngokucacileyo ezinzileyo imithetho ubhaliso imizobo yokwakha ukusebenza uhlobo oluthile umzobo, ebizwa isicwangciso floor.

Elements of plan floor

isicwangciso mgangatho wenziwe uhlobo aqingqiweyo yayo elithe tyaba nomphakamo omnye kwisithathu ukuphakama gumbi (ngasentla nje komgangatho wethala). It amagumbi ngabanye ziboniswa ngelayini obhityileyo, ezifana izakhiwo mezzanine ibekwe ngaphezu isithole moya, - umgca echokoziweyo.

Phantsi kwale mapping emgangathweni kufuneka ucacise kwinqanaba apho elimfaneleyo. Isicwangciso yomgangatho umahluko phakathi miba iphambili ilandelayo:

- Ukunxibelelanisa izizenze ehambelana iimpawu zesakhiwo;

- zobukhulu zangaphakathi nezangaphandle;

- iimpawu esihambelanayo amanqanaba imigangatho ehlambulukileyo;

- imigca namanani (kuba ebonakalayo kumboniso we window kunye ucango imingxunyana);

- iziqwenga kunye namacandelo icebo;

- igama ndawo, kwakunye kwindawo yabo.

isiphelo

Zoba ulwimi mfanekiso i iimilo ezikhethekileyo lwendawo kunye nokubonisa imifanekiso yezinto. ulwazi olubanzi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iimveliso, ngenxa ukucwangcisa uba zoluntu ngendlela lweerekhodi wefayile kuphela inkampani enye, kodwa namashishini iphela kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Kwaye lo mbono indima umzobo kuphuhliso ishishini icacile.

Kunye kusetyenzwa ngokulandelelanayo ukuthambekela revolution yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe, iingcamango ezintsha ngqangi yokuguqula ihlabathi eziphathekayo, ngubani okungeenxa zonke kuthi.

Namhlanje, ukuba bafumane umzekelo efanayo zemizobo uyilo efunekayo, ngokwaneleyo ukuba ukulayisha PC yakho ukudibanisa kwi Internet. Iinkqubo design Modern-ancedwa ikhompyutha kuvunyelwa ngokunciphisa ukuntsonkotha yophuhliso ukwandisa ukusebenza imizobo amaninzi amaxesha, xa kuthelekiswa ne kwinkulungwane edluleyo. Oku, kunciphisa ixesha ukwenza iimveliso ezintsha, inika isixa esikhulu ezinqwenelekayo ulwazi umfanekiso.