Heroes of Chernobyl. Le liquidators le ngozi eChernobyl

Kwakhiwa 1954 isityalo yokuqala senyukliya eSoviet Union kunye nokwenza i-atom bakhonza iinjongo zoxolo, uluntu wakholwayo ekufumaneni umbane kakhulu cheap. In-imi- 80 lwekhulu XX, apho sele izityalo amandla enyukliya 360. 1986 ngo-Aprili 26 , uluntu ehlabathini afunde ixabiso layo ngokwenene amashumi amawaka abantu, wafa kwimitha kunye neziphumo zayo; amawaka 300 bengenamakhaya, iidolophu bamshiya nemizana. Ke amaxhoba nako lingaphezulu ukuba kungekhona abantu, amaqhawe yokwenene eChernobyl, ukuthintela ntlekele nangakumbi kunye nobomi babo.

Le ngozi iChernobyl amandla enyukliya

Ngobusuku ka-Aprili 26 babelele abahlali izixeko Ukrainian of Pripyat kunye eChernobyl, ibekwe ngokulandelelanayo km-4 no-18 ukusuka kwisityalo samandla enyukliya, leyo abaqeshwe inkoliso yabantu abadala. Ikhaka th-4 block, apho reactor lwaqhutywa uvavanyo № 4 ingasombululwa nakwizibetho zabo buhlungu iminyaka emininzi. Indlela ukufumanisa kamva uthumo karhulumente, i parameters efunekayo, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba iinkqubo ongalawulekiyo okwabangela dubulo le reactor aye anyhashwa ngexesha lovavanyo. iitoni 50 amafutha wasinda ngaphandle, nto leyo amaxesha-10 ngaphezu elidume Hiroshima.

Isohlwayo mvume ulawulo eChernobyl: siqhuba uvavanyo, amasekela-bamakishi abaziintloko injineli A. nezinqolamthi kunye nomlawuli we Chernobyl V. Bryuhanov kufumana isithuba seminyaka eli-10. Ukususela imiphumo kwimitha itsala kuqala ebomini ngo-1995. Injineli oyintloko ziingqondo. Kuphela ekupheleni koo ikhomishini urhulumente uyayiqonda into yokuba ngumtyholwa iphambili yale ngozi impazamo esibulalayo, yaye kanye kuyilo reactor. Yiba ukuba kunjalo, abathathi-nxaxheba bokuqala iChernobyl intlekele - abasebenzi station. Ngokutshatyalaliswa yeyunithi yokwakha, ukubulala ezimbini, bonke abanye (134) ababegula isifo radiation, lawo kungekudala wafa 24 (28 ngomlilo).

Beka unyawo endleleni yentlekele olunye

Emva kuqhuma amabini umahluko lemizuzwana emibini (in iyure-1 nemizuzu engama-23) ekutshatyalalisweni reactor ngokupheleleyo, ebangela 30 umlilo. abanini station aba yokuqala abangazange mathidala umlilo zokucima bagaleleka uzilungise. Nangona kumlawuli V. Bryuhanov bafika ngentsimbi 2 esitishini, xa nematha, kwi-kwivenkile yombane bekunzima ukuthintela hydrogen uqhushumbo, nto leyo kukugubungela Minsk, kude zabo ngomgama abawuhambileyo ongaphezu kwe-300.

Ilizwe kufuneka yazi amagama amaqhawe Chernobyl. nyaka-47 ubudala umphathi isekela shift Alexander Lelechenko ngokobuqu sinamafu ukuhamba hydrogen egumbini lenjini, phezu Uphahla apho esele ngomlilo.

kweentsuku ezine wahlala emsebenzini, ukuphelisa iziphumo ingozi eChernobyl nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo iiyunithi amandla ezintathu enyukliya kuqala. Ukusuka asihambisani amathamo imitha ngobomi Alexander Lelechenko wafa Meyi 7, sele kunyaka lafumana isihloko Kubala ka uHero Ukraine.

Amaqhawe Yinyaniso - abacimi ze Chernobyl

Alarm abalindi owamvusayo abacimi eChernobyl kunye Pripyat, owokuqala apho bafika kwisikhululo imizuzu-7 emva ekuqaleni yengozi. abantu 28 wabalekiselwa zokulwa umlilo phantsi kobunkokheli uLieutenant Vladimir kunye Victor Pravik Kabenka. Zombini engama-23 ubudala, kodwa umzekelo yawo, zaba zezedini izilwi, enika imiyalelo ecacileyo kwaye apho zinzima. ulawulo Isimbuku ezinkulu Telyatnikov, phantsi ngokomlomo elijikajikayo ukuba babe ngabantu 69 kunye nezithuthi-14. Phantse ngaphandle ukukhuselwa, kunye iiglavu kuphela, iminqwazi kunye iiyunifomu, ngelaphu, hayi ukusebenzisa ngenxa lobushushu eliphezulu iimaski gas TRC-5, kuba ubusuku abacimi-mlilo ezintathu alukawaqondi amanqanaba radiation obulalayo.

Xa ngentsimbi yesine ekuseni umlilo yaba ukuya kwezintandathu ukuba kucinywa ngokupheleleyo. Ukulahlekelwa kwidabi lokulwa umlilo osezingqondweni, abacimi-mlilo ezininzi bafumana idosi ezinkulu radiation baza bathunyelwa ukuya kufumana unyango eMoscow naseKiev. Abantu 13 baphathwa esibhedlele 6th kwezonyango elikomkhulu, 11 abaye bafa. Ngubani waba nguyise inyanga phambi kokuba ntlekele, phakathi kwabo Victor kunye Vladimir Kabenok Pravik. Oogqirha bathi ukuba indlela anyuliweyo unyango Dr. Gale into engalunganga. UNjingalwazi Z Kindzelskomu e Kiev, ukusebenzisa indlela yaso yonyango, zonke izigulane zaye wamhlangula. abacimi ezintathu Vladimiru Praviku, uVictor kunye Z Kabenku Telyatnikov, yanikezelwa kwisihloko Hero eSoviet Union. Bakwazi ukuze sisinde kuphela yokugqibela wonyuselwa isikhundla sokuba jikelele.

Abacimi - Heroes of Ukraine

abacimi ezintathu phakathi kwabantu bokuqala obanjwe le crash zanikwa isihloko uHero Ukraine. Phakathi kwabo Vasily Ignatenko, oneminyaka eli-25 ubudala bathe abasebenzi. ubomi babo mfana ephuma umlilo ezintathu akanye babo ukuba ezingqondweni elahlekileyo nokubhenca. Umfazi wakhe owayekhulelwe ayaba nako ukusindisa intombi yafumana radiation xa ebetyelele umyeni wakhe kwisibhedlele eMoscow. Umthamo waba siyabulala ezisanda kuzalwa.

Emsebenzini ngonyaka-26 ubudala Nicholas Vashchuk kunye UNikolai Tytenok oneminyaka eli-23 ubudala babephakathi kwabo wamhlangula Ignatenko. Ke bonke umiselwe ukuba bebonke isiphelo sinye - kufa esibhedlele. Bobabini babesebenza ephakamileyo inkulu, ekuthinteleni umlilo badlulela ngamandla wesithathu. Nantso apho inqanaba radiation yayilelona liphezulu oko. Heroes of Chernobyl washiya inkumbulo nombulelo, nangaphezulu - oonyana ababini.

UMlilo - Hero of Russia

UMlilo eyiNtloko USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs Main ISebe uLieutenant Kol Vladimir Maksimchuk bafika iChernobyl mveliso samandla enyukliya njengenxalenye ikhomishini karhulumente. Waba isabelo umlo lomlilo elikhokelayo ngobusuku May 23. Malunga eli bali ixesha elide cwaka: usongo a dubulo entsha ye-reactor 4 kwavela emva ucinezelo iimpompo setyhula kunye neengcingo ophezulu zombane. Singavumeli abacimi izibalo, kunye neqela ingqondo Colonel wayengena kwindawo emlilweni. Ngokubeka izinga ingozi kunye nokuchonga umgangatho radiation (250 roentgen ngeyure nganye), Vladimir Maksimchuk mathupha umsebenzi nokuhlangula, ukufumanisa ubuninzi bexesha lokuhlala phezu intsimi lomlilo imizuzu elishumi.

Ummandla zokulwa umlilo ayibobuchule ekhethekileyo yaziswa, kwaye izibalo yokulwa yaguquka rhoqo ekwazisa omnye izinto ezintsha. mphathi wumbi ixesha iqela ngalinye kwaye kwakhona wazifumana ingongoma kakhulu kuyingozi, ukukhonza umzekelo nenkalipho nabanye. Oku ilizwe iminyaka ezayo - i "imfihlelo" feat. Heroes of Chernobyl baba ngeembasa kunye mlilo mane, ukhokelwa iya kuba ekuhlweni ebhedini esibhedlele. Ngowe-1994, xa ndandineminyaka engama-46 kwaye isikhundla the MVD Service lwangaphakathi uMajor General Vladimir Maksimchuk wafa, ukuba kokufa kwakhe ngo-2003 imbasa kwisihloko Hero of Russia.

Ngoobani aba liquidators

Omnye amangqina yokuqala, abo batsala reactor emva kwengozi, iBhodi waba arhente iindaba Igor Kostin. Wabona umfanekiso nya, ngokungathi emva kokuba imfazwe yenyukliya. Imiphumo ingozi eChernobyl - ayikho kuphela kukhululwe amafutha enyukliya, kodwa imisebe kule ndawo amawaka 200 ezikwere zeekhilomitha olomeleleyo. Edlala waqhubeka lokuphosa reactor igesi radioactive nothuli emoyeni, kufuneka bupheliswe. Akunamsebenzi ngaphandle ngowona dubulo yesibini ngenxa ingozi yokuba phantsi reactor ukuqhekeza i slab eziphathekayo, kwaye lolu daka iya ukudibanisa emanzini.

Noko ke, abasemagunyeni zicinezelwa imiphumo ntlekele neempapasho yokuqala ukuvela kwi eendaba kuphela emva kweeyure ezingama-36. ilifu Imitha abhalwe eYurophu, yaye ngokupheleleyo ukufudusa abantu abasuka kwindawo ekufuphi, phantsi imbali bendawo yokuthinta ezandulelayo, abangekenzi uqalisile. Abantu baqalisa ukuba aphume kwirediyasi km ezimashumi mathathu emva kokuba imilinganiselo eyenziwe iqela yomkhosi colonel Grebeniuk e Pripyat. Yayibonisa kuphela ukwanda ezinkulu kwi imitha emini, kodwa bothuka Institute of Atomic Energy amanani epheleleyo. Isiqalo radiation lugqithe ngaphaya umda ovunyelweyo 600 amawaka amaxesha!

Xa indawo evacuees abashiya indawo onesibetho ngeveki, ukususela kwiiyure wokuqala ngozi umhlambi iingcali ukuba asebenze kwi izityalo amandla enyukliya, iiyunithi zomkhosi. Kamva babebizwa liquidators. 600 amawaka abantu ababetsaleleke ekupheliseni iziphumo ngozi emva call Mongameli Gorbachev kumabonakude emva kweentsuku ezili-18 ekuqaleni iziganeko ezibuhlungu.

impi feat

Ngalinye abo ezifikayo ukuphelisa iziphumo ingozi, limelwe kakuhle, oko kukuthi eChernobyl. Heroes-liquidators kwiminyaka kamva akazange azisole ukuba kwafuneka eme nxamnye notshaba ongabonakaliyo - radiation ionizing. Phezu kwazo nje iingxaki zempilo kunye nokufa abahlobo zizigulo ezinzulu. 100 amawaka kubo - bona abameli bomkhosi, kuquka 600 ntaka elilinge, uya kwenza yonke into cwaka reactor alarm. Xa ikhomishini urhulumente ukuphelisa nemiphumo kwakukho Academician VA Legasov abasungula ngenxa kokumphosa phantsi loo mxube kwi-reactor core isanti, boric acid kunye bakhokele. Zingaphelanga iiyure ezingama-48 zomsebenzi siye saqalisa, apho ntaka pilot ezizezona inxaxheba, kuquka ukurhoxiswa Afghanistan.

Inqanaba radiation ngaphezu reactor maxa wambi 9 idiphu ebulalayo, iqondo lobushushu umoya kwi kubude 200 meters iqondo 120-180. Phantsi kweemeko umoya oshushu kunye ingozi radioactive ukuba amajoni ubomi nezandla eziwiswe iingxowa ezinobunzima-80 kg, waza wenza ku-33 abaqhubi Utyeshelo ngosuku, kanye 5-6 ukunika radiation X-reyi. Kwadlula iitoni ezingama-6 umxube kwi-35% ukuya ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezinobungozi obulalayo. Phakathi pilot ntaka Heroes apho eSoviet Union. Omnye wabo - uNikolay Melnik, kwehliswa kungena reactor ukusuka ityhubhu kubude shestisotkilogrammovuyu kunye izixhobo ukufunda uhlobo iinkqubo ngaphakathi ukuze aphephe udubulo ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Lo msebenzi afakwe wehla embalini phantsi kwegama "Eagle".

amajoni reserve

Le liquidators le ngozi eChernobyl - hayi kuphela iingcali kodwa amagosa kunye namajoni abaphakathi kweminyaka engamashumi amabini ukuya kumashumi amathathu, ababetsaleleke izityholo emkhosini. Zonke emhlabeni reactor yesine yayizele amafutha radiation. Le nto grafayithi noluhlala nobutyobo radioactive kwafuneka zisuswe uphahla, apho ukusetyenziswa weerobhoti. Kodwa ngokuya amanqanaba radiation zasendle asiphathela, ngoko kwabakho imfuneko ukutsala abantu. Ezi ngamaqhawe eChernobyl ezantsi kwimbali baya "biorobots". Umsebenzi yaba ukususa izinto radioactive uMajor General Tarakanov, ibalwe ukuba umntu akanakuba nkqu isuti akhuselayo kwindawo yemisebe lwe-X-reyi kunye 7000 ngaphezu kwimizuzwana engamashumi amane.

Ukuze nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma eqhumayo e nemihlakulwana amabini, umntu oselula ezinobunzima 26-30 kg ye yokhuseleko iiveki 2.5 akhwela eluphahleni, ebenza isichenge ubomi ekufakeni. Igor Kostin uKonstantin fedotov, wawa ukuphinda feat ayo izihlandlo ezihlanu. Ngenxa umvuzo, "biorobots" wafumana isatifikethi le nkampani kunye ibhaso umkhosi ezilikhulu engange. Ngokutsho uqikelelo oogqirha, omnye kwabahlanu kwaba bantwana baya kufa phambi kweminyaka yobudala engama-40. Imfazwe lutshaba engabonakaliyo iye alukapheli kugqitywe imisebenzi kwi ukutshona yengozi eChernobyl.

Ukwakhiwa kwe sarcophagus

Ngaphezu nantoni kwizitishi likaxakeka kufuneka iingcali. Abacimi ukunqanda nabo entsha, zokumpompa amanzi phantsi slab ebonakalayo reactor, abasebenzi wemba ubude itonela 150 m ukusuka unit wesithathu ukucwangcisa kwigumbi okupholisa usebenzisa nitrogen engamanzi, Wayixakaxa iinjineli Kurchatovsky Institute autogenous abasindileyo nodonga ukugqiba isidanga esichengeni. Ilizwe lonke liye bazilungiselela ukunceda kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo, ukudala imeko kanye phambi-line. Kuye kwavulwa i akhawunti iminikelo, nto leyo iinyanga ezintandathu million 520 engange. Inqanaba lokugqibela umsebenzi balawule amandla enyukliya yayiza kuba ulwakhiwo sarcophagus olukhuselayo ukuze ube yindawo yokungcwabela "ukutshaya" reactor. Togu yento onjalo wayengekho ehlabathini, ngoko ke abo siyilwe wayakha kwiimeko kufutshane umlo, amaqhawe zokwenene Chernobyl.

iintsuku 206 ezifunekayo ukuze kwakhiwe ubunzima olusisiqulatho eziphathekayo iitoni ezingama-150 kunye neemitha 170 ka. Lev Bocharov, omnye ngabaqulunqe ezi into, uyayiqonda ukuba inzima kukuba zonke iinkcukacha kwafuneka yenzelwe ngokwahlukileyo ukuphepha wancipha ezingeyomfuneko. zokwakha Remote kwakhokelela kukuba, nangona imigudu ka-90 amawaka abantu, ukusetyenziswa eninzi izakhiwo zesinyithi kunye nesamente, kwiminyaka 28 kwabakho ngokuwa panels kwakuxhomekeke bumakhulu eziliqela leemitha. uhamba olungakumbi usiwe ngo-2007 kunye nemilinganiselo radiation lubonise ukuba iyunithi amandla kusenjalo yingozi. Ngoko ke namhlanje laphumeza iprojekthi entsha "Shelter-2" kunye inxaxheba yamazwe aseYurophu kwaye eUnited States.

indawo ngekhilomitha-30 ehlabathini kwisityalo - uhlala bendawo yokuthinta, apho abantu bahlale kungaba yingozi ngenxa imisebe. Pripyat sele lesikhumbuzo abalondolozwa nentlekele kunyaka 1986.

Heroes of Chernobyl wanikezela

Nentlekele iChernobyl wabonisa izwe yintoni enokwenzeka xa amandla enyukliya ukuba unganweni yaye ungaxaki. Kuye kwakhula inkqubo izixhobo yenyukliya kwaye iye yaba, enyanisweni, ekuqaleni ekupheleni USSR. Kodwa yena wabonisa uluntu lwehlabathi isibindi ubuqhawe abantu abaqhelekileyo beentlanga ezahlukeneyo, waqala ngaxhatha linye, usindiso kwimpucuko yaseYurophu. Abazibulalayo inkokeli Communist Party of Ukraine V. Scherbitsky igalelo ukufihla isikali yokwenene ngozi eChernobyl, akayi kuba nako ukusinda nentlekele ISAZINZULU VA Legasov, ukuva ityala uluntu lwazi kweso sehlo. Kodwa ke akukho nto ukuba babe neentloni abo baya kuphila ngonaphakade iinkumbulo zethu, nezobhedu. Vyacheslav Kokubu kwi engama 25 of nentlekele Ukraine iye yabhalwa ingoma "Uzuko Heroes of EChernobyl", nto leyo ithetha umbulelo "abo basindiswayo ihlabathi kule ntlekele, abo sberog uzuko lwakhe yaye kufuneka iayinwe iyunifomu yakhe."

E Ukraine, elasekwa imbasa "uHero eChernobyl", nto leyo eye yanikwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ezi liquidators usibonisileyo nenkalipho ngexesha elinzima kweli lizwe. kwiminyaka emithathu edlulileyo, umvuzo efumaneka Kyrgyzstan ugqirha Iskender Shayakhmetova iqhuba seemitha ezimakhulu ukusuka unit, lowo wasindisa ubomi inqwaba yabantu. Kodwa Kiev Institute of Radiation Medicine nangoku uhamba umzabalazo olungalinganiyo notshaba engabonakaliyo ukuba ubomi liquidators bangaphambili. Ngu Professor Anatoly Chumak ukuhamba kuzo zonke iimbombo elalisakuba yiSoviet Union. Kwizixeko ezininzi, ezikhumbuzo ukuze amaqhawe nesibindi amaxhoba eChernobyl, inkoliso yabo abaye bafa kwiminyaka kamva kwimiphumo zokugula radiation.