Iinkwenkwezi iqaqambile. kwiiklasi likhanya leenkwenkwezi

Iimpawu kweenkwenkwezi lisenokubhidekisa kakhulu. iinkwenkwezi kuphela ukuba ubukhulu kubonakala ngokupheleleyo, likhanya kunye nezinye iparameters. Xa kunjalo siya kuzama ukuqonda. Yintoni na ke iqaqambile lokubonakala kwenkwenkwezi? Ngaba unayo nantoni na yokwenza ukubonakala kwazo esibhakabhakeni ebusuku? Yintoni na ke iqaqambile kweLanga?

iinkwenkwezi Nature

Iinkwenkwezi - a imizimba yasezulwini omkhulu kakhulu ukuba kukhutshwe ukukhanya. Bona wabumba yeegesi kunye nothuli obangelwe ucinezelo omxhuzulane. Ngaphakathi kwenkwenkwezi leyo engundoqo ashinyeneyo, apho reactions zenyukliya uthathe indawo. Baya kuba negalelo ukuvutha iinkwenkwezi. Ezona mpawu ziphambili zale spectrum njengokukhanya ubukhulu, isilungiseleli seglosi, likhanya, isakhiwo lwangaphakathi. Zonke ezi parameters zixhomekeke ubunzima nkwenkwezi kunye ezithile imichiza nokubunjwa kwayo.

I "umyili" engundoqo ezi imizimba helium kunye hydrogen. I ezincinane ubungakanani kuthelekiswa kubo ezinokuqulathwa carbon, ioksijini kunye nesinyithi (manganese, lesilicon, intsimbi). Inani elikhulu yeehidrojeni helium e iinkwenkwezi abatsha, kunye kwexesha isilinganiso zabo kuyehla, enika indlela eya kwezinye izinto.

Stars kule mimandla yangaphakathi imeko kakhulu "ashushu". Lobushushu kuzo ifikelela ukuya kwizigidi ezininzi degrees Kelvin. Kukho abasabela oluqhulekayo hydrogen aguqulwa abe helium. Phezu kwamanzi, ubushushu usezantsi kakhulu yaye ifikelela phezulu kuphela amawaka aliqela degrees Kelvin.

Yintoni na ke iqaqambile lokubonakala kwenkwenkwezi?

reactions yenyukliya ngaphakathi iinkwenkwezi kunye ukuphuma amandla. Likhanya ibizwa ngokuba ubuninzi emzimbeni ebonisa indlela amandla ngayo uvelisa umzimba yasezulwini ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Idla kwengqondo kunye nezinye iparameters, ezifana njengokukhazimla iinkwenkwezi esibhakabhakeni ebusuku. Nangona kunjalo, ukukhanya, okanye kwacaca ubukhulu - malunga baneempawu ayinakulinganiswa. Oku kubangelwa ubukhulu becala ukuya kwizikolo ezikude kakhulu kuzo ukukhanya Umhlaba kwaye ichaza kakuhle kuphela indlela iinkwenkwezi zibonakala esibhakabhakeni. I encinane inani eli xabiso, kokukhona ukukhanya kwalo ibonakale.

Ngokwahlukileyo kuyo, likhanya leenkwenkwezi - oku i parameter njongo. Ukunyulwa komntu akuxhomekekanga ekuzithandeleni kwi apho mkhanyo. Iinkwenkwezi iimpawu amandla ayo amandla. Ingahluka ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo chavelela yomzimba yasezulwini.

Kufuphi iqaqambile, kodwa hayi ncam, is phelele ubukhulu. Libhekisela beze ebumhlotsheni ukukhanya ibonakala okhangeleka kumbukeli kumgama parsecs-10, okanye 32,62 iminyaka elula. Maxa wambi kusetyenziswa ukubala i iqaqambile leenkwenkwezi.

Guquka likhanya

Umlinganiselo wamandla emoyeni umzimba yasezulwini uzimisele Watts (W), ziijowule yesibini ngamnye (J / s) okanye ergs ukuba yesibini enye (IsiNdebele / s). Kukho iindlela ezininzi ukufumana ukhetho oyifunayo.

Oku ngokulula kubalwa ukusuka L ifomula = 0.4 (Ma -M), ukuba ndanga ndingayazi ixabiso elililo nkwenkwezi. Ngoko ke, incwadi L Latin uchongwe iqaqambile, unobumba M - Yimbi kakhulu, kwaye Ma - ixabiso elililo lwe Sun (4.83 Ma).

Enye indlela lubandakanya ulwazi olunzulu zokukhanyisa. Ukuba siyazi embindini (R) kunye lobushushu (T _ngu ) Ka ubuso bayo, le iqaqambile nga kumiselwa L ifomula = 4pR ² ST ⁴ _EF. Latin s kule meko ithetha ubuninzi ozinzileyo emzimbeni - Stefan-Boltzmann njalo.

Le likhanya kweLanga ngu 3,839 x Oktobha ²⁶ watts. Kuba lula nokucaca, izazinzulu ngokuqhelekileyo thelekisa iqaqambile umzimba engaphandle kunye eli xabiso. Ngoko ke, kukho izinto ngamawaka okanye izigidi amaxesha buthathaka okanye yomelele ngaphezu kwelanga.

kwiiklasi likhanya leenkwenkwezi

Kuba uthelekiso phakathi inkwenkwezi, akhona sebenzisa ukuhlela ezahlukeneyo. Zahlula kwi spectra, ubungakanani, ubushushu, njl Kodwa ngaphezu kwako konke, ngokuba umfanekiso opheleleyo ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa iimpawu ezininzi.

Kukho kudidi Harvard esembindini esekelwe spectra, ethi ikhuphe ukukhanya. Isebenzisa iileta, nganye sihambisane umbala othile wokunciphisa (blue-O, B - ezimhlophe oluhlaza, A - White, njalo njalo).

Stars of spectrum abe iqaqambile ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, izazinzulu Yerkes baye kucalulo ethathela ingqalelo le parameter. Abize likhanya zawo zisekelwe kumaxabiso epheleleyo. Kulo mzekelo, uhlobo ngalunye inkwenkwezi wothulelw kuphela uluhlu oonobumba, amanani, onoxanduva iqaqambile. Ngoko ke, ukukhululwa:

• hypergiants (0);
• supergiants ezigqame (Ia +);
• supergiants eziqaqambileyo (Ia);
• supergiants yesiqhelo (ib);
• isigebenga eliqaqambileyo (II);
• iingxilimbela yesiqhelo (III);
• subgiants (IV);
• kwintabalala ngokulandelelana eziphambili (V);
• subdwarfs (VI);
• UDema amhlophe (VII);

Le likhanya enkulu, ixabiso esezantsi lwamaxabiso epheleleyo. Xa iingxilimbela kunye supergiants, iboniswa uphawu thabatha.

Ubudlelwane phakathi ixabiso elililo, uluhlu ubushushu, iinkwenkwezi iqaqambile ubonisa പ്രൊസീജിയര് indlela - Russell. Kuye kwamkelwa emva ngo-1910. Chart umanyanisa yokuhlela Harvard ne Yerkes, kwaye ikuvumela ukuba ukuhlola Cazulula nokukhanya ngaphezulu ngokupheleleyo.

Umahluko luminance

Stars parameters zingqamene kakhulu omnye komnye. Ngomhla likhanya lokubonakala kwenkwenkwezi abachatshazelwa lobushushu kwaye ubunzima bayo. Kwaye baxhomekeke kakhulu kwemichiza ukwakhiwa nkwenkwezi. mass Star kuba mkhulu, i ezincinci izinto ezisindayo (nzima ngaphezu hydrogen kunye helium).

Baye ubunzima kunye hypergiants eliphezulu supergiants ezinkulu kakhulu. Zezona iinkwenkwezi zinamandla nesikhazimlayo kwindalo iphela, kodwa ngaxeshanye, yaye kunqabile. Seven, ngokuchaseneyo, sibe nobunzima encinane yaye iqaqambile, kodwa akhawunti i-90% yazo zonke iinkwenkwezi.

Inkwenkwezi enkulu kunazo zonke, nto leyo eyaziwa namhlanje, i hypergiants blue R136a1. likhanya mkhulu ilanga 8.7 amaxesha. inkwenkwezi eliguqukayo kwi lekroza Cygnus (i Swan P) kune iqaqambile kweLanga 630, 000, kunye S Doradus lidlula le parameter amaxesha 500 000. Enye inkwenkwezi sincinane eyaziwayo 2MASS J0523-1403 na iqaqambile le 0,00126 kwelanga.