Okukhanya kunye zendalo. okukhanya ngokungafani zendalo

Ezi amaza yeentlobo ezimbini. Le perturbation longitudinal vibrational kuhambisana ulwalathiso kwabo andise. Umzekelo indlela yesandi apha emoyeni. Amaza ezinqamlezayo luqulathe yokuphazamiseka kuzo kwi-engile ° 90 ulwalathiso intshukumo. Umzekelo, iliza edlula tye ngalo ubunzima kwamanzi kubangela intlokoma nkqo kumphezulu wayo.

Ukufunyanwa

A Inani lweziphumo twisiseka enombala iqatshelwe phakathi kwinkulungwane XVII, uye wachazelwa, xa kwakuqalisa ukukhanya ngamaza kunye nezendalo ithathwe into yomtshangatshangiso ulwalathiso intlokoma zayo zisaqala. Ekuthiwa-isiphumo nokwehlukana yokuqala yafunyanwa ngama igqirha Danish Erasmus Bartholin ngo-1669. Scientific waphawula refraction kabini okanye birefringence e Iceland Spar okanye calcium (ifom crystal ngecalcium carbonate). Xa ukukhanya kudlula crystal calcite Wazityanda oko, ukuvelisa imifanekiso ezimbini kwatshintsha xa kuthelekiswa namanye.

Newton bazi ngale meko yaye icebisa ukuba corpuscles mhlawumbi ukukhanya asymmetry okanye "macala", onokuba wenziwe unobangela ukuyilwa imifanekiso emibini. Huygens, owayephila Newton wakwazi ukuchaza imfundiso yakhe refraction kabini kwamaza nezakhiwo, kodwa akazange aqonde ntsingiselo isiphumo. Birefringence yahlala iyimfihlo de Thomas Young kunye yamachiza French Augustin-Zhan Frenel ayenziwanga Kucetyiswa ukuba amaza okukhanya enqamlezileyo. A ingcamango elula eye wavumela ukuba achaze oko ngamaza kunye zendalo ukukhanya. Oku wasinika sikhokelo zendalo lula xa kuhlalutywa iziphumo nokwehlukana.

Le birefringence ibangwa indibaniselwano polarizations ezimbini orthogonal, nganye eneyazo uqina yayo ngumtshangatshangiso. Ngenxa umahluko isantya macandelo mabini abe izalathiso ezahlukeneyo zokunganyangeki, kwaye ngoko ke ngokwahlukileyo refracted wonke umbandela, ukuvelisa imifanekiso emibini.

Namaza zemvelo ukukhanya: theory Maxwell

ngokukhawuleza Fresnel iphuhlise imodeli ebanzi kwamaza ezinqamlezayo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni le birefringence kunye nenani kwezinye nako. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amane emva koko, i-magnetic ingcamango Maxwell kaThixo Ilula ucacisa ubume ezinqamlezayo lokukhanya.

amaza Maxwell ubunjwe amasimi Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye zombane nkqo ulwalathiso jinga intshukumo. Amasimi kwi-engile ° 90 omnye komnye. Kulo mzekelo icala andise yamasimi Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye zombane zenze inkqubo lasekunene-sasekhohlo nokulawula. Ibe ngumtshangatshangiso kunye f frequency kunye λ ubude (inxulumana ukuxhomekeka λf = c), nto leyo edakasa x ingculaza, amasimi zichazwe ngokwezibalo:

• E (x, t) = E ₀ cos (2 π x / λ - 2 π ft) y ^;
• B (x, t) = B ₀ cos (2 π x / λ - 2 π ft) z ^.

Ezi zibalo zibonisa ukuba zombane kunye nemagnethi baba lesigaba kunye nabanye. Nangaliphi na ixesha, ukuba ngaxeshanye ukufikelela imilinganiselo zabo eliphezulu kwindawo elingana E ₀ kunye B _0. Ezi ngezantya ezi ezizimeleyo. zibalo Maxwell, ibonisa ukuba E ₀ = cB ₀ onke amaza in vacuo.

indlela nokwehlukana

Xa inkcazo yokuqhelwaniswa amasimi Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye zombane ze amaza okukhanya kuvame ibonisa indlela yentsimi zombane kuphela. Kumda wesangqa zibuthe umiselwa imfuneko amasimi perpendicularity kunye perpendicularity lwabo ulwalathiso intshukumo. ukukhanya nobushushu bendalo linearly namaza ungachazwa ukuba yokugqibela oscillate entsimini imiyalelo ezisisigxina njengoko intshukumo lencinibakazi.

Kukho nezinye kunokwenzeka nokwehlukana amazwe. Kwimeko bezifo elijekelezayo lwe amasimi Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye sombane ungumzalwana ijikelezwe ulwalathiso andise ngexesha namandla awo rhoqo. ukukhanya Elliptically ngamaza na kwinqanaba eliphakathi phakathi yomgama kunye polarizations setyhula.

ukukhanya unpolarized

Atom phezu filament eshushu, abavelisa yemisebe magnetic, na, ngokuzimeleyo kwelinye. radiation ngalunye malunga ebezisenziwa njengoko koololiwe ixesha elifutshane imizuzwana 10 ^-9 ukuya 10 ^-8. amaza evela olu cingwana, i superposition ezi oololiwe, nganye eneyazo eyakhe ulwalathiso yayo nokwehlukana. Imali ogxile ngokungakhethiyo iqeqesha iifom kumda wesangqa wave nokwehlukana apho iyahluka ngokukhawuleza elingafani. Loo ngumtshangatshangiso kuthiwa unpolarized. Yonke imithombo yendalo lokukhanya, kuquka ilanga, izibane ezingqengezelayo, izibane ezibengezelayo amadangatye, ukuvelisa radiation ezinjalo. Noko ke, ukukhanya kwendalo kudla ngokuyinxenye ngamaza ngenxa kwelifu ezininzi kunye reflection.

Ngoko, umahluko ukusuka ukukhanya nobushushu bendalo ngamaza sikuko yokuba kule oscillations yokuqala kwenzeka-moya.

Imithombo radiation ngamaza

namaza okukhanya ingaveliselwa xa orientation lwendawo uzimisele. Umzekelo omnye radiation synchrotron, apho esinika amandla ityala amasuntswana ahamba ngendlela Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye kukhutshwe wave namaza kagesi. Kukho imithombo ngeenkwenkwezi ukuba kukhutshwe okukhanya ngokwendalo ezininzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle. Ezi ziquka amafu, ngeempahla supernova, kunye nuclei galactic esebenzayo. nokwehlukana radiation cosmic ifundwa ukuze ukufumanisa iimpawu imithombo yayo.

polaroid lokucoca ulwelo

namaza okukhanya kunye zendalo ezahlulwe edlula eziliqela zokwakha, yeyona ixhaphakileyo yona polaroid, okudalwe yamachiza American Edwin Land. Isihluzo iqulethe ngemixokelelwane ezinde iimolekyuli ezizizembiwa utsaleleka yi inkqubo unyango ubushushu kwicala elinye. Molecule lokunciphisa ngokukhetha imitha, intsimi yombane ome bokuqhelaniswa nezifundo zabo. Ukukhanya kokushiya polarizer leyo linearly ngamaza. lentsimi yayo zombane nkqo ulwalathiso orientation eziphilayo. Polaroid ifumene isicelo kwiinkalo ezininzi, kuquka izibuko kunye okucoca ukunciphisa isiphumo ukukhanya kubonakala kwaye saa.

Natural kanye namaza ukukhanya: umthetho Malus

Ngowe-1808, yamachiza Etienne Louis Malus wafumanisa ukuba ukukhanya kubonakala ukusuka iindawo non-sisinyithi, inxenye ngamaza. Ubukhulu oku kuxhomekeke engile lweziganeko isalathiso zokunganyangeki le impahla ekhanyayo. Kwenye amatyala kakhulu xa tanjenti engile izehlo umoya lilingana index zokunganyangeki umbandela iingcinga, ukukhanya kubonakala iba linearly ngokupheleleyo ngamaza. Le meko ke yaziwa ngokuba umthetho Brewster kaThixo (ogama emva discoverer yayo, yamachiza Scottish uDavide Brewster). Isalathiso nokwehlukana kufana kumphezulu ebonisa. Ekubeni ilitha ezibengezelayo ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka phezu reflection evela iindawo tyaba ezifana neendlela kunye amacebo amanzi esetyenziswa izibuko ahlale ukukhanya tye ngamaza yaye ngoko emane susa ukukhanya ukukhanya.

Rayleigh uchitha

uchitha Light nezinto ezincinane kakhulu ogama bungu zincinane kakhulu ngamaza (ekuthiwa-Rayleigh ukusasazeka emva kokuba Isazinzulu IsiNgesi iNkosi Rayleigh), naye kudala nokwehlukana buso. Xa ukukhanya kwelanga kudlula umoya ojikeleze umhlaba, oko iphaphatheke yi iimolekyuli moya. Earth and egqitha saa okukhanya zendalo. The degree of nokwehlukana ixhomekeke nokuchithachitha-engile. Ekubeni indoda ukwahlula phakathi ukukhanya nobushushu bendalo ngamaza, oku kudla zinto azithathelwa ngqalelo. Noko ke, amehlo izinambuzane ezininzi abasabela ngayo, baze basebenzise nokwehlukana relative kwimitha saa njengesixhobo olwandle. Normal camera filter esetyenziswa ukunciphisa imitha ongasemva in kwelanga eqaqambileyo, i polarizer elula yomgama, leyo esahlula okukhanya kunye Rayleigh zendalo.

izinto anisotropic

imiphumela nokwehlukana kuvandlakanywa izinto optically anisotropic (apho isalathisi zokunganyangeki kuyahlukahlukana ngayo ulwalathiso nokwehlukana), ezifana ziikristale birefringent, ezinye kwezinto eziphilayo nezinto optically esebenzayo. izicelo kwezobugcisa ziquka iimikroskopu wokohlula, engamanzi crystal displays kunye izixhobo ezisebenzisa esetyenziselwa uphando izinto.